Validation of the Chinese Translation of the Spatial Hearing Questionnaire and Its Short Form

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Ou ◽  
Bei Wen ◽  
Ann Perreau ◽  
Elaine Kim ◽  
Richard Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Spatial Hearing ◽  
Internal Consistency Reliability ◽  
Chinese Translation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hearing Ability ◽  
Confirmatory Factor

Purpose Few questionnaires address how to measure spatial hearing ability in complex listening situations. The purpose of the study was (a) to validate the Chinese translation of the Spatial Hearing Questionnaire (C-SHQ) among Chinese participants and (b) to provide a shortened version for the purpose of clinical screening. Method This was a cross-sectional study. The C-SHQ was developed from the process of translation and back-translation of the original 24-item, English version (Tyler, Perreau, & Ji, 2009). The C-SHQ was administered to 146 patients at the Department of Otolaryngology Clinic of Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital between October 2013 and May 2014 at Sichuan, China. Exploratory factor analysis and reliability tests were performed for the full version, and confirmatory factor analysis was applied for the shortened version of the C-SHQ. Results The exploratory factor analysis revealed scores loaded on 3 similar factors compared with the original SHQ. The internal consistency reliability was high (Cronbach's α = 0.99). The confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a shortened version of 12 items is sufficient to measure spatial hearing abilities. Conclusions The C-SHQ and its short form are both reliable and valid questionnaires, which are suitable for both research and clinical settings to measure spatial hearing ability in the Chinese population.

Creation and validation of a Vietnamese version of the Frommelt Attitudes Toward Care of the Dying Scale

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-156
Author(s):  
Thuy Ly Nguyen ◽  
Lourdes Symphorien Clemenceau Annoussamy ◽  
Eric L Krakauer
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Internal Consistency Reliability ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Culturally Adapted ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Care Of The Dying

Background: This study aims to develop a valid measurement of the Frommel Attitudes Toward Care of the Dying (FATCOD) scale to address some of the gaps in the existing knowledge of this field in Vietnam. Methods: The FATCOD scale was translated and culturally adapted to make it suitable for use in Vietnam. Following this, the FATCOD_VN scale was assessed for content validity. The construct validity of the instrument was then determined by exploratory factor analysis (n=237), and confirmatory factor analysis (n=245), based on the combined data from two cross-sectional studies. The internal consistency reliability and background factors associated with the FATCOD_VN were examined to further support the validity of the Vietnamese version. Results: The exploratory factor analysis of the FATCOD_VN yielded a three-factor structure that presents the most plausible goodness of fit, supported by confirmatory factor analysis. The Cronbach's alpha of the FATCOD_VN was 0.74 for overall scale and ranges from 0.56 to 0.81 for each sub-scale. Conclusions: The study results indicate that the FATCOD_VN is acceptable and appropriate to use in the Vietnamese context.

Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Burden Scale for Family Caregivers-Short Form

2021 ◽  
pp. 106648072110524
Author(s):  
Rachel R. Tambling ◽  
Carissa D’Aniello ◽  
Beth S. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Family Caregivers ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Caregiver Burden ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Caregiving Burden ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Burden Scale

Caregiver burden describes the physical, psychological, social, and financial demands of providing care to others. Caregiver burden has been investigated in general, and off-time caregiving often specific to chronic, recurring conditions. Despite the substantial research attention to caregiving burden, there have been few studies aimed establishing the psychometric evaluation of measurement tools used to measure the construct ( Pendergrass et al., 2018 ). Accurate measurement of caregiving burden is essential for studying the myriad effects on caregivers’ mental, physical, financial, and relational health. To begin to fill this gap, we conducted an exploratory factor analysis and a confirmatory factor analysis of the Burden Scale for Family Caregivers ( Pendergrass et al., 2018 ) in two distinct samples. Results of an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) indicated a one factor solution. Implications for these findings on the study of caregiver burden are included.

scholarly journals Οικογενειακοί-σχολικοί παράγοντες που σχετίζονται με τα προβλήματα συμπεριφοράς μαθητών δημοτικού σχολείου και η διαχείρισή τους στο πλαίσιο της οικογένειας και του σχολείου

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Μαρία Σμυρνάκη
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Path Analysis ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Parental Acceptance ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Path Models

Σκοπός της παρούσας μελέτης ήταν η διερεύνηση οικογενειακών και σχολικών παραγόντων που σχετίζονται με τα προβλήματα συμπεριφοράς μαθητών δημοτικού σχολείου και των πρακτικών διαχείρισής τους στο πλαίσιο της οικογένειας και του σχολείου στην ημιαστική περιοχή του Γαζίου, του Νομού Ηρακλείου Κρήτης. Ειδικότερα, επρόκειτο για μια μελέτη περίπτωσης που βασίστηκε στη συλλογή εμπειρικών και ποιοτικών δεδομένων. Στο εμπειρικό της μέρος, πραγματοποιήθηκε συγκριτική έρευνα ανάμεσα σε 55 μαθητές με προβλήματα συμπεριφοράς (ερευνητική ομάδα) και σε 55 μαθητές χωρίς προβλήματα συμπεριφοράς (ομάδα ελέγχου), που ανήκαν στις τρεις τελευταίες τάξεις του δημοτικού σχολείου, με τη χορήγηση 7 συνολικά ερωτηματολογίων: 1) Ερωτηματολόγιο TRF για Εκπαιδευτικούς (32 Ερωτήσεις) Παιδιών Ηλικίας 6-18 ετών (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2003), 2) Εργαλείο Ψυχοκοινωνικής Προσαρμογής: Κλίμακα Αυτοαναφοράς για Μαθητές 10-12 ετών (Χατζηχρήστου, Πολυχρόνη, Μπεζεβέγκης, & Μυλωνάς, 2008), 3) Εργαλείο Ψυχοκοινωνικής Προσαρμογής: Κλίμακα Εκπαιδευτικού για Παιδιά 7-12 ετών (Χατζηχρήστου, Πολυχρόνη, Μπεζεβέγκης, & Μυλωνάς, 2008), 4) PARQ/Parental Acceptance-Rejection/Short Form (Rohner, 2004), 5) TARQ/Teacher’s Acceptance-Rejection/Short Form (Rohner, 2004), 6) SFI/Self Report Family Inventory, Version II (Beavers & Hampson, 1990) και 7) Το Ερωτηματολόγιο της Τάξης μου για το Δημοτικό Σχολείο (ΤΕΤ/Βούλγαρης & Ματσαγγούρας, 2004). Το ποιοτικό μέρος περιελάμβανε τη μελέτη 12 συνολικά περιπτώσεων μαθητών με προβλήματα συμπεριφοράς και τη διεξαγωγή ημιδομημένων συνεντεύξεων στους ίδιους τους μαθητές, στους γονείς και στους δασκάλους τους (36 συνολικά συνεντεύξεις), όπου κατά κύριο λόγο διερευνήθηκαν: οι πρακτικές διαχείρισης που υιοθετούνται από τους γονείς και τους δασκάλους απέναντι στα προβλήματα συμπεριφοράς των μαθητών, ο τρόπος που αυτές βιώνονται από τους μαθητές, οι αντιδράσεις που τους προκαλούν και η αποτίμηση της αποτελεσματικότητάς τους κι από τις τρεις πλευρές. Η ανάλυση των εμπειρικών δεδομένων της έρευνας, η οποία βασίστηκε στο Στατιστικό Πακέτο IBM SPSS Statistics Version 20, περιελάμβανε Διμεταβλητές Σχέσεις, Διερευνητική Παραγοντική Ανάλυση/Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Επιβεβαιωτική Παραγοντική Ανάλυση /Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) και Ανάλυση Διαδρομών/Path Analysis, όπου εξετάστηκε η προσαρμογή 9 διαφορετικών Μοντέλων Διαδρομών/Path Models. Οι συνεντεύξεις της ποιοτικής μελέτης αναλύθηκαν με τη μέθοδο της ανάλυσης περιεχομένου. Σύμφωνα με τα βασικότερα ευρήματα του εμπειρικού μέρους: 1) η αυτοαντίληψη του μαθητή διαδραματίζει τον πιο σημαντικό ρόλο στην πρόβλεψη των προβλημάτων συμπεριφοράς στο συγκεκριμένο πληθυσμό μαθητών, συγκρινόμενη τους άλλους παράγοντες ψυχοκοινωνικής του ανάπτυξης (κοινωνική, συναισθηματική και σχολική επάρκεια), 2) η εχθρότητα/επιθετικότητα του πατέρα και της μητέρας προβλέπουν σε σημαντικό βαθμό την παρουσία προβλημάτων συμπεριφοράς στον πληθυσμό αυτό, 3) η στάση αποδοχής/απόρριψης των δύο γονιών συνάδει μεταξύ τους, με τη στάση του πατέρα να επηρεάζει τη στάση της μητέρας στις ήπιες μορφές απόρριψης και τη στάση της μητέρας να επηρεάζει τη στάση του πατέρα στις πιο έντονες μορφές απόρριψης, ενώ η αντίστοιχη στάση του δασκάλου επηρεάζεται από τη στάση του πατέρα, 4) η ζεστασιά/στοργή της μητέρας διαδραματίζει τον πιο σημαντικό ρόλο στην πρόβλεψη των προβλημάτων συμπεριφοράς και της σχολικής επάρκειας των μαθητών αυτών, συγκρινόμενη με τις άλλες διαστάσεις μητρικής και πατρικής αποδοχής/απόρριψης, ενώ τόσο η συνοχή, όσο και η σύγκρουση της οικογένειας προβλέπουν με τον ίδιο τρόπο την υγιή/ικανή οικογενειακή λειτουργία και 5) η αδιαφοροποίητη απόρριψη του δασκάλου προβλέπει στο μεγαλύτερο βαθμό την παρουσία προβλημάτων συμπεριφοράς στο συγκεκριμένο πληθυσμό μελέτης συγκριτικά με τις άλλες διαστάσεις αποδοχής/απόρριψης του δασκάλου, ενώ τόσο η συνεκτικότητα, όσο και η διενεκτικότητα της τάξης προβλέπουν με τον ίδιο τρόπο την ικανοποίηση από τη λειτουργία της τάξης. Ακόμα, βάσει των κυριότερων δεδομένων του ποιοτικού μέρους της έρευνας: 1) υπερισχύουν οι αρνητικές γονικές και εκπαιδευτικές πρακτικές αντιμετώπισης της προβληματικής συμπεριφοράς των μαθητών (π.χ. ανέβασμα του τόνου της φωνής, τιμωρίες, φυσική/σωματική επιθετικότητα), σύμφωνα με τις αναφορές των ίδιων των μαθητών, 2) οι πρακτικές των γονιών κι ειδικά της μητέρας βιώνονται από τους μαθητές ως πιο σκληρές από εκείνες των δασκάλων τους και συνήθως συνδέονται με τη μη συμμόρφωσή τους, σε αντιδιαστολή με εκείνες του δασκάλου, στις οποίες οι μαθητές συμμορφώνονται, 3) οι αρνητικές γονικές πρακτικές προκαλούν συναισθήματα στενοχώριας, φόβου και θυμού στους μαθητές, 4) οι αποτελεσματικές γονικές και εκπαιδευτικές πρακτικές ομόφωνα συνδέονται, κατά την αντίληψη των τριών πλευρών, με θετικούς κυρίως τρόπους προσέγγισης των μαθητών (π.χ. συζήτηση, ενθάρρυνση, χιούμορ), ενώ οι αναποτελεσματικές πρακτικές με αποκλειστικά αρνητικούς τρόπους προσέγγισής τους (π.χ. ανέβασμα του τόνου της φωνής, τιμωρία, επίπληξη) και 5) οι μαθητές ζητούν από τους γονείς και τους δασκάλους τους να σταματήσουν τις αρνητικές πρακτικές και να αυξήσουν τις θετικές πρακτικές που εφαρμόζουν. Πρόκειται για δεδομένα που συμβάλλουν σημαντικά στη βαθύτερη κατανόηση του συγκεκριμένου πληθυσμού μελέτης, η οποία συνιστά αναγκαία προϋπόθεση και συνθήκη για το σχεδιασμό και την υλοποίηση εστιασμένων/αποτελεσματικών προληπτικών προγραμμάτων και παρεμβάσεων σχετικά με την προβληματική/αντικοινωνική (επιθετική και παραβατική) συμπεριφορά των προ-εφήβων μαθητών.

scholarly journals Validity and reliability of Korean version of the Grit Scale for Korean nursing students

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 322-331
Author(s):  
Hyo-Suk Song ◽  
So-Hee Lim
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Nursing Students ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Item Analysis ◽  
Internal Consistency Reliability ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Korean Version ◽  
Confirmatory Factor

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of the Korean Version of the Grit (Grit-K) scale for nursing students in Korea.Methods: The participants in the study were 277 nursing students. Their grit was verified by using self-reports and the results of a questionnaire. Grit was translated into Korean and its content validity was verified by five experts. The validity of the instrument was verified through item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis. Reliability verification was analyzed by using internal consistency reliability.Results: Two factors were identified through exploratory factor analysis and six items of the original instrument were found to be valid. In the confirmatory factor analysis, the validity of the instrument was verified as the model. The internal consistency reliability was also acceptable and Grit was found to be an applicable instrument.Conclusion: This study shows that the Korean Version of the Grit Questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument to assess nursing students in Korea.

Psychometric Assessment of the Paternal Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Malawian Fathers

2021 ◽  
pp. 089033442110650
Author(s):  
Roselyn Chipojola ◽  
Cindy-Lee Dennis ◽  
Shu-Yu Kuo
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Internal Consistency Reliability ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Background: Only 61% of Malawian women exclusively breastfeed to the recommended 6 months. Paternal support is predictive of exclusive breastfeeding, and significantly related to paternal breastfeeding self-efficacy, defined as fathers’ confidence in their ability to assist mothers with breastfeeding. Research Aims: To (1) examine the psychometric properties of the Paternal Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF) in Malawian fathers, including internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, construct validity using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and convergent validity; and (2) assess the relationship between the BSES-SF and paternal demographic and health factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at a maternity hospital in Lilongwe, Malawi, and 180 fathers whose partners had delivered a singleton infant were included. Participants completed the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale and Quality of Life with confirmatory factor analysis performed to assess the construct validity. The internal consistency reliability and test-retest reliability were evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and intra-class correlations. Convergent validity was also assessed. Results: A unidimensional factorial structure of the Malawian Paternal BSES-SF was identified using confirmatory factor analysis. The scale had an excellent Cronbach’s alpha of .90 and a test-retest reliability of .93. Participants’ breastfeeding self-efficacy was significantly correlated with the Quality of Life domains of psychological health ( r = .23; p < .01), social relationships ( r = .28; p < .001), and environmental health ( r = .30; p < .001). Participants who were older, married, and with ≥ two children had significantly higher breastfeeding self-efficacy and were more confident in their ability to support their partner’s breastfeeding. Conclusion: The Paternal Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form was a valid and reliable measure to assess fathers’ confidence in their ability to assist mothers with breastfeeding in Malawi.

scholarly journals The Adolescent Resilience Questionnaire: Validation of a Shortened Version in U.S. Youths

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline R. Anderson ◽  
Michael Killian ◽  
Jennifer L. Hughes ◽  
A. John Rush ◽  
Madhukar H. Trivedi
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Internal Consistency Reliability ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Questionnaire Validation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Report Measure

IntroductionResilience is a factor in how youth respond to adversity. The 88-item Adolescent Resilience Questionnaire is a comprehensive, multi-dimensional self-report measure of resilience developed with Australian youth.MethodsUsing a cross-sectional adolescent population (n = 3,222), confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to replicate the original factor structure. Over half of the adolescents were non-white and 9th graders with a mean age of 15.5.ResultsOur exploratory factor analysis shortened the measure for which we conducted the psychometric analyses. The original factor structure was not replicated. The exploratory factor analysis provided a 49-item measure. Internal consistency reliability for all 12 factors ranged from acceptable (α&gt; 0.70–0.80). The revised factor total scores were highly and significantly correlated with item–total correlation coefficients (r &gt; 0.63, p &lt; 0.001).ConclusionThis revised shorter 49-item version of the Adolescent Resilience Questionnaire could be deployed and has acceptable psychometric properties.

Assessing Vocational Rehabilitation Engagement of People With Disabilities

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 145-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alo Dutta ◽  
Fong Chan ◽  
Madan M. Kundu ◽  
Cahit Kaya ◽  
Jessica Brooks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Vocational Rehabilitation ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Internal Consistency Reliability ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Factor Measurement ◽  
Valid Instrument

The purpose of this study was to validate the Vocational Rehabilitation Engagement Scale (VRES) in a sample of state vocational rehabilitation (VR) service consumers. A total of 277 individuals with disabilities were recruited from Alaska, Kentucky, Florida, Michigan, New Mexico, Texas, Utah, and Wisconsin. The measurement structure of the VRES was evaluated using exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Exploratory factor analysis results support a one-factor measurement structure of the VRES. Confirmatory factor analysis results also indicated a good model fit for the one-factor measurement model. Internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s α) for the scores on the VRES was computed to be .94. VR engagement was found to be associated with working alliance, vocational self-efficacy, internal motivation, and VR outcome expectancy in the expected direction. The VRES is a brief, reliable, and valid instrument for assessing VR engagement and contributes to the use of self-determination as a paradigm for improving motivation and engagement of people with disabilities receiving services from state VR agencies.

scholarly journals Psychometric Adequacy of the Persian Version of the Performance Management Behavior Questionnaire in Universities

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 236-244
Author(s):  
Leila Keikavoosi-Arani ◽  
◽  
Leili Salehi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Performance Management ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Content Validity ◽  
Faculty Members ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Management Behavior ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Confirmatory Factor

Introduction: Despite interest in improving performance management in universities, few studies have examined this topic. Because of the absence of validated tools in Iran for assessing behavior performance management, this study was conducted to validate the behavior performance management scale. Objective: This study aimed to assess the psychometric adequacy of the Performance Management Behavior Questionnaire (PMBQ) for the heads of university departments in Iran. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in four phases. The first and second phases included PMBQ translation and its modification in accordance with the educational setting. The third phase consisted of the content and face validation, and the fourth phase aimed to evaluate the construct validity and reliability of this scale. All 400 faculty members (200 for exploratory factor analysis and 200 for confirmatory factor analysis) were studied. After translation, the 27-item PMBQ was evaluated for validity and reliability. Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI) were computed for content validity. For construct validation, the exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used. The PMBQ reliability was assessed by the Cronbach α coefficient. Results: Considering eigenvalues above one, five factors were identified that jointly explained 58.22% of the variance observed. Based on the arrangement of the factors, they labeled as monitoring performance management (9 items), coaching (6 items), goal setting (6 items), communication (3 items), and providing consequence (2 items). Results showed that the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) varied between 0.51 and 0.60; composite reliability was between 0.7 and 0.81, and the Cronbach α coefficient was between 0.70 and 0.82. Conclusion: PMBQ as a valid and reliable tool can be used for assessing the behavior of the heads of departments from the viewpoints of faculty members.

Development of an Individualism-Collectivism Scale Revisited: A Korean Sample

2011 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 393-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kitae Kim ◽  
Bongsoon Cho
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Social Relation ◽  
Internal Consistency Reliability ◽  
Face Validity ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Norm Acceptance ◽  
Acceptable Internal Consistency

A 13-item Individualism-Collectivism scale comprising source of identity, goal priority, mode of social relation, and norm acceptance is presented. A validation of this scale was conducted using a survey of 773 Korean employees. An exploratory factor analysis and a second-order confirmatory factor analysis supported the measure as having theoretical face validity and acceptable internal consistency reliability. Among the four facets, goal priority most strongly predicted the general Individualism-Collectivism latent factor.

The Hierarchical Model of Exercise Dependence

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 247-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gayatri Kotbagi ◽  
Laurence Kern ◽  
Lucia Romo ◽  
Ramesh Pathare
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Preliminary Version

Abstract. Physical exercise when done excessively may have negative consequences on physical and psychological wellbeing. There exist many scales to measure this phenomenon. The purpose of this article is to create a scale measuring the problematic practice of physical exercise (PPPE Scale) by combining two assessment tools already existing in the field of exercise dependency but anchored in different approaches (EDS-R and EDQ). This research consists of three studies carried out on three independent sample populations. The first study (N = 341) tested the construct validity (exploratory factor analysis); the second study (N = 195) tested the structural validity (confirmatory factor analysis) and the third study (N = 104) tested the convergent validity (correlations) of the preliminary version of the PPPE scale. Exploratory factor analysis identified six distinct dimensions associated with exercise dependency. Furthermore, confirmatory factor analysis validated a second order model consisting of 25 items with six dimensions and four sub-dimensions. The convergent validity of this scale with other constructs (GLTEQ, EAT26, and The Big Five Inventory [BFI]) is satisfactory. The preliminary version of the PPPE must be administered to a large population to refine its psychometric properties and develop scoring norms.

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