scholarly journals The science of science: Clinical Science launches a new translational meta-research collection

2021 ◽  
Vol 135 (16) ◽  
pp. 2031-2034
Author(s):  
Tracey L. Weissgerber
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Method ◽  
Science Studies ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Clinical Science ◽  
Science Of Science ◽  
Disease Mechanisms ◽  
Research Collection ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Common Problems ◽  
Study Designs

Abstract Clinical Science is proud to launch a new translational meta-research collection. Meta-research, or the science of science, applies the scientific method to study science itself. Meta-research is a powerful tool for identifying common problems in scientific papers, assessing their impact, and testing solutions to improve the transparency, rigor, trustworthiness, and usefulness of biomedical research. The collection welcomes science of science studies that link basic science to disease mechanisms, as well as meta-research articles highlighting opportunities to improve transparency, rigor, and reproducibility among the types of papers published in Clinical Science. Submissions might include science of science studies that explore factors linked to successful translation, or meta-research on experimental methods or study designs that are often used in translational research. We hope that this collection will encourage scientists to think critically about current practices and take advantage of opportunities to make their own research more transparent, rigorous, and reproducible.

Improving the questions we ask, with Psychology and Cognitive Conflict.

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett Buttliere
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Meaning Making ◽  
Cognitive Conflict ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Science In Society

Over the last decade, there have been many suggestions to improve how scientists answer their questions, but far fewer attempt to improve the questions scientists are asking in the first place. The goal of the paper is then to examine and summarize synthesize the evidence on how to ask the best questions possible. First is a brief review of the philosophical and empirical literature on how the best science is done, which implicitly but not explicitly mentions the role of psychology and especially cognitive conflict. Then we more closely focus on the psychology of the scientist, finding that they are humans, engaged in a meaning making process, and that cognitive conflict is a necessary input for any learning or change in the system. The scientific method is, of course, a specialized meaning making process. We present evidence for this central role of cognitive conflict in science by examining the most discussed scientific papers between 2013 and 2017, which are, in general, controversial and about big problems (e.g., whether vaccines cause autism, how often doctors kill us with their mistakes). Toward the end we discuss the role of science in society, suggesting science itself is an uncertainty reducing and problem solving enterprise. From this basis we encourage scientists to take riskier stances on bigger topics, for the good of themselves and society generally.

Sequence-Based Deep Learning Frameworks on Enhancer-Promoter Interactions Prediction

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoping Min ◽  
Fengqing Lu ◽  
Chunyan Li
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Learning Methods ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Genomic Features ◽  
Disease Mechanisms ◽  
Evaluation Strategies ◽  
Learning Frameworks

: Enhancer-promoter interactions (EPIs) in the human genome are of great significance to transcriptional regulation which tightly controls gene expression. Identification of EPIs can help us better deciphering gene regulation and understanding disease mechanisms. However, experimental methods to identify EPIs are constrained by the fund, time and manpower while computational methods using DNA sequences and genomic features are viable alternatives. Deep learning methods have shown promising prospects in classification and efforts that have been utilized to identify EPIs. In this survey, we specifically focus on sequence-based deep learning methods and conduct a comprehensive review of the literatures of them. We first briefly introduce existing sequence-based frameworks on EPIs prediction and their technique details. After that, we elaborate on the dataset, pre-processing means and evaluation strategies. Finally, we discuss the challenges these methods are confronted with and suggest several future opportunities.

Beyond Metaphor: Mathematical Models in Economics as Empirical Research

1999 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Breslau ◽  
Yuval Yonay
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Science Studies ◽  
Literary Form ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Clear Separation ◽  
Rhetorical Device ◽  
Published Report ◽  
Analytical Work ◽  
Depth Interviews

The ArgumentWhen economists report on research using mathematical models, they use a literary form similar to the experimental report in the laboratory sciences. This form consists of a narrative of a series of events, with a clear temporal segregation of the agency of the author and the agency of the objects of study. Existing explanations of this literary form treat it as a rhetorical device that either conceals the agency of the author in constructing and interpreting the findings, or simply appropriates the appearance of accepted (natural-)scientific method. This article — based on analysis of a research program in economics, a single article that issued from that program, and in-depth interviews with the authors — proposes an alternate interpretation. Drawing on the praxeological “laboratory studies” tradition in science studies, we treat work with mathematical models as involving the interaction of economists with objects (models) that act independently of the analyst's will. The clear separation of the economist's and the models agency, as depicted in the published report, is not the result of a rhetorical rewriting of actual events, but is a practical accomplishment. Every step in the analytical work that preceded the paper is devoted to developing a procedure in which the economists' agency will be completely accountable in terms of accepted practices, and the performance of the model will be distinct and compelling.

scholarly journals Perkembangan Eksperimen Fisika Ditinjau dari Filsafat Sains

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Ike Festiana
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Quantum Physics ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Independent Experiment ◽  
Classical Physics ◽  
Scientific Issue ◽  
World Development

Scientific knowledge as well as experiment keeps on growing every day.  Experiments flourished in the seventeenth century. Previously, information about world development was obtained by connecting the roles of prominent epistemology. Experimentation is defined as a planned program for restoring hypotheses by providing empirical evidence to people. Science is a process of seeking the truth. Activities in finding the truth involves a series of scientific method including experiment. The development of physics history is divided into five periods. Period one is indicated by the absence of systematic and independent experiment. In period two, experimental methods had been accountable, and well accepted as a scientific issue. In period three, (investigations developed more rapidly when classical physics development began to be foundation of current famous quantum physics). Period four which is called The Old Quantum Mechanics is indicated by the invention of microscopic phenomena. Period five is well known by the emergence of new quantum mechanics theory.

A Prolegomenon to the Researchers of the History of Physical Culture

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
Stefan Ilić
Keyword(s):  
Religion And Politics ◽  
Physical Culture ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
List Type ◽  
Inaccurate Information ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
History Of ◽  
Common Problems ◽  
Political Economic

Summary Truth, problems, research In his search for the truth, every history researcher often encounters the difficulties of methodological nature. A very complex path, which is, in case of history researchers, more difficult and complicated, due to a number of obstacles, leads to a discovery of truth. However, what exactly is the truth and how much do we need it nowadays, who wants it and is there a desire to discover the truth? These questions are not easy to answer. What are we faced with and what are the most common problems in the research of the history of physical culture? What makes us make omissions, errors and mistakes? Hasting and hurrying to complete the papers, when we, often faced with short deadlines, fail to meet all methodological requirements. Using the information from the papers by other authors is taken for granted, without adequate verification, assuming their reliability, and if the information is inaccurate, it results in multiplying inaccurate information which thus becomes an inaccurate secondary source to the next researcher. In our research we are sometimes unable to distance ourselves from our nation, religion and politics and we therefore tend to overestimate the achievements by our own people. We do not always pay enough attention to or we neglect or do not consider the economic, political, historical, cultural and other conditions under which an event occurred as well as their interrelations and their impact on the studied issue. In research we often exclude comparative studies on the development and achievements of European countries and Serbia in all aspects of political, economic and cultural life. Professional and scientific papers’ review is easily accepted and taken for granted since, due to the authors’ deadlines, we are often under pressure and forced to assess the suggested work without thorough and adequate consideration. For the aforesaid reasons, we therefore advocate a more cautious and more serious approach to the research of the past in order to avoid mistakes and inaccuracies.

scholarly journals A Review of Microsoft Academic Services for Science of Science Studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuansan Wang ◽  
Zhihong Shen ◽  
Chiyuan Huang ◽  
Chieh-Han Wu ◽  
Darrin Eide ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Science Studies ◽  
Science Of Science ◽  
Microsoft Academic ◽  
Academic Services

Developing Nontraditional Biology Labs to Challenge Students & Enhance Learning

2013 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-17
Author(s):  
Abour H. Cherif ◽  
JoElla E. Siuda ◽  
Farahnaz Movahedzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Science Studies ◽  
Scientific Journal ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Biology Teachers ◽  
Lab Experiments ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Compare And Contrast

Laboratory experience and skills are not only essential for success in science studies, but are the most exciting and rewarding aspects of science for students. As a result, many biology teachers have become critical of the efficacy of cookbook-type laboratory activities as well as the purposes, practices, and learning outcomes of lab experiments conducted in this regimented way. In our proposed lab approach, instead of asking students to compare and contrast living cells from various kingdoms, we ask that students design and conduct lab experiments to obtain the empirical evidence to disprove both Schleiden’s and Schwann’s generalizations that all living things, including plants and animals, are composed of identical units called “cells.” Students must then write up their findings in a paper intended for publication in a peer-reviewed scientific journal. Through this process, students learn the scientific method; concepts such as testability, falsifiability, and repeatability; and the requirements of communicating scientific findings through peer-reviewed publication.

scholarly journals Science for Others or the Self? Presumed Motives for Science Shape Public Trust in Science

2021 ◽  
pp. 014616722110644
Author(s):  
Tessa M. Benson-Greenwald ◽  
Alejandro Trujillo ◽  
Andrew D. White ◽  
Amanda B. Diekman
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Science Studies ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Public Trust ◽  
The Self ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World

Science can improve life around the world, but public trust in science is at risk. Understanding the presumed motives of scientists and science can inform the social psychological underpinnings of public trust in science. Across five independent datasets, perceiving the motives of science and scientists as prosocial promoted public trust in science. In Studies 1 and 2, perceptions that science was more prosocially oriented were associated with greater trust in science. Studies 3 and 4a & 4b employed experimental methods to establish that perceiving other-oriented motives, versus self-oriented motives, enhanced public trust in science. Respondents recommend greater funding allocations for science subdomains described as prosocially oriented versus power-oriented. Emphasizing the prosocial aspects of science can build stronger foundations of public trust in science.

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