scholarly journals Stochastic, structural and functional factors influencing AMPA and NMDA synaptic response variability: a review

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vito Di Maio ◽  
Francesco Ventriglia ◽  
Silvia Santillo
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Synaptic Transmission ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Basic Mechanism ◽  
Response Variability ◽  
Synaptic Response ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Functional Factors ◽  
The Brain

Synaptic transmission is the basic mechanism of information transfer between neurons not only in the brain, but along all the nervous system. In this review we will briefly summarize some of the main parameters that produce stochastic variability in the synaptic response. This variability produces different effects on important brain phenomena, like learning and memory, and, alterations of its basic factors can cause brain malfunctioning.

Translational control of synaptic plasticity

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1527-1530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel D. Richter
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Synaptic Transmission ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Translational Control ◽  
Synaptic Strength ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Flow Of Information

Synapses, points of contact between axons and dendrites, are conduits for the flow of information in the circuitry of the central nervous system. The strength of synaptic transmission reflects the interconnectedness of the axons and dendrites at synapses; synaptic strength in turn is modified by the frequency with which the synapses are stimulated. This modulation of synaptic strength, or synaptic plasticity, probably forms the cellular basis for learning and memory. RNA metabolism, particularly translational control at or near the synapse, is one process that controls long-lasting synaptic plasticity and, by extension, memory formation and consolidation. In the present paper, I review some salient features of translational control of synaptic plasticity.

Cells of the Nervous System

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peggy Mason
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Axonal Transport ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Neuronal Function ◽  
Synaptic Terminals ◽  
System P ◽  
Paraneoplastic Disease ◽  
Mature Neurons ◽  
The Brain

The nervous system is made up of neurons and glia that derive from neuroectoderm. Since neurons are terminally differentiated and do not divide, primary intracranial tumors do not arise from mature neurons. Tumors outside the nervous system may metastasize inside the brain or may release a substance that negatively affects brain function, termed paraneoplastic disease. Neurons receive information through synaptic inputs onto dendrites and soma and send information to other cells via a synaptic terminal. Most neurons send information to faraway locations and for this, an axon that connects the soma to synaptic terminals is required. Glial cells wrap axons in myelin, which speeds up information transfer. Axonal transport is necessary to maintain neuronal function and health across the long distances separating synaptic terminals and somata. A common mechanism of neurodegeneration arises from impairments in axonal transport that lead to protein aggregation and neuronal death.

Astroglial contribution to tau-dependent neurodegeneration

2019 ◽  
Vol 476 (22) ◽  
pp. 3493-3504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Sidoryk-Węgrzynowicz ◽  
Lidia Strużyńska
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Synaptic Transmission ◽  
Neurofibrillary Tangles ◽  
Neuronal Survival ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Proper Function ◽  
Neuronal Dysfunction ◽  
Neuronal Function ◽  
Glutamate Homeostasis ◽  
The Brain

Astrocytes, by maintaining an optimal environment for neuronal function, play a critical role in proper function of mammalian nervous system. They regulate synaptic transmission and plasticity and protect neurons against toxic insults. Astrocytes and neurons interact actively via glutamine-glutamate cycle (GGC) that supports neuronal metabolic demands and neurotransmission. GGC deficiency may be involved in different diseases of the brain, where impaired astrocytic control of glutamate homeostasis contributes to neuronal dysfunction. This includes tau-dependent neurodegeneration, where astrocytes lose key molecules involved in regulation of glutamate/glutamine homeostasis, neuronal survival and synaptogenesis. Astrocytic dysfunction in tauopathy appears to precede neurodegeneration and overt tau neuropathology such as phosphorylation, aggregation and formation of neurofibrillary tangles. In this review, we summarize recent studies demonstrating that activation of astrocytes is strictly associated with neurodegenerative processes including those involved in tau related pathology. We propose that astrocytic dysfunction, by disrupting the proper neuron-glia signalling early in the disease, significantly contributes to tauopathy pathogenesis.

The tracheal supply to the central nervous system of the locust

1980 ◽  
Vol 207 (1166) ◽  
pp. 63-78 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Synaptic Transmission ◽  
Gaseous Exchange ◽  
Optic Lobes ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Cobalt Sulphide ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

The tracheal supply to the central nervous system of the locust has been revealed by staining with cobalt sulphide. Air that enters through the first pair of thoracic spiracles is carried first to the brain and then to the rest of the central nervous system. The air is expelled through the abdominal spiracles, so that there is a one-way circulation with diffusional exchange only in the blindly ending tracheae that enter the brain or ganglia. Once inside a ganglion, the tracheae branch profusely to end in a mass of fine tracheoles through which gaseous exchange takes place. The densest tracheation is in the neuropile areas, where the spacing between tracheoles is about 17 μm. In the optic lobes, where there is order to the synaptic arrangement of a neuropile, there is a matching orderliness of the tracheation. Cortical areas, which contain the cell bodies of neurons, have only a sparse tracheation. It may be concluded that it is the processes associated with synaptic transmission that require the most immediate access to the sites of gaseous exchange.

Signaling in the Brain

The Neuron ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 3-22
Author(s):  
Irwin B. Levitan ◽  
Leonard K. Kaczmarek
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
System Function ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Nervous System Function ◽  
Specialized Structure ◽  
Transfer Of Information ◽  
The Brain

Neurons are the cells of the brain responsible for intracellular and intercellular information transfer, or signaling; they are asymmetrical cells with morphologically and functionally distinct regions that specialize them for signaling. This chapter focuses on the unique structural elements characteristic of neurons throughout the animal kingdom. These include the dendrite, among whose functions is the receipt of information from other neurons. The axon, in contrast, is specialized for the intracellular transfer of information over long distances. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the synapse, the highly specialized structure that mediates the transfer of information from one neuron to another. It is this intracellular and intercellular communication that is the essence of nervous system function, and that makes the brain so complex and difficult to study and yet at the same time so fascinating for students of cell and molecular biology.

5. Reacting and thinking

2021 ◽  
pp. 76-88
Author(s):  
Jamie A. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Vast Network

This chapter assesses the nervous system. In the trunk of the body and the neck, the central nervous system (CNS) is called the spinal cord; in the head, it is called the brain. The CNS is dominated by two cell types: neurons and glia. The neurons form a vast network in which information is split, combined, and somehow processed. Examples of this processing include reflex arcs, the ‘circuitry’ that detects features such as edges in images coming from the eyes, and simple types of learning and memory. However, most other things in the brain, especially thinking and feeling, are not yet understood at all well.

Cephalopod Nervous System Organization

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Yan Wang ◽  
Clifton W. Ragsdale
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Olfactory System ◽  
System Organization ◽  
Giant Fiber ◽  
Fiber System ◽  
Tactile Learning ◽  
Tidal Waters ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Marine Zone

Over 700 species of cephalopods live in the Earth’s waters, occupying almost every marine zone, from the benthic deep to the open ocean to tidal waters. The greatly varied forms and charismatic behaviors of these animals have long fascinated humans. Cephalopods are short-lived, highly mobile predators with sophisticated brains that are the largest among the invertebrates. While cephalopod brains share a similar anatomical organization, the nervous systems of coleoids (octopus, squid, cuttlefish) and nautiloids all display important lineage-specific neural adaptations. The octopus brain, for example, has for its arms a well-developed tactile learning and memory system that is vestigial in, or absent from, that of other cephalopods. The unique anatomy of the squid giant fiber system enables rapid escape in the event of capture. The brain of the nautilus comprises fewer lobes than its coleoid counterparts, but contains olfactory system structures and circuits not yet identified in other cephalopods.

scholarly journals Wilhelm Siegmund Feldberg, C. B. E. 19 November 1900—23 October 1993

1997 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 145-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Bisset ◽  
T. V. P. Bliss
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Synaptic Transmission ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Working Life ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Wilhelm Siegmund Feldberg, one of the greatest neuropharmacologists of the 20th century, was born in Hamburg on 19 November 1900. During a working life of 65 years, he published over 350 papers. His early work in Berlin on the pharmacology of histamine and acetylcholine was followed in the 1930s by his fundamental work with Dale, which finally established the chemical nature of synaptic transmission in the peripheral nervous system. In later years he turned to the central nervous system, introducing a new and widely adopted experimental approach to elucidate the site and mode of action of drugs in the brain.

The Effect of Some Drugs on the Electrical Activity of the Brain, and on Behaviour

1954 ◽  
Vol 100 (418) ◽  
pp. 125-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Elkes ◽  
C. Elkes ◽  
P. B. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Synaptic Transmission ◽  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Central Effects ◽  
System Form ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Peripheral neuro-effector sites within and outside the autonomic nervous system form useful reference points for the study of the central effects of some agents. Nevertheless, ready analogies between peripheral neurohumoral mediation, and central synaptic transmission may be grossly misleading, and reliance must solely be placed on data derived from within the central nervous system itself.

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