Most failures in electrical installations are caused by short circuits (short circuits), which occur as a result of a failure in the electrical strength of the insulation of the conductive parts. A short circuit is an electrical connection of two points of an electric circuit with different values of potential, which is not provided by the design of the device, which interferes with its normal operation. Short circuits may result from a failure of the insulation of the current-carrying elements or the mechanical contact of the non- insulated elements. Also called a short circuit is a condition where the load resistance is less than the internal resistance of the power source. The reasons for such violations are various: aging of insulation, breakages of wires of overhead transmission lines, mechanical damages of isolation of cable lines at ground works, lightning strikes in the transmission line and others. Most often, short-circuits occur through transient resistance, such as through the resistance of an electric arc that occurs at the point of damage to the insulation. Sometimes there are metallic short circuits in which the resistance of the electric arc is very small. The study of short circuits in the power grid is a major step in the design of modern electrical networks. The research is conducted using computer software, first by modeling the system and then simulating errors. A malfunction usually leads to an increase in the current flowing in the lines, and failure to provide reliable protection can result in damage to the power unit. Thus, short-circuit calculations are the primary consideration when designing, upgrading, or expanding a power system. The three-phase short circuit is the least likely. However, in many cases, the three-phase short circuit is associated with the most severe consequences, as it causes the highest power imbalances on the shafts of the generators. The study of transients begins with the mode of three-phase closure due to its relative simplicity in comparison with other types of asymmetry. In most cases, the analysis and calculation of the transient regime of the electrical system involves the preparation of a calculated scheme of substitution, in which the parameters of its elements are determined in named or relative units. The electrical substitution circuitry is used to further study the transients in the power system. The definition of electrical and electromagnetic quantities in relative units is widely used in the theory of electric machines. This is because it significantly simplifies the theoretical calculations and gives the results a generalized view in the practical calculations of currents and residual voltages at the short circuit. By the relative value of any value is understood as its relation to another value of the same name, taken as the base. So, before presenting any quantities in relative units, we need to choose the basic units. In the electrical system with increased voltages, the overall load capacity of the network increases, which in turn makes it possible to supply high-quality electrical energy over a greater distance. In the process of comparing the type of transmission lines, it should be noted that the advantages of the cable transmission line. According to the results of the calculation of short-circuit currents, it can be concluded that in networks with a larger line cross-section and a higher voltage, the short-circuit currents are larger. Thus, during the transition of the electric networks to the higher voltage class of 20 kV, the currents of the KZ increased by 43% compared to the 6 kV electric network. This analysis shows that the importance of reliable power supply in the power supply system for high voltage classes must be high and have equipment to prevent emergencies. In the future, it is planned to develop a systematic calculation of short-circuit currents for a number of transmission lines and to conduct mathematical modeling in the system of applications for the study of transient processes at short circuits.
Differential method for damage location determining in 10 kV distribution networks with isolated neutral
