Narrative and Other Pragmatic Language Abilities of Children With a History of Maltreatment

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Christel Ciolino ◽  
Yvette D. Hyter ◽  
Michelle Suarez ◽  
Jan Bedrosian
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Evaluation ◽  
Screening Test ◽  
Complex Trauma ◽  
Trauma Exposure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pragmatic Language ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
History Of ◽  
Narrative Language

Introduction In any given year, about 3.5 million children in the United States are suspected of having experienced maltreatment resulting in complex trauma involving the exposure to traumatic events and the long-term effects of this exposure on the child's psychological, emotional, social, linguistic, and communicative development. Method In this study, we analyzed retrospective data on the pragmatic language and social communication skills exhibited by children between the ages of 5 and 15 years with a documented history of maltreatment. Researchers analyzed the children's performance on the Hyter Pragmatic Protocol–Revised and the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals–Fifth Edition Screening Test to determine their syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic abilities. Analyses were also conducted to determine if children with different genders, ages, and numbers of exposures demonstrated differences in performance. Results Results showed that many children with trauma exposure demonstrated specific deficits in both narrative and expository language skills. High percentages of children exhibited difficulty using narrative cohesion, narrative coherence, expository content, expository structure, and expository coherence on the Hyter Pragmatic Protocol–Revised. The number of maltreatment exposures did not significantly impact performance on narrative measures. Female participants tended to perform better on pragmatic language tests. Younger children performed better than older children on narrative cohesion and produced a landscape of action in their narratives. Most children received passing scores on the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals–Fifth Edition Screening Test, and there were no significant differences in pass rates among age, gender, and number of exposures. Conclusions Clinical implications for assessment are discussed. Implications include the need for clinicians to test pragmatic language, especially the narrative language of children exposed to complex trauma. Because older children with trauma exposure demonstrated lower scores on certain tests of narrative language, there is a need for periodic reassessment of these pragmatic skills as children age.

scholarly journals Black Cat Bone: the Life of Blues Legend Robert Johnson by J. P. Lewis

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison Sivak
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Education ◽  
Picture Book ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The United States ◽  
Older Children ◽  
University Of Alberta ◽  
Library And Information Studies ◽  
Poetic Text ◽  
History Of ◽  
The University

Lewis, J. P. Black Cat Bone: the Life of Blues Legend Robert Johnson. Illus. Gary Kelley. Mankato: Creative Editions, 2006. Print.Although this book is designed as a large-format picture book, Black Cat Bone is more likely to appeal to older children (middle school and adolescents) as a poetic text, with its rich illustrations and unusual narrative flow. The foreword of the book addresses a reader who knows some about blues musicians, as well as has some hint of the history of blues music in the United States. The language of the text is not trying to tell a linear story, but to be more evocative of a time, and of some of the historical context. The book actually has several texts: the address of the historical context that bookends the work, the bluesy poems which make up the majority of the text, excerpts from Johnson's own lyrics, and a footer running throughout the book, which provides aphoristic summaries of Johnson's story: “He was destined for legend not a field hand's work.” Each text tells a part of the interpretation of Johnson's story. With the images, it adds up to a faceted narrative of the man and his musical legacy. The illustrations alternate between impressionistic pastels in deep dark colours, reinforcing the air of mystery around Johnson's life as understood by popular culture. Kelley's other illustrative style is reminiscent of Indonesian shadow-puppets, dramatic and exaggerated in their execution. A particularly lovely example is show in full on the cover, a depiction of Johnson and the devil facing each other, each with a hand on the guitar. This image is reproduced in the text, split by the page turn in a clever design turn. Recommended: 3 stars out of 4Reviewer: Allison SivakAllison Sivak is the Assessment Librarian at the University of Alberta Libraries. She is currently pursuing her PhD in Library and Information Studies and Elementary Education, focusing on how the aesthetics of information design influence young people’s trust in the credibility of information content.

Screening for Neuroblastoma: A Review of the Evidencejocelyn Chamberlain

1994 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Chamberlain
Keyword(s):  
Screening Test ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Good Prognosis ◽  
Vanillylmandelic Acid ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Malignant Tumours ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chromosome 1P ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
History Of

Screening infants for the early detection of neuroblastoma is advocated by many paediatric oncologists and is practised in a limited number of places in the developed world, most notably in Japan where a national screening programme has been in operation since 1985. The screening test consists of measurements of the levels of vanillylmandelic acid and homovanillic acid in the urine; these metabolites of catecholamine are excreted in the urine of 92% of patients with clinically presenting neuroblastoma. The prognosis for children with symptomatic neuroblastoma is dependent both on age and stage, with children aged under 1 year and those with tumours of stages I, II, and IVS having a much better prognosis. Screening aims at detecting and treating during the first year those neuroblastomas which would otherwise present at an advanced stage in older children. Evidence from Japan shows that screening achieves the interim outcomes of a shift in the age distribution and stage distribution of neuroblastomas in populations for whom screening has been provided, and that survival of subjects detected by screening is over 90%, compared with around 50% for symptomatic subjects. However, there is not yet any clear evidence that screening results in a reduction in the incidence of advanced neuroblastoma in children over the age of 1, nor a reduction in mortality. Recent cross sectional analyses of age specific incidence and mortality suggest that screening may be having a limited effect, but as yet no analysis of these outcomes in cohorts for whom screening has been provided has been published. Other factors, such as improved chemotherapy, may also be contributing to lower mortality. A number of missed (interval) cancers have been diagnosed in children who screened negative both in the Japanese programme and in Canadian and English studies, indicating that there is a problem with the sensitivity of screening. But the screening test is highly specific with less than 0.1% of infants having false positive results requiring investigation. The natural history of neuroblastoma ranges from highly malignant tumours to biologically benign variants that regress without active treatment, the prevalence of the latter being inversely related to age. Serial measurements of biological markers, including ploidy, chromosome 1p deletion, and N-mycamplification, performed within the same patient at different times indicate that malignant potential does not progress over time. The distribution of these markers in cases detected by screening shows that they are inherently tumours with a good prognosis, whereas the reverse is true of interval cases. Thus screening is differentially picking up the tumours that are least likely to progress and failing to detect at least some tumours of those destined to die from the disease. Comparison of the yield of cancers detected by screening and the expected cumulative incidence of neuroblastoma throughout childhood suggest that screening “overdiagnoses” many nonprogressive cases, with consequent physical and psychological morbidity. On balance present evidence suggests that the number of deaths that could be prevented by screening is small and the potential for overdiagnosis is great. Unless further evidence from Japan or the results of a current North American trial conclude otherwise, screening cannot be recommended.

scholarly journals Severe Pertussis Infections in the United States, 2011–2015

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A Mbayei ◽  
Amanda Faulkner ◽  
Christine Miner ◽  
Karen Edge ◽  
Victor Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Emerging Infections ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Pertussis Infection ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background The incidence of pertussis in the United States has increased in recent years. While characteristics of severe pertussis infection have been described in infants, fewer data are available in older children and adults. In this analysis, we characterize pertussis infections in hospitalized patients of all ages. Methods Cases of pertussis with cough onset from 1 January 2011 through 31 December 2015 from 7 US Emerging Infections Program Network states were reviewed. Additional information on hospitalized patients was obtained through abstraction of the inpatient medical record. Descriptive and multivariable analyses were conducted to characterize severe pertussis infection and identify potential risk factors. Results Among 15942 cases of pertussis reported, 515 (3.2%) were hospitalized. Three hospitalized patients died. Infants aged <2 months accounted for 1.6% of all pertussis cases but 29.3% of hospitalizations. Infants aged 2–11 months and adults aged ≥65 years also had high rates of hospitalization. Infants aged <2 months whose mothers received acellular pertussis during the third trimester and children aged 2 months to 11 years who were up to date on pertussis-containing vaccines had a 43%–66% reduced risk of hospitalization. Among adolescents aged 12–20 years, 43.5% had a history of asthma, and among adults aged ≥65 years, 26.8% had a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Conclusions Individuals at the extreme ends of life may be the most vulnerable to severe pertussis infections, though hospitalization was reported across all age groups. Continued monitoring of severe pertussis infections will be important to help guide prevention, control, and treatment options.

New Insights Into the Clinical and Nonclinical Effects of Psychedelic Substances

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Forstmann ◽  
Christina Sagioglou
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Effects ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
History Of ◽  
Short And Long Term

Abstract. After decades of stagnation, research on psychedelic substances (such as lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD], psilocybin, or N,N-dimethyltryptamine [DMT]) has experienced a renaissance over the last 10 years, with various major research programs being conducted across Europe and the United States. This research primarily investigates the potential of psychedelics in the treatment of mental health disorders, their short- and long-term effects on recreational users, and the neurological and cognitive processes responsible for their effects. The present review provides a concise summary of the most recent insights gained from this research. We briefly outline the history of psychedelic research, the objective and subjective effects caused by these substances, the prevalence and socio-psychological correlates of their use, as well as their potential for harm. Subsequently, we review empirical research on the beneficial effects of psychedelics in clinical samples, focusing on their efficacy in the treatment of major depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders, and discuss research on the proposed neural and cognitive mechanisms behind these effects. We then review research on their effects on healthy subjects, focusing on psychological well-being as well as changes in personality, nature-relatedness, and creativity. Finally, we review empirical evidence regarding the long-term effects of single experiences with psychedelics and conclude with a summary and outlook.

A Report from the International Collaborative Gaucher Group (ICGG) Gaucher Registry

Blood ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 3549-3549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neal J. Weinreb ◽  
Stephan vom Dahl
Keyword(s):  
Bone Pain ◽  
Liver Volume ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rare Allele ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Severe Thrombocytopenia ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
History Of

Abstract Objective: To report the latest data on patients with Gaucher disease (GD) enrolled in the ICGG Gaucher Registry. Methods: Data from all patients enrolled in the ICGG Gaucher Registry from 1991 through 2007 were analyzed. Results: As of December 31, 2007, 4,936 GD patients were enrolled in the ICGG Gaucher Registry by 772 physicians in 60 countries. The countries with the largest numbers of patients were the United States (36%), Israel (14%) and Brazil (10%). The majority of patients were diagnosed with GD between 4 and 30 years (mean age, 19 years). The most common genotypes were N370S/N370S (31%), N370S/L444P (16%), N370S/Rare Allele (13%), and N370S/unknown (11%). The most frequent genotype for patients with neuronopathic GD was L444P/L444P (68%). At diagnosis, anemia was reported in 37% of patients and moderate to severe thrombocytopenia in 60%. Splenomegaly was reported in 86% of patients (>5 multiples of normal [MN]) and hepatomegaly in 65% (liver volume >1.25 MN). Bone pain was present in 34% of patients and radiologic bone disease was reported in 83%. Long-term treatment with imiglucerase resulted in improved haematological parameters, decreased visceral involvement, decreased bone pain and abolition of bone crises. Conclusions: For GD and other rare “ultra-orphan” diseases, a large longitudinal international disease registry provides the best means to investigate the natural history of the disease and the long-term effects of therapy. The strength of the ICGG Gaucher Registry data is the inclusion of a large, worldwide patient population with long periods of follow-up data, allowing for studies not otherwise possible.

scholarly journals Long-term effects of malnutrition on severity of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alec Kurtz ◽  
Kenneth Grant ◽  
Rachel Marano ◽  
Antonio Arrieta ◽  
Kenneth Grant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vital Signs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Random Intercept ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
History Of ◽  
Log Odds

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic is a public health crisis that has the potential to exacerbate worldwide malnutrition. This study examines whether patients with a history of malnutrition are predisposed to severe COVID-19. To do so, data on 103,099 COVID-19 inpatient encounters from 56 hospitals in the United States between March 2020 and June 2020 were retrieved from the Cerner COVID-19 Dataset. Patients with a history of malnutrition between 2015 and 2019 were identified, and a random intercept logistic regression models for pediatric and adult patients were built controlling for patient demographics, socioeconomic status, admission vital signs, and related comorbidities. Statistical interactions between malnutrition and patient age were significant in both the pediatric [log-odds and 95% confidence interval: 0.094 (0.012, 0.175)] and adult [− 0.014 (− 0.021, − 0.006] models. These interactions, together with the main effect terms of malnutrition and age, imply higher odds for severe COVID-19 for children between 6 and 17 years with history of malnutrition. Even higher odds of severe COVID-19 exist for adults (with history of malnutrition) between 18 and 79 years. These results indicate that the long-term effect of malnutrition predisposes patients to severe COVID-19 in an age-dependent way.

Childhood adversities and adult depression: basic patterns of association in a US national survey

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 679-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald C. Kessler ◽  
William J. Magee
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Childhood Adversities ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Recent Onset ◽  
History Of

SynopsisThe long-term relationships between various forms of childhood adversity and adult episodes of major depression are explored in a representative household survey of the United States adult (age 25 +) population. Seven of the eight childhood adversities considered are significantly associated with recent (12-month) episodes of depression. These effects are largely indirect consequences of some childhood adversities leading to a life history of depression and prior depression leading to new episodes. Only three of the eight childhood adversities directly affect recent onset or recurrence. The paper closes with a discussion of implications for future research on the long-term effects of childhood adversities.

Childhood Abuse and Women’s Use of Intimate Partner Violence: Exploring the Role of Complex Trauma

Partner Abuse ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly R. Flemke ◽  
Jennifer W. Underwood ◽  
Katherine R. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Childhood Abuse ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Complex Trauma ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
History Of ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
Childhood Traumas

Much research now indicates significant long-term effects for individuals who have experienced various forms of abuse in childhood. Recent research also has examined the role of women as perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV), including potential factors that contribute to their use of violence. One trend revealed in the research is that many of the women who engaged in acts of IPV also had a history of experiencing one or more types of childhood abuse (e.g., physical or sexual abuse, or witnessing family violence). This article discusses the specific framework of complex trauma as a theoretical model to understand how unresolved triggers of childhood trauma may potentially serve as ongoing catalysts for women’s IPV. Using the lens of complex trauma illuminates the criticalinterpersonalfactor yet to be studied thus far, which suggests that many women’s IPV experiences may be rooted in havingchildhood traumas triggeredby their intimate partner. Suggestions for treatment are recommended as exploring the intersection between past trauma and present violence, which seems to be the key for unlocking important answers in treating violent women and decreasing IPV.

Benchmarking Trauma in Child Welfare: A Brief Report

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052110383
Author(s):  
Elinam D. Dellor ◽  
Susan Yoon ◽  
Alicia C. Bunger ◽  
Marla Himmeger ◽  
Bridget Freishtler
Keyword(s):  
Child Welfare ◽  
Substance Misuse ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Trauma Exposure ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Early Screening ◽  
Adults And Children

Trauma exposure is common; however, considerably higher rates are reported in some vulnerable groups including adults and children involved in child welfare systems. In this context, early screening and service linkage may ameliorate its negative impact on the physical and mental well-being of adults and children alike. Using data from two Ohio-based child welfare interventions targeting co-occurring maltreatment and substance use (Ohio START 1 and EPIC2), the purpose of this brief report was to first describe the rate of trauma exposure among participating adults (Adverse Childhood Experiences or ACEs, N = 402), children 0–5 years (CTAC, N = 271) and youth 6–18 years (CTAC, N = 177), and second to benchmark observed rates against reported rates in other child welfare or similar populations across the United States. Results show that adults were exposed to 4.2 ACEs on average, a 24% increase over previous child welfare estimates. While mean CTAC scores were not significantly different among young children ages 0–5, older children reported on average 5.6 exposures which is 27% higher than previously reported estimates. Our findings highlight the difference in risk profiles between families involved child welfare due primarily to substance misuse and those without substance misuse concerns, or where substance misuse was not the primary cause of entry. We discuss implications for service provision and time-sensitive child welfare requirements.

Special Considerations for Evaluation and Treatment of Spanish-Speaking Patients with Cleft Palate

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
Ellen Moore
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Palate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Culturally Competent ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Oral Pressure ◽  
Language Pathology ◽  
History Of ◽  
Spanish Speaking Population

As the Spanish-speaking population in the United States continues to grow, there is increasing need for culturally competent and linguistically appropriate treatment across the field of speech-language pathology. This paper reviews information relevant to the evaluation and treatment of Spanish-speaking and Spanish-English bilingual children with a history of cleft palate. The phonetics and phonology of Spanish are reviewed and contrasted with English, with a focus on oral pressure consonants. Cultural factors and bilingualism are discussed briefly. Finally, practical strategies for evaluation and treatment are presented. Information is presented for monolingual and bilingual speech-language pathologists, both in the community and on cleft palate teams.

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