scholarly journals Internal and External Factors That Support Children's Minority First Language and English

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 595-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giang Pham ◽  
Timothy Tipton
Keyword(s):  
Limited English Proficiency ◽  
First Language ◽  
The United States ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Cumulative Exposure ◽  
Phonological Memory ◽  
Expressive Vocabulary ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Vocabulary Skills ◽  
Internal And External Factors

Purpose Sequential bilingual children in the United States often speak 2 languages that have different social statuses (minority–majority) and separate contexts for learning (home–school). Thus, distinct factors may support the development of each language. This study examined which child internal and external factors were related to vocabulary skills in a minority language versus English. Method Participants included 69 children, aged 5–8 years, who lived in Southern California, spoke Vietnamese as the home language, and received school instruction in English. All participants had at least 1 foreign-born parent, and most mothers reported limited English proficiency. Parents completed a telephone survey, and children completed measures of receptive and expressive vocabulary in each language. Using correlations and stepwise regression, we examined predictors of vocabulary skills in each language that were internal to the child (age, gender, analytical reasoning, phonological memory) or that pertained to the surrounding environment (cumulative exposure, quantity and quality of input/output). Results Vietnamese vocabulary outcomes were related to multiple external factors, of which input and enrichment activities were the best predictors. In contrast, English vocabulary outcomes were related to internal factors, of which age and phonological memory were the best predictors. Parental use of Vietnamese contributed to children's Vietnamese vocabulary outcomes but was not related to children's English vocabulary outcomes. Conclusions Vietnamese exposure does not hinder English development. Children from immigrant families are learning English with or without familial support. Rich and frequent exposure and opportunities for practice are essential for the continued development of a minority first language.

Internal and external factors contributing to variability in consonant accuracy of Arabic–French simultaneous bilingual children

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Rabia Sabah MEZIANE ◽  
Andrea A.N. MACLEOD
Keyword(s):  
Naming Task ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Receptive Vocabulary ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Expressive Vocabulary ◽  
Word Repetition ◽  
Language Exposure ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Internal And External Factors

Abstract This study aims to describe the relationships between child-internal and child-external factors and the consonant accuracy of bilingual children. More specifically, the study looks at internal factors: expressive and receptive vocabulary, and external factors: language exposure and language status, of a group of 4-year-old bilingual Arabic–French children. We measured the consonant accuracy of the children by the percentage of correct consonants in a Picture-Naming Task and a Non-Word Repetition Task in each language. The results suggest a significant relationship between vocabulary and consonant accuracy. A cross-language correlation was observed between the expressive vocabulary level of the majority language (French) and the consonant accuracy of the minority language (Arabic). Also, a significant correlation was found between Arabic language exposure and Arabic consonant accuracy. Finally, consonant accuracy was significantly higher in French tasks than in Arabic, despite the individual differences of the children.

Who Rides the High Speed Rail in the United States: The Acela Express Case Study

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenhua Chen
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
The United States ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Least Square ◽  
High Speed Train ◽  
High Speed Rail ◽  
Rail Network ◽  
Policy Suggestions ◽  
Internal And External Factors

In this study, we focus on the Acela Express, and try to find out how selected internal and external factors affect the Acela Express’s ridership. A two-stage least square regression model is introduced in order to eliminate the endogeneity problem caused by price and ridership. Also the Cochrane-Orcutt Procedure is adopted to solve autocorrelation. The result shows that ticket price and train on-time performances, which are used to being thought as important factors affect ridership become insignificant, while other factors like employment of business and professional in the Northeast Corridor areas have higher influence on high speed train ridership. The broader objective of this research is to provide policy suggestions for building of an efficient high-speed rail network that can both be profitable and solve practical problems that the contemporary transportation system faces.

What Limits Access to Speech-Language Pathology Services in the Asian Elderly Community?

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 87-99
Author(s):  
JiSu Sung
Keyword(s):  
Limited English Proficiency ◽  
Communication Disorders ◽  
The United States ◽  
Speech Disorders ◽  
Immigrant Population ◽  
Asian Immigrants ◽  
Cultural Issues ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Language Pathology

It is well known that the culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) immigrant population in the United States is increasing. One of the subgroups, the Asian foreign-born elderly, comprises 15 percent of Asian immigrants and is rapidly growing (U.S. Census Bureau, 2010). The increasing number of Asian and other immigrants results in greater demand for research sensitive to cross-cultural issues. Issues related to serving CLD children and poor access to general medical services among minority individuals with limited English proficiency (LEP) have been broadly discussed. However, the understanding of CLD elderly clients with communication disorders and the disparity in access to specialized services, including speech-language pathology, have not been systematically studied. This fast growth in numbers of older Asian immigrants means speech-language pathologists (SLPs) are increasingly likely to encounter elderly clients of Asian heritage. Thus, all SLPs should be aware of potential challenges faced by this ethnic group, including cultural and linguistic barriers. In addition, there are other factors that may limit this population's access to speech-language pathology services: negative attitudes toward speech disorders and treatment, poor acknowledgment of the significance of speech-language pathology services, extremely limited numbers of SLPs with proficiency in Asian languages, and culturally and linguistically inappropriate interpreter services. The purpose of this article is to discuss how these components may impede timely access to speech-language pathology services in the Asian older immigrant population. This article will also show how SLPs can collaborate with Asian communities in order to facilitate culturally and linguistically sensitive services. In addition, as a clinician of Korean heritage, I provide anecdotal evidence based on my experience working with Asian elderly patients.

Women in the White Supremacist Movement

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen M. Blee ◽  
Elizabeth A. Yates
Keyword(s):  
White Women ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sexual Partners ◽  
External Factors ◽  
White Supremacist ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Internal And External Factors

A small but growing body of literature highlights the roles of women in White supremacist movements in the United States. This chapter reviews the diverse findings of this work by showing when, why, and how women participate in White supremacist movements. It begins by analyzing the interlocking ideologies of race and gender that shape women’s participation. Most White supremacist movements glorify stereotypical gender norms for both men and women, and place strict boundaries on white women’s sexual partners as an essential part of guaranteeing White power and status, though a few groups promote less strictly subordinate roles for White women. The chapter also focuses on the various paths by which women are recruited to White supremacism, largely through social networks and racist messaging. Finally, it discusses how internal and external factors in White supremacist movements influence the various roles that women play.

scholarly journals THE NEED FOR STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT IN FLORICULTURE

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 589d-589
Author(s):  
William H. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Strategic Management ◽  
Business Plan ◽  
The United States ◽  
External Factors ◽  
University Personnel ◽  
Strategic Business Plan ◽  
Greenhouse Growers ◽  
Internal And External Factors ◽  
Total Sales

There are over 11,000 greenhouse growers in the United States. Of this number, 8,000 produce less than $500,000 per year in total sales. Less than 1% of the 11,000 have a strategic business plan. Many may have a yearly budget, but they have not developed a formal written analysis of their business in relation to internal and external factors. A sample of 10 growers indicated that their profitability increased significantly when they understood a formal strategic business plan. The information developed from this sample indicates the entire greenhouse industry could benefit greatly from increased use of strategic planning. The marketing component of the business plan and how university personnel can facilitate this effort will be discussed.

Examination of Narrative Language at Microstructural and Macrostructural Levels in Spanish-Speaking Preschoolers

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 428-440
Author(s):  
Lorena Orizaba ◽  
Brenda K. Gorman ◽  
Christine E. Fiestas ◽  
Gary E. Bingham ◽  
Nicole Patton Terry
Keyword(s):  
First Language ◽  
Expressive Vocabulary ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Assessment Protocol ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
Narrative Skills ◽  
Narrative Assessment ◽  
Vocabulary Skills ◽  
Narrative Language ◽  
Academic Year

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine narrative language samples of Spanish-speaking preschoolers to analyze changes in microstructural and macrostructural skills in their first language (L1) from fall to spring, relationships between narrative and vocabulary skills in L1, and the extent to which fall skills predict spring performance. Method Participants included 40 Spanish-speaking children who were enrolled in community-based preschool programs. Narrative language retells from the fall and spring were examined, and microstructural and macrostructural components were analyzed using the Narrative Assessment Protocol–Spanish and the Narrative Scoring Scheme, respectively. Participants also completed an assessment of expressive vocabulary in Spanish. Results The results indicated different degrees of change in microstructural and macrostructural elements, change from fall to spring in some but not all elements measured, shifting patterns of association between L1 vocabulary and narrative skills, and variable prediction of spring scores. Conclusion Results from this study enhance professionals' understanding of Spanish-speaking preschoolers' narrative language skills in L1 and considerations for assessing and monitoring progress at different points in the academic year.

Fluctuations in Iran-Russia Relations During the Past Four Decades

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-232
Author(s):  
Elaheh Koolaee ◽  
Hamed Mousavi ◽  
Afifeh Abedi
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
External Factors ◽  
The West ◽  
Social Differences ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
East Central ◽  
The Past ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Internal And External Factors ◽  
The Relationship

Iran-Russia relations are highly affected by the shared interest of the two countries in confronting the influence of the United States in the Middle East, Central Asia and the Caucasus. However, the development of the relationship between the two countries has been hampered by the ongoing legacy of historical antagonism between them, casting doubt and pessimism upon the prospect of more constructive bilateral relations. Two groups of internal and external factors are the main obstacles to the expansion of cooperation between Iran and Russia. First, the lack of economic overlap or affiliation between Iran’s dependent economy and Russia's energy exports, and the state-based nature of both economies, as well as their cultural and social differences. Second, despite the Nuclear Deal, the difficulties in relations between the West, Russia and Iran remain a barrier to the expansion of Iran-Russia cooperation.

scholarly journals Specific aspects of indian foreign policy: stagnation and changes

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 55-64
Author(s):  
Rano Tuychiyeva Almamatovna
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
The United States ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Significant Negative Impact ◽  
Internal And External Factors ◽  
Indian Foreign Policy ◽  
Positive Results

This article focuses on how India organized its foreign policy from the time of independence until the beginning of the 21st century and on the basis of which strategies it pursued. The paper also examines in detail the internal and external factors that have helped the country to achieve effective, positive results in foreign policy and, conversely, have had a significant negative impact. In addition, the article pays special attention to India's relations with the United States, China and Russia, which are currently striving for global hegemony, and the competition between these countries in India. At the same time, the successes, shortcomings and conflicts in India’s relations with its neighbors - Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal and Bhutan - are highlighted, as well as their specific reasons. Chronological approach, comparison and synthesis-analysis methods were used in writing the article. It consists of an abstract, keywords, introduction, main part, conclusion and bibliography.

The Resilience of Populism in Iranian Politics: A Closer Look at the Nexus between Internal and External Factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-221
Author(s):  
Mahmood Monshipouri ◽  
Manochehr Dorraj
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Internal Variables ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
Iranian Politics ◽  
Internal And External Factors

This article seeks to demonstrate that the resiliency of populism in Iran cannot be fully explained by internal variables alone. In contrast to many existing approaches, we argue that a combination of internal and external factors have contributed to the longevity and the resilience of Islamic populism in the country. The United States' hostile policies toward Iran — especially under Presidents George W. Bush and Donald Trump — have contributed to the rise of a nationalist- populist backlash intended to safeguard the survival of the Islamic Republic.

scholarly journals Designed to Succeed: Participatory Governance, Transaction Cost, and Policy Performance

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Lee Jongkon
Keyword(s):  
Transaction Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Participatory Governance ◽  
Advisory Committees ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Policy Performance ◽  
Public Meetings ◽  
Internal And External Factors

This article examines the effect of participatory governance on policy performance in the United States, which is shaped by external and internal factors related to transaction cost. Externally, if transaction-cost-related policy conditions are uncertain-thereby increasing transaction cost-the effect of participatory governance on policy performance is less positive. Internally, noninstitutionalized participatory governance methods (e.g., public meetings) are less effective than institutionalized ones in improving policy performance (e.g., advisory committees). In addition, these internal and external factors affect the choice of participatory governance methods by government agencies: agencies are more likely to employ institutionalized participatory governance methods under low-transaction-cost policy conditions.

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