Interpreting the Difference Between Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary Test Results

While multilingualism itself is a widely analyzed topic, a study about multilingualism at German schools abroad is so far unique. This quantitative study investigates the differences in the size of German expressive and receptive vocabulary between monolingual and multilingual students, aged between 5 and 11 years. A cohort of 65 multilingual students with diverse linguistic backgrounds recruited from a German school abroad in The Hague, The Netherlands, was compared to a group of 880 monolingual students at schools within Germany. To test the children’s vocabulary size, the Wortschatz- und Wortfindungstest für 6- bis 10-Jährige developed by Glück was administered. The study revealed partly significantly lower scores in the expressive vocabulary test for the multilingual students, as hypothesized by the researchers and detected in previous studies examining the difference between populations of multilingual and monolingual speakers of one particular language. In the receptive vocabulary test, the multilingual and monolingual students’ scores did not differ significantly, a result consistent with findings in similar studies.

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Emotional Understanding and Color-Emotion Associations in Children Aged 7-8 Years

Child Development Research ◽

10.1155/2012/975670 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Debbie J. Pope ◽

Hannah Butler ◽

Pamela Qualter

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

School Children ◽

Primary School Children ◽

Vocabulary Test ◽

Emotional Understanding ◽

Test Results ◽

Expressive Vocabulary ◽

Color Preferences ◽

Color Emotion ◽

Emotional Knowledge

An understanding of the development of emotional knowledge can help us determine how children perceive and interpret their surroundings and color-emotion associations are one measure of the expression of a child’s emotional interpretations. Emotional understanding and color-emotion associations were examined in a sample of UK school children, aged 7-8 years. Forty primary school children (mean age = 7.38; SD = 0.49) were administered color assessment and emotional understanding tasks, and an expressive vocabulary test. Results identified significant gender differences with girls providing more appropriate and higher quality expressions of emotional understanding than boys. Children were more able to link color to positive rather than negative emotions and significant gender differences in specific color preferences were observed. The implications of adult misinterpretations of color-emotion associations in young children are discussed.

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Influence of Tool Length and Profile Errors on the Inaccuracy of Cubic-Machining Test Results

Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing ◽

10.3390/jmmp5020051 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 51

Author(s):

Zongze Li ◽

Hiroki Ogata ◽

Ryuta Sato ◽

Keiichi Shirase ◽

Shigehiko Sakamoto

Keyword(s):

Machine Tools ◽

Test Accuracy ◽

Test Results ◽

Machining Error ◽

Tool Profile ◽

Machining Test ◽

The Difference ◽

Side Error ◽

Profile Errors ◽

Five Axis

A cubic-machining test has been proposed to evaluate the geometric errors of rotary axes in five-axis machine tools using a 3 × 3 zone area in the same plane with different tool postures. However, as only the height deviation among the machining zones is detected by evaluating the test results, the machining test results are expected to be affected by some error parameters of tool sides, such as tool length and profile errors, and there is no research investigation on how the tool side error influences the cubic-machining test accuracy. In this study, machining inaccuracies caused by tool length and tool profile errors were investigated. The machining error caused by tool length error was formulated, and an intentional tool length error was introduced in the simulations and actual machining tests. As a result, the formulated and simulated influence of tool length error agreed with the actual machining results. Moreover, it was confirmed that the difference between the simulation result and the actual machining result can be explained by the influence of the tool profile error. This indicates that the accuracy of the cubic-machining test is directly affected by tool side errors.

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Experimental Study of the Space–Time Effect of a Double-Pipe Frozen Curtain Formation with Different Groundwater Velocities

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14133830 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (13) ◽

pp. 3830

Author(s):

Shicheng Sun ◽

Chuanxin Rong ◽

Hua Cheng ◽

Bin Wang ◽

Xiaogang Jiang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Freezing Temperature ◽

Physical Model Test ◽

Sand Layer ◽

Test Results ◽

Groundwater Velocity ◽

Test Platform ◽

The Difference ◽

Freezing Test ◽

Double Pipe ◽

Thermal Physical Properties

Groundwater velocity has significant effects on the formation of a frozen curtain during freezing. In order to study the influence of the velocity on a frozen curtain, a large physical model test platform was established for double-pipe freezing. Based on this platform, freezing tests for different velocities were carried out. Quartz sand was selected as a similar material. The freezing temperature of the saturated sand layer was found by analyzing the results of the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Based on the study of the thermal physical properties of the sand layer, the freezing test results were analyzed, and the results showed that the flow led to the differential development of the temperature between the upstream and downstream sections of the freezing pipes. Moreover, the larger the velocity, the greater the difference. The flow prolonged the overlapping time of the frozen curtains. Additionally, the flow slowed down the development of the frozen curtain area and the frozen curtain thickness. The larger the flow velocity, the greater the inhibition of the flow on the development of the frozen curtain. The test results can provide more references for the design and construction of freezing engineering with flowing groundwater.

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Influence of Collagen Status on Microstructures of Porous Collagen/TCP Composites

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.330-332.495 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 330-332 ◽

pp. 495-498

Author(s):

Chao Zou ◽

Wen Jian Weng ◽

Xu Liang Deng ◽

Kui Cheng ◽

Pi Yi Du ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Cell Growth ◽

Tricalcium Phosphate ◽

Freeze Drying ◽

Alkali Treatment ◽

Test Results ◽

Collagen Matrices ◽

The Difference ◽

Porous Composites ◽

Better Than

Two starting collagens, sponge and floc collagen, were used to prepare collagen/tricalcium phosphate (TCP) composites. The resulting composites were porous and had 200μm pore size. However, there was a difference in the microstructure of the pore walls for the composites derived from the two collagens, the pore walls in sponge collagen/TCP composite were still porous and had 200 nm micropores size, TCP particles were trapped in collagen matrices. While floc collagen/TCP composite had smooth and dense walls in which TCP particles were embedded. The difference could be attributed to the starting collagen with different status. Sponge collagen has a soft structure, which easily becomes disassembled fibrils during alkali treatment, the disassembled fibrils are integrated again to form a dense morphology for pore walls after freeze-drying. While floc collagen has already a low disassembly degree, the alkali treatment could not be able to separate the fibrils, this remains as micropores in pore walls after freeze-drying. Both porous composites are significant in bone tissue engineering or regeneration. MTT test results showed the two composites had good cytocompatibility, and sponge collagen/TCP composite was somewhat better than floc collagen/TCP composite, which could result from that micropores derived roughness in pore walls of sponge collagen/TCP composite is suitable for cell growth.

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Reply to comments of D. H. Zeuch

Journal of Materials Research ◽

10.1557/jmr.1992.1959 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 7 (7) ◽

pp. 1959-1960

Author(s):

Hu Gengxiang ◽

Chen Shipu ◽

Wu Xiaohua ◽

Chen Xiaofu

Keyword(s):

Compression Test ◽

Compression Testing ◽

Width Ratio ◽

Test Results ◽

Specimen Length ◽

The Difference

Compression test results of our research on Al3Ti-base alloys are reported. It is evident that the specimen length-to-width ratio we used for compression testing can significantly reflect the difference in ductility of different alloys. Thus the tests fulfilled the aim of our present research.

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Two important bridges protected from earthquake by extremely big sliding pendulum isolators

IABSE Congress, Christchurch 2021: Resilient technologies for sustainable infrastructure ◽

10.2749/christchurch.2021.0816 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Agostino Marioni ◽

Roberto Dalpedri ◽

Marco Banfi ◽

Carla Cai

Keyword(s):

Load Capacity ◽

Special Focus ◽

South East Asia ◽

Vertical Load ◽

Test Results ◽

Surface Type ◽

Total Length ◽

Padma River ◽

The Difference ◽

Under Construction

The Padma Bridge is a multipurpose road-rail bridge across the Padma River currently under construction in Bangladesh and is one of the most important projects in the whole south east Asia with a total length of 6150 m. The maximum design vertical load reaches 98725 kN.The Holtekamp Bridge is a steel road bridge with 2 main spans of 150 m and 2 lateral spans of 75 for a total length of 450 m. The bridge is isolated by use of sliding pendulum isolators having a maximum vertical load capacity at ULS of 54915 kN.In both cases the isolators are double sliding surface type but with a different approach about the central articulation. The paper aims to put in evidence the difference in behaviour of the 2 types of pendulum, analysing both the theoretical approach and the test results with a special focus over the adopted solution for perform the test on a device which exceed the capacity of aby existing laboratory.

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An Analysis of the Matrix (Progressive Matrices) Test Results on 700 Neurotic (Military) Subjects, and a Comparison with the Shipley Vocabulary Test

Journal of Mental Science ◽

10.1192/bjp.89.375.202 ◽

1943 ◽

Vol 89 (375) ◽

pp. 202-215 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

H. Halstead

Keyword(s):

Control Group ◽

Vocabulary Test ◽

Test Results ◽

Emergency Hospital ◽

The Matrix ◽

Military Patients ◽

Group 1

Seven hundred Progressive Matrices records of male neurotic military patients admitted to Sutton Emergency Hospital between April and November, 1942, were compared with a control group (1). The distribution of the patients' scores shows a negatively skewed curve with a clustering of scores below the control median (Fig. 1).

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Moving to e-bidding

Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction ◽

10.1108/jfmpc-05-2018-0025 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 2-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Djoen San Santoso ◽

Nuttapon Bourpanus

Keyword(s):

Wilcoxon Test ◽

Test Results ◽

Public Infrastructure ◽

Senior Managers ◽

Content Type ◽

Thai Government ◽

Infrastructure Project ◽

The Difference ◽

Public Money ◽

Mean Differences

Purpose This study aims to examine the influences of shifting the bidding system of Thai public infrastructure projects from e-auction to e-bidding. Design/methodology/approach A questionnaire survey was conducted with owners or senior managers with direct responsibility in deciding the mark-up of 72 small and medium-sized contractor firms. Five senior professionals were interviewed to provide insights into and to strengthen the discussion of the findings. The Wilcoxon test was applied to analyze the difference in the importance of the factors between e-auction and e-bidding. Findings The results revealed a shift in the importance of the factors, from those related to the financial aspects in the e-auction to the situational aspects in the e-bidding. The comparison test results also suggested that the majority of factors become significantly less important in the e-bidding system, with “identity of competitors” and “general expense of the bidding process” having the most apparent mean differences. The interview results supported by data on winning prices and estimations strongly indicated that bid collusions likely exist in the e-auction. By shifting to e-bidding, the data also show that the Thai Government can save public money in its infrastructure project development. Originality/value The study provides an analysis from the perspectives of contractor firms on how e-auction and e-bidding options influence bid mark-up decisions. Many studies have focused on the issues and advantages provided by the e-procurement mainly from the owner (government)’s perspective but how the change influences the contractor’s attitude has been less explored.

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The Diagnostic Accuracy of Four Vocabulary Tests Administered to Preschool-Age Children

Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools ◽

10.1044/0161-1461.3002.196 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 196-206 ◽

Cited By ~ 125

Author(s):

Shelley Gray ◽

Elena Plante ◽

Rebecca Vance ◽

Mary Henrichsen

Keyword(s):

Construct Validity ◽

Empirical Evidence ◽

Language Impairment ◽

Specific Language Impairment ◽

Test Validity ◽

Preschool Age ◽

Vocabulary Test ◽

Expressive Vocabulary ◽

Significant Group ◽

Preschool Age Children

This study examined the empirical evidence for using four vocabulary tests (Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III [Dunn & Dunn, 1997], Receptive One-Word Vocabulary Test [Gardner, 1985], Expressive Vocabulary Test [Williams, 1997], Expressive One-Word Vocabulary Test-Revised [Gardner, 1990]) to screen or identify specific language impairment (SLI) in preschool-age children. Tests were administered to 31 4- and 5-year-old children with SLI and 31 age-matched controls with normal language (NL). All children spoke General American English. Despite moderate to strong inter-test correlations, no test was a strong identifier of SLI. The group with SLI scored lower than the NL group on each test; however, the individual scores of children with SLI typically fell within the normal range. Vocabulary tests are frequently administered to determine whether a child’s language skills require further evaluation (screening), as a method of identifying SLI in children, or simply to describe aspects of language functioning. These purposes for administering a vocabulary test require various forms of empirical evidence in support of their use. Our data support construct validity for the four vocabulary tests examined, but do not support their use for identification purposes. Clinicians must apply a degree of sophistication in evaluating the evidence presented for test validity relative to the purposes for which the test will be administered. Unfortunately, although many test manuals offer inter-test correlations or statistically significant group differences as evidence of construct validity, they often omit data that would support common clinical uses, such as screening or identification.

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