scholarly journals Heat-emission analysis of small combustion equipments for biomass

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 37-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Malaťák ◽  
L. Passian
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Chloride ◽  
Thermal Emission ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Heat Emission ◽  
Heat Output ◽  
Emission Analysis ◽  
Stoichiometric Analysis ◽  
Herbaceous Biomass ◽  
Elemental Analyses ◽  
Selection Of

The article addresses the urgent questions regarding the use of biomass as a fuel for combustion equipment of the heat output up to 25 kW. The article is based on the determined elemental analyses of six samples of fuel taken both from the wood mass and herbaceous biomass. These samples underwent the stoichiometric analysis of fuels. After the stoichiometric analysis the heat-emission characteristics were determined on two combustion equipments. The results of carried out elemental and stoichiometric analyses indicate higher values of nitrogen, sulphur and chlorine concentration in herbaceous biomass from agriculture compared to the analyzed wood mass. The selection of combustion equipment is particularly influenced by increased contents of sulphur and chlorine (corrosive behaviour). The net calorific value of the analyzed samples taken from the wood mass is higher than of samples taken from the herbaceous biomass. The net calorific value of fuels from herbaceous biomass is reduced due to a higher content of ashes in the fuel. The results of thermal-emission analyses show higher values of nitrogen oxides, sulphur and chlorine concentrations in the herbaceous biomass compared to the analyzed wood mass. The emission concentrations of carbon monoxide for wood fuels and herbaceous biomass also depend on the type of combustion equipment and setting of combustion air volume. The increased emissions of hydrogen chloride generated by various combustion equipments are primarily caused by the volume of combustion air and the amount of chlorine in the fuel itself. The higher the volume of combustion air brought into the combustion chamber is, the higher the emissions of hydrogen chloride are. Based on the analyses we can also draw a conclusion that the spaces of combustion equipment during combustion should be most burdened with the herbaceous biomass.

Application of Backside Photo and Thermal Emission Microscopy Techniques to Advanced Memory Devices

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.-S. Lee ◽  
J.-S. Seo ◽  
N.-S. Cho ◽  
S. Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Emission ◽  
Test Cases ◽  
Memory Devices ◽  
Front Side ◽  
Emission Analysis ◽  
Intensity Attenuation ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Defect Sites ◽  
Emission Microscopy ◽  
Microscopy Techniques

Abstract Both photo- and thermal emission analysis techniques are used from the backside of the die colocate defect sites. The technique is important in that process and package technologies have made front-side analysis difficult or impossible. Several test cases are documented. Intensity attenuation through the bulk of the silicon does not compromise the usefulness of the technique in most cases.

Quantitative X-Ray Emission Analysis of Magnesium Through Fluorine with X-Ray and Electron Excitation

1966 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 494-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Bernstein ◽  
R. A. Mattson
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Effects ◽  
Electron Excitation ◽  
Emission Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Excitation Potential ◽  
Chemical Combination ◽  
Elemental Sensitivity ◽  
Powder Samples ◽  
Sensitivity Changes ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractThe analysis of dry powder samples for magnesium, sodium, and fluorine by X-ray and electron excitation has been studied. As in the case of heavier elements, the form of chemical combination influences the elemental sensitivity; sensitivity changes due to self-absorption can be adequately predicted using published absorption coefficients. Where both absorption and enhancement effects are possible, selection of X-ray target or excitation potential can. eliminate the enhancement problem. Matrix effects were found to be extremely variable and unpredictable. Finally, X-ray and electron excitation results are compared for the three elements in a series of geological samples. Efficiency of excitation was far better for electron excitation, but limits of detectability were lower for X-ray excitation due to significantly lower backgrounds.

Research on Calculation Method of Alternative Fuel Quantity for Natural Gas Bus

2014 ◽  
Vol 687-691 ◽  
pp. 415-418
Author(s):  
Xiao Li ◽  
Li Liu ◽  
Zhong Xiang Li
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Calculation Method ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Correction Coefficient ◽  
Actual Situation ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Natural Gas Vehicle ◽  
Selection Of

There is no more in-depth research in the amount of alternative between natural gas and tradition fuel. The paper consider two factors about gas calorific value and vehicle level and put forward the fuel calorific value correction coefficient and vehicle energy efficiency correction coefficient. On this basis, the coefficient table and calculation method was established. The paper proved that because of the influence of the factors, equivalent ratio in the range of 1.13~1.67. The method can indicate the gas replacement more scientific and real, because of consider of the actual situation of application of the enterprise.The research can guide the selection of natural gas vehicle reasonable and scientific.

scholarly journals Thermal Emission analysis to predict damage in specimens of High Strength Concrete

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (55) ◽  
pp. 258-270
Author(s):  
Filippo Cucinotta ◽  
Antonino D'Aveni ◽  
Eugenio Guglielmino ◽  
Antonino Risitano ◽  
Giacomo Risitano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Strength Concrete ◽  
Critical Stress ◽  
Thermal Emission ◽  
Load Condition ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Emission Analysis ◽  
Strength Concrete ◽  
Fatigue Rupture

In this paper thermal analysis was applied to determine the “Critical Stress” of concrete, different from its ultimate strength, able to produce the first damage in the structures under compressive loads. The Critical Stress can be thought as the stress able to produce the beginning of fatigue rupture within the material. Several specimens of high strength concrete were tested in order to define the incipient crack phenomena, also in internal part of the specimen not accessible by direct inspections, with the aid of infrared thermography. A finite element analysis completes the study and compares, for the same static loading conditions, the stress state with the experimental thermographic images. The final results show as the coupling of normal compressive test and the acquisition of the thermal images can be a useful aid to estimate a security stress value, indeed the Critical Stress, before the Ultimate Serviceability Limit (SLU) of the structure, defined as the maximum load condition before its failure.

scholarly journals Analysis and Selection of the Best Model of Biomass Briquette Based on Calorific Value

2019 ◽  
Vol 1175 ◽  
pp. 012270
Author(s):  
Musabbikhah ◽  
H Saptoadi ◽  
Subarmono ◽  
M A Wibisono
Keyword(s):  
Calorific Value ◽  
Selection Of

ENHANCEMENT OF POLLEN GERMINATION BY PROMOTIVE FACTORS IN INCOMPATIBLE POLLEN

1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-168
Author(s):  
Dan Eisikowitch ◽  
Hazel Y. Wetzstein
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Viable Seed ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Incompatible Pollen ◽  
Elemental Analyses ◽  
Compatible Pollen ◽  
Selection Of

Cultivated and wild almonds are self-incompatible and thus require outcrossing by insect pollinators to produce viable seed. In commercial production, considerable efforts are directed towards placement and selection of cultivars for cross-pollination. However, since honeybees do not distinguish between the different cultivars, stigmas are usually covered by a mixture of both compatible and incompatible pollen. Using in vitro assays, we demonstrated that pollen extracts promoted germination in self pollen with no inhibitory effects observed. Elemental analyses of pollen extracts showed that enhanced levels of Ca, Mg, K, Na, and P were eluted from the grains. From this, we raise the question of possible interaction between compatible and incompatible pollen, and speculate that incompatible pollen grains may support and enhance germination of adjacent compatible pollen.

Modeling Biomass Gasification: A New Approach to Utilize Renewable Sources of Energy

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Vaezi ◽  
M. Passandideh-Fard ◽  
M. Moghiman ◽  
M. Charmchi
Keyword(s):  
Selection Procedure ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Specific Biomass ◽  
Thermochemical Equilibrium ◽  
Biomass Materials ◽  
Gasification Efficiency ◽  
Selection Of

Thermochemical equilibrium modeling is the basis of the numerical method implemented in this study to predict the performance of a biomass gasifier. To validate the model, a close agreement is shown between numerical and experimental results. The model is then used in order to optimize the selection procedure of a specific biomass for a certain application. For this purpose, the minimum and maximum amount of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen for 55 different biomass materials are extracted to calculate the range of variation of oxygen content and carbon/hydrogen ratio. The influences of such variations on syngas characteristics are then studied. Syngas characteristics are comprised of syngas calorific value, outlet gas temperature, gasification efficiency, and the volume of syngas obtained. The results are plotted in a generalized format that may be used for a wide range of biomass materials. These plots can be used for the selection of a biomass material based on desired conditions. Therefore, the developed model in this study provides a tool for design optimization of a biomass downdraft gasifier.

Through Package Defect Localization by Lock-In Thermography

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 (DPC) ◽  
pp. 002160-002198
Author(s):  
Rudolf Schlangen ◽  
Herve Deslandes ◽  
Toru Toda ◽  
Toshinobu Nagatomo ◽  
Shigeki Sako ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Thermal Emission ◽  
Emission Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Defect Localization ◽  
Thermal Defect ◽  
Focus Analysis ◽  
Lock In ◽  
Non Destructive

Root cause analysis for package defects is currently performed by de-processing the package until such defects can be physically seen. However, many such defects within the package are removed, or are confused with defects created during de-processing itself. 3D X-ray has been used to analyze such physical defects within a packaged device in a non-destructive manner. However, the increasing density and associated shrinkage of components such as multi-layered substrates require significantly higher resolutions, which translates to longer times. High resolution X-ray is impractical when searching for a defect over a wide area due to the time to acquire detailed 3D images (~24 hrs). Thermal emission analysis has been widely used for localizing defects on ICs. Recent advancement in thermal emission camera technology coupled with lock-in thermography has allowed orders of magnitude better sensitivity ( < 1μW) and improvement in localization resolution (x,y to < 3 um). However, the application of lock-in thermography has been primarily limited to defect localization at the die level [1]. A a highly sensitive MWIR camera combined with a real time lock-in technique demonstrates the capability to localize defects within packaged devices, even through its mold compound. The technique accurately predicts the depth (z) of a thermal defect within the device (< + 5%) This paper will demonstrate multiple examples of the successful combination of advanced lock-in thermography analysis and high resolution 3D X-ray for totally non-destructive defect location within a packaged device. This initial accurate thermal localization in x, y and z enables the high resolution 3D X-ray system to focus analysis to a few microns so that the defect can be seen quickly (< 1 hr), enabling detection and analysis of previously undetected defects with highest throughput.

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