Toll-like receptors in ocular surface diseases: overview and new findings

2011 ◽  
Vol 120 (10) ◽  
pp. 441-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Lambiase ◽  
Alessandra Micera ◽  
Marta Sacchetti ◽  
Flavio Mantelli ◽  
Stefano Bonini
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
New Findings

The ocular surface is the first line of defence in the eye against environmental microbes. The ocular innate immune system consists of a combination of anatomical, mechanical and immunological defence mechanisms. TLRs (Toll-like receptors), widely expressed by the ocular surface, are able to recognize microbial pathogens and to trigger the earliest immune response leading to inflammation. Increasing evidence highlights the crucial role of TLRs in regulating innate immune responses during ocular surface infective and non-infective inflammatory conditions. In addition, recent observations have shown that TLRs modulate the adaptive immune response, also playing an important role in ocular autoimmune and allergic diseases. One of the main goals of ocular surface treatment is to control the inflammatory reaction in order to preserve corneal integrity and transparency. Recent experimental evidence has shown that specific modulation of TLR pathways induces an improvement in several ocular inflammatory conditions, such as allergic conjunctivitis, suggesting new therapeutic anti-inflammatory strategies. The purpose of the present review is to summarize the current knowledge of TLRs at the ocular surface and to propose them as potential targets of therapy for ocular inflammatory conditions.

scholarly journals Toll-Like Receptors Signaling Contributes to Immunopathogenesis of HBV Infection

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuteru Kondo ◽  
Yoshiyuki Ueno ◽  
Tooru Shimosegawa
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Immune Recognition ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Complex Interactions

Innate and adaptive immune systems have important role in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV). These immune responses are mediated through complex interactions between the innate immune response and adaptive immune response. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of innate immune-recognition receptors that recognize the molecular patterns associated with microbial pathogens. So far, TLR1 to 13 were found in human or mice and investigated to detect the target molecules and the downstream mechanisms of these unique systems. Stimulation by their ligands initiates the activation of complex networks of intracellular signaling transduction and innate and adaptive immune-related cells (NK, NK-T, monocytes, dendritic cells, T cells, B cells, and Tregs, etc.). However, reports on such relationships between HBV and TLRs have been relatively rare in comparison to those on HCV and TLRs, but have recently been increasing. Thus, a review of TLRs involved in the pathogenesis of HBV infection may be needed toward better understanding of the immunopathogenesis of HBV infection.

scholarly journals Peptidomimetic 1-Benzyl-5-methyl-4-(n-octylamino)pyrimidin-2(1H)-one Showed Cardioprotection Effect in a Myocardial Ischemia (MI) Mouse Model

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
Lena Trifonov ◽  
Vadim Nudelman ◽  
Michael Zhenin ◽  
Guy Cohen ◽  
Krzysztof Jozwiak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Myocardial Ischemia ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Pattern Recognition Receptor ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Recognition Receptor

TLR4, a member of the toll-like receptors (TLRs) family, serves as a pattern recognition receptor in the innate immune response to different microbial pathogens. [...]

Role of Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors and RIG-I-like receptors in endothelial cells and systemic infections

2009 ◽  
Vol 102 (12) ◽  
pp. 1103-1109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Eitel ◽  
Karolin Meixenberger ◽  
Norbert Suttorp ◽  
Bastian Opitz
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Surface Molecules ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Systemic Infections

SummaryBacteraemia and viraemia are characterised by pathogens entering the bloodstream. Endothelial cells are among the first cells coming into contact with the microbes and also some endogenous molecules which are released by tissue damage. As part of the innate immune system, endothelial cells respond to these contacts by producing inflammatory mediators and expressing surface molecules. The initial sensing of microbial and endogenous danger-associated molecules is mediated by so-called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). PRRs can be classified in different protein families such as the Toll-like receptors, the NODlike receptors and the RIG-I-like receptors. By activating inflammatory gene transcription and posttranslational processing, PRRs control the immediate innate immune reaction and also the subsequent adaptive immune response. Here we describe the current knowledge of extra-and intracellular PRRs in endothelial cells and their potential role in sepsis and vascular diseases.

scholarly journals Loss of Nckx3 Exacerbates Experimental DSS-Induced Colitis in Mice through p53/NF-κB Pathway

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2645
Author(s):  
Dinh Nam Tran ◽  
Seon Myeong Go ◽  
Seon-Mi Park ◽  
Eui-Man Jung ◽  
Eui-Bae Jeung
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Experimental Colitis ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Microarray Analyses

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) comprises a range of chronic inflammatory conditions of the intestinal tract. The incidence and prevalence of IBDs are increasing worldwide, but the precise etiology of these diseases is not completely understood. Calcium signaling plays a regulatory role in cellular proliferation. Nckx3, a potassium-dependent Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, is not only expressed in the brain but also in the aortic, uterine, and intestinal tissues, which contain abundant smooth muscle cells. This study investigated the role of Nckx3 in intestinal inflammation. Microarray analyses revealed the upregulation of the innate immune response-associated genes in the duodenum of Nckx3 knockout (KO) mice. The Nckx3 KO mice also showed an increase in IBD- and tumorigenesis-related genes. Using dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced experimental colitis mice models, the Nckx3 KO mice showed severe colitis. Furthermore, the pathways involving p53 and NF-κB signaling were significantly upregulated by the absence of Nckx3. Overall, Nckx3 plays a critical role in the innate immune and immune response and may be central to the pathogenesis of IBD.

scholarly journals Genetic Polymorphisms of Toll-like receptors 2 and 9 as Susceptibility Factors for the Development of Ankylosing Spondylitis and Psoriatic Arthritis

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila F. Oliveira-Toré ◽  
Amarilis G. Moraes ◽  
Gabriela F. Martinez ◽  
Janisleya S. F. Neves ◽  
Luciana C. Macedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Psoriatic Arthritis ◽  
Ankylosing Spondylitis ◽  
Genetic Polymorphisms ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Immunological Mechanisms

Introduction. Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are classified as spondyloarthritis (SpA), a group of inflammatory rheumatic diseases with complex genetic etiology. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have an important role in the mechanism of innate immunity and may influence inflammatory responses. Polymorphisms in TLR genes that lead to changes in these receptors or that interfere with the transcription rates of mRNA TLR may be involved in the chronic inflammatory immune response observed in SpA. Currently, there is a lack of studies associating genetic polymorphisms in TLRs and SpA. Objective. Therefore, this case-control study is aimed at analyzing the influence of the respective SNPs on TLR2 rs5743708, TLR6 rs5743810, and TLR9 rs5743836 and rs187084 in the immunopathogenesis of SpA. Methods. The polymorphisms genotyped by PCR-RFLP were TLR2 rs5743708, TLR6 rs5743810, and TLR9 rs5743836 and rs187084. The HLA-B∗27 was performed by PCR-SSP. Results. Logistic regression analysis showed a strong association between SNPs in TLR2 and TLR9 and susceptibility to SpA (OR=12.56; CI=6.5-25.9 and OR=1.62; CI=1.20-2.21, respectively). No association was observed among HLA-B∗27 and TLR polymorphisms (p=0.72), nor among BASDAI and TLR polymorphisms (p=0.85). Discussion. Our findings suggest that polymorphisms in TLR2 and TLR9 genes may contribute to the immunopathogenesis of the SpA. The rs187084, rs5743836, and rs5743708 polymorphisms were associated with the risk of SpA development, in this study, and lead to significant changes in the innate and adaptive immune response profile, as well as the maintenance of the regulation of immunological mechanisms. Conclusion. The polymorphism rs5743708 for the TLR2 and the rs187084_rs5743836 TLR9 haplotypes appear to be involved in the development of clinical forms of SpA and can be a possible therapeutic target for the spondyloarthritis.

scholarly journals Innate Immune Response of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Fibroblasts and Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Periodontopathogens

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gopu Sriram ◽  
Vaishali Prakash Natu ◽  
Intekhab Islam ◽  
Xin Fu ◽  
Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Multipotent Stem Cells ◽  
Cytokine Expression Profile ◽  
The Impact

Periodontitis involves complex interplay of bacteria and host immune response resulting in destruction of supporting tissues of the tooth. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a role in recognizing microbial pathogens and eliciting an innate immune response. Recently, the potential application of multipotent stem cells and pluripotent stem cells including human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in periodontal regenerative therapy has been proposed. However, little is known about the impact of periodontopathogens on hESC-derived progenies. This study investigates the effects of heat-killed periodontopathogens, namely,Porphyromonas gingivalisandAggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, on TLR and cytokine expression profile of hESC-derived progenies, namely, fibroblasts (hESC-Fib) and mesenchymal stem cells (hESC-MSCs). Additionally, the serotype-dependent effect ofA. actinomycetemcomitanson hESC-derived progenies was explored. Both hESC-Fib and hESC-MSCs constitutively expressedTLR-2andTLR-4. hESC-Fib upon exposure to periodontopathogens displayed upregulation of TLRs and release of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8). In contrast, hESC-MSCs were largely nonresponsive to bacterial challenge, especially in terms of cytokine production. Further, exposure of hESC-Fib toA. actinomycetemcomitansserotype c was associated with higher IL-8 production than serotype b. In contrast, the hESC-MSCs displayed no serotype-dependent response. Differential response of the two hESC progenies implies a phenotype-dependent response to periodontopathogens and supports the concept of immunomodulatory properties of MSCs.

scholarly journals Evidence for an Innate Immune Response in the Immature Human Intestine: Toll-Like Receptors on Fetal Enterocytes

2001 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D Fusunyan ◽  
Nanda N Nanthakumar ◽  
Manuel E Baldeon ◽  
W Allan Walker
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Human Intestine ◽  
Toll Like Receptors

scholarly journals Salmonella escapes adaptive immune response via SIRT2 mediated modulation of innate immune response in dendritic cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. e1007437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayuri Gogoi ◽  
Kasturi Chandra ◽  
Mohsen Sarikhani ◽  
Ramya Ramani ◽  
Nagalingam Ravi Sundaresan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune

scholarly journals RNA N6-Methyladenosine Modifications and the Immune Response

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya-Nan Wang ◽  
Chen-Yang Yu ◽  
Hong-Zhong Jin
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Messenger Rnas ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Higher Eukaryotes

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most important modification of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in higher eukaryotes. Modulation of m6A modifications relies on methyltransferases and demethylases. The discovery of binding proteins confirms that the m6A modification has a wide range of biological effects and significance at the molecular, cellular, and physiological levels. In recent years, techniques for investigating m6A modifications of RNA have developed rapidly. This article reviews the biological significance of RNA m6A modifications in the innate immune response, adaptive immune response, and viral infection.

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