Milk Flow Rates From Bottle Nipples Used for Feeding Infants Who Are Hospitalized

Purpose This study tested the milk flow rates and variability in flow of currently available nipples used for bottle-feeding infants who are hospitalized. Method Clinicians in 3 countries were surveyed regarding nipples available to them for feeding infants who are hospitalized. Twenty-nine nipple types were identified, and 10 nipples of each type were tested by measuring the amount of infant formula expressed in 1 min using a breast pump. Mean milk flow rate (mL/min) and coefficient of variation were used to compare nipples within brand and within category (i.e., Slow, Standard, Premature). Results Flow rates varied widely between nipples, ranging from 2.10 mL/min for the Enfamil Cross-Cut to 85.34 mL/min for the Dr. Brown's Y-Cut Standard Neck. Variability of flow rates among nipples of the same type ranged from a coefficient of variation of 0.05 for Dr. Brown's Level 1 Standard- and Wide-Neck to 0.42 for the Enfamil Cross-Cut. Mean coefficient of variation by brand ranged from 0.08 for Dr. Brown's to 0.36 for Bionix. Conclusions Milk flow is an easily manipulated variable that may contribute to the degree of physiologic instability experienced by infants who are medically fragile during oral feeding. This study provides clinicians with information to guide appropriate selection of bottle nipples for feeding infants who are hospitalized.

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Increased take-off level in automatic milking systems – effects on milk flow, milk yield and milking efficiency at the quarter level

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s002202991800078x ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 86 (1) ◽

pp. 85-87 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sabine Ferneborg ◽

Måns Thulin ◽

Sigrid Agenäs ◽

Kerstin Svennersten-Sjaunja ◽

Peter Krawczel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

The Other ◽

Mean Flow ◽

Flow Rates ◽

Decline Phase ◽

Flow Profiles ◽

Milk Flow ◽

Automatic Milking ◽

Automatic Milking Systems ◽

Time Required

AbstractThis research communication describes how different detachment levels (0.48, 0.3 and 0.06 kg milk/min) at the quarter-level affect milk flow profiles and overall milking efficiency in automatic milking systems. We hypothesized a higher detachment level would result in greater mean flow rates without affecting the volume of harvested milk per cow during 24 h compared to lower detachment levels. The data suggest milk flow decreased to a rate below the overmilking limit within the 6-s delay time required for termination in all treatments, but the duration of overmilking was shorter for the greatest detachment level compared to the other treatments. We conclude that setting a detachment level at a greater milk flow rate reduces the duration of overmilking without affecting the amount of milk harvested when applied to cows in mid-lactation during quarter-level milking. We also suggest that the steepness of the decline phase of the milk flow curve might have a larger effect than the actual detachment level on the duration of overmilking.

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Influence of milk flow rate and streak canal length on new intramammary infection in dairy cows

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029900029988 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 58 (4) ◽

pp. 383-388 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Robert J. Grindal ◽

Andrew W. Walton ◽

J. Eric Hillerton

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Peak Flow ◽

Peak Flow Rate ◽

Secondary Importance ◽

Flow Rates ◽

Intramammary Infection ◽

Susceptibility To Infection ◽

Milk Flow ◽

Wide Range ◽

Mastitis Control

SummaryEighteen cows with a wide range of quarter peak flow rates (0·35–2·22 kg/min) were inoculated with Streptococcus agalactiae and Str. dysgalactiae 4 mm into each streak canal every 3 d for 12 d. Thirty of the 72 quarters developed intramammary infection. Mean peak flow rate and length of streak canal of those quarters that became infected were 1·26 ± 0·08 kg/min (mean ± SEM) and 11·47 ± 0·41 mm respectively, compared with 1·01 ± 0·05 kg/min and 12·05 ± 0·35 mm for those that remained uninfected. Logistic regression analysis showed that the probability of infection increased significantly with the increase in peak flow rate (P = O·O1). The influence of streak canal length on new infection, after allowing for the effect of peak flow rate, was not significant at the 5% level (P = 0·07), suggesting that there may be an inverse relationship between teat duct length and infection, but that it is of secondary importance to peak flow rate. If increased mass of milk distends the teat duct by raising intramammary pressure, then quarter susceptibility to infection is further compromised. These results strongly suggest that the benefits of reduced infection from mastitis control, achieved despite dramatic increases in milk flow rate and milk yield, are significantly underestimated.

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Pre-milking mechanical teat stimulation and milking performance of dairy buffaloes in early lactation

Journal of Agricultural Engineering ◽

10.4081/jae.2017.606 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

pp. 53-55

Author(s):

Francesco Maria Tangorra ◽

Stefania Leonardi ◽

Valerio Bronzo ◽

Nicola Rota ◽

Paolo Moroni

Keyword(s):

Milk Yield ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Peak Flow ◽

Early Lactation ◽

Peak Flow Rate ◽

Flow Rates ◽

Enhancing Effect ◽

Milk Flow ◽

Total Milk ◽

Automatic Removal

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of pre-milking mechanical teat stimulation on milk yield and milking performance of dairy buffaloes in early lactation. For this purpose, twenty-two healthy Italian Mediterranean buffaloes in their first to third lactation and in early lactation (<120 days in milk) were subjected to two treatments of teat stimulation: i) washing of the teats with water for about 5 s and attaching of the milking unit within 60 s, without any pre-milking massage (farm milking routine); ii) fast pulsation (FP), achieved by increasing pulsation rate to 120 pulsations per min during the first 60 s after application of teat cups. Each treatment lasted for 10 days and the following parameters were measured: milk yield (kg/milking), milk yield at 2 min after unit attachment (kg), time between milking unit attachment and its automatic removal (min), peak milk flow rate (kg/min), and milking time to reach peak flow rate (min). The average milk flow rate (kg/min) was calculated by dividing milk yield by the actual milking time. Milk yield was not affected by mechanical pre-stimulation and during the first 2 min of milking 20.2% and 19.6% of total milk yield were milked respectively when treatments 1 and 2 were applied. The time elapsed from attachment of the milking cluster until its automatic removal was less than 8 min both for buffaloes subjected to FP, and for buffaloes subjected just to washing of the teats before attaching the milking unit. FP stimulation did not show an enhancing effect on peak and average milk flow rates and on milking time to reach peak flow rate.

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Effect of Formula Type and Preparation on International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative Thickness Level and Milk Flow Rates From Bottle Teats

American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology ◽

10.1044/2020_ajslp-20-00272 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 260-265

Author(s):

Britt F. Pados ◽

Victoria Feaster

Keyword(s):

Gastroesophageal Reflux ◽

Infant Formula ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Infant Formulas ◽

Testing Methods ◽

Flow Rates ◽

Milk Flow ◽

Thin Liquids ◽

The Impact ◽

Formula Type

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of infant formula type and preparation (i.e., ready-to-feed vs. powder) on International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative (IDDSI) thickness level and milk flow rates from bottle teats/nipples. Method The ready-to-feed and powder formulations of the following products were tested for IDDSI thickness level, using IDDSI guidelines, and for milk flow rate, using established flow testing methods: Similac Advance, Similac For Spit-Up, Enfamil Infant, and Enfamil A.R. Analysis of variance was used to compare flow rates among formula types/preparations. Results Enfamil A.R. ready-to-feed was classified as IDDSI “slightly thick.” All other formula types/preparations were found to be IDDSI “thin” liquids. The standard infant formulas (Similac Advance and Enfamil Infant) had comparable flow rates to each other, regardless of preparation (ready-to-feed and powder). The gastroesophageal reflux–specific formulas (Similac For Spit-Up and Enfamil A.R.) had slower flow rates than the standard formulas; within this category, there were significant differences in flow rates between ready-to-feed and powder. Enfamil A.R. powder had the slowest flow rate, but was the most variable. Conclusion For infants with difficulty coordinating sucking, swallowing, and breathing, clinicians and parents should consider the impact that changes to infant formula type and preparation may have on the infant's ability to safely feed.

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Supporting Oral Feeding Skills Through Bottle Selection

Perspectives on Swallowing and Swallowing Disorders (Dysphagia) ◽

10.1044/sasd24.2.50 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 50-57 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Erin Ross ◽

Lauren Fuhrman

Keyword(s):

Influencing Factors ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Oral Feeding ◽

Primary Therapy ◽

Flow Rates ◽

Feeding Difficulties ◽

Optimal Flow ◽

Young Infants ◽

Feeding Skills ◽

Major Consideration

Infants who have feeding difficulties often struggle with coordinating sucking, swallowing, and breathing, and have difficulty eating sufficient quantities for adequate growth. Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) need advanced expertise across a number of areas (e.g., development, medical, swallowing) to work effectively with these young infants, and they use a variety of strategies when treating this population. Therapists working with infants who have feeding difficulties use bottles as a primary therapy tool; how the infant tolerates the flow rate from the bottle/nipple is a major consideration. Caregivers must understand the influence of bottle/nipple flow rates on eating skills, so they can support the emerging oral skill development for these fragile infants, and help parents decide what bottle system to use in their home. Both infant and equipment factors influence bottle/nipple flow rates. This article discusses the influencing factors that need to be considered when determining the optimal flow rate for an individual infant.

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Distribution of milk flow in Holstein Friesian and Fleckvieh cows in Croatia

Archives Animal Breeding ◽

10.5194/aab-45-341-2002 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 45 (4) ◽

pp. 341-348

Author(s):

P. Mijić ◽

I. Knežević ◽

M. Domaćinović ◽

M. Baban ◽

D. Kralik

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Breeding Program ◽

Optimal Distribution ◽

Flow Rates ◽

Performance Trait ◽

Milk Flow ◽

Holstein Friesian ◽

Made In

Abstract. The aim was to investigate the distribution of milk flow rate in Holstein Friesian and Fleckvieh cattle. Researches were made in four farms in Eastern Croatia with 534 cows. 2594 tests were made with computer milking equipment, Alfa-Laval and with digital milk flow counter made by Tru-Test Company. The measuring of milk flow rates was done from 50th to 180th day of lactation. Tests showed as expected better results among Holstein Friesian then Fleckvieh cows. The optimal distribution of milk flow rate of Holstein Friesian type was 56.58 % and Fleckvieh was only 38.91 %. The results of the investigation are discussed. The milk flow rate represents an essential performance trait and should be included into the breeding program.

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Influence of milk flow rate on new intramammary infection in dairy cows

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029900029848 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 58 (3) ◽

pp. 263-268 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Robert J. Grindal ◽

J. Eric Hillerton

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Peak Flow ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Infection Rates ◽

Short Term ◽

Flow Rates ◽

Intramammary Infection ◽

Milk Flow ◽

Milking Machine ◽

Mastitis Control

SummaryIn a series of short-term experiments cows were subjected to exaggerated bacterial challenge and accentuated milking machine conditions known to predispose to new mammary infection. The incidence of new intramammary infection was significantly greater in quarters with peak flow rates > 1·6 kg/min whether they were exposed to impacts (P < 0·05) or milking without pulsation (P <0·001). The infection rates were much lower (P < 0·001) in quarters milked with ‘pulsation and shields’ to protect against these two machine factors. Despite this, quarters with peak flow > 1·6 kg/min still showed a 12-fold increase in mastitis incidence compared with quarters with peak flow < 0·8 kg/min. Rates of milk flow have increased dramatically in the last 40 years through selection and breeding: whole udder peak flow rates in heifers have doubled from 1·9 to 3·8 kg/min. Increased emphasis, therefore, should be placed on hygiene, husbandry and milking techniques to minimize bacterial numbers at teat ends to control mastitis as the drive for higher flow rate and yield make cows increasingly more susceptible to infection. These results suggest that the benefits of reduced infection rate from mastitis control are significantly underestimated since animals are now considerably more susceptible than 40 years ago.

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Influence of Breed and Parity on Teat and Milking Characteristics in Dairy Cattle

Macedonian Veterinary Review ◽

10.2478/macvetrev-2018-0020 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 41 (2) ◽

pp. 169-176

Author(s):

Murat Genc ◽

Omer Coban ◽

Ugur Ozenturk ◽

Omer Eltas

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cattle ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Morphological Traits ◽

Holstein Cows ◽

Flow Rates ◽

Brown Swiss ◽

Cattle Breeds ◽

Milk Flow

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine some morphological traits of the udder teat and their influence on the milk flow rate in three dairy cattle breeds (Brown Swiss, Holstein and Simmental). The average milking time and milk yield was 8.79±0.16 minutes and 9.40±0.28 kg, respectively. There was a finding that the breed of the dairy cows had no effect on the total milking time, with the Holstein cows having the highest milk yield (P<0.01). The average milk flow rate was 1.09±0.04 kg/minute and the Holstein cows had the highest milk flow rate (P<0.05). The cow parity didn’t affect the milk flow rate and the milk yield. The average teat length, average teat diameter and average teat volume varied among the cattle breeds and were highest in the Brown Swiss, and lowest in the Simmental cows. In conclusion, the milk flow rate varies among cattle breeds, and it was observed that dairy cows with high milk yields have higher milk flow rates.

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Milk productivity of maternal families of Red-and-White breed of cattle

Glavnyj zootehnik (Head of Animal Breeding) ◽

10.33920/sel-03-2001-04 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 32-38

Author(s):

M. Fedorova ◽

O. Larina

Keyword(s):

Milk Production ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Milk Productivity ◽

Milk Flow ◽

The Family ◽

Voronezh Region ◽

White Breed ◽

Herd Structure ◽

Selection Of

An important reserve for improving the effectiveness of milk production is the creation of highly productive breeds of cattle by improving them. Families, which are an integral part of the herd structure are essential in this case. Maternal families play a very important role in breeding work to increase the milk productivity. The milk yield, content of protein and fat in milk, udder shape and teats, milk flow rate are actually measured only on females. In the best factory families identify the most promising highly productive cows, which are subsequently used to obtain sires, which often becoming the ancestors of the lines. The main purpose of working with the family is to develop in the offspring of valuable qualities of the ancestor by mating her, her daughters and granddaughters with the best sires belonging to the best line, to obtain high-value off spring. 26 families, which differ on age, level of productivity, quantity of highly productive cows are allocated in the farms in the Voronezh region. According to the development of breeding characteristics of the family to varying degrees deviate from the indicators of the herd. The best results on milk yield have been obtained in the families: Martha 113, Vishnya 1208, Malvina 166, Skoda 8 and Putana 1312, which exceed the average for the herd from 428 to 1019 kg, or from 7,2 to 17,1 %. On the content of fat in milk the superiority of families was revealed: Drofa 752 by 0,23 %, Soroka 2206 by 0,21 %, Manyunya 1013 by 0,19 %, Kukla 1252 by 0,11 %. In terms of protein content in milk the best families were: Spring 8028 by 0,07 %, Boyarka 2118 by 0,04 %, Vishnya 1208 and Soroka 2206 by 0,03 %. Thus, in order to increase the efficiency of milk production in the Voronezh region it is necessary to use selection of maternal families most widely.

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