scholarly journals Risk-based Optimization of Sensor Distribution in Roof Constructions – A Conceptual Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 21008
Author(s):  
Klodian Gradeci ◽  
Berit Time ◽  
Lars Gullbrekken
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Sensor System ◽  
Construction Sector ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs ◽  
Geometrical Distribution ◽  
Optimization Methodology ◽  
The One ◽  
Conceptual Study

The objective of placing moisture sensors in roof constructions is to warn about leakage events, and thus avoid undesirable consequences. However, considering that placing an additional sensor is directly related to increasing the total cost of the solution, the distribution and placement of the sensor system should be sought as a risk-based problem seeking for the most optimal solution. This paper conceptualises a risk-based optimization methodology that seeks the optimal solution for the sensor system in roof constructions as the one that maximises the return of investment. The latter is sought as a function of the leakage risk, which is derived as a multiplication of the likelihood that leakage events may occur in a roofing system, and their consequences, defined as the amount of direct (and indirect) costs in case a leakage event occurs. The optimal solution is expressed as the total number of sensors and their geometrical distribution. This conceptual study intends to foster innovative usage of sensor systems within the construction sector to allow owners and contractors to identify and avoid consequences of leakage events in roofing systems.

information. How do produced quantities influence the costs per unit? How can costs, calculated at different times, be compared? What is the best way to distribute the overheads? etc.. .. After the setting up of the accounting system, a long process of maturation began. This is evident, on the one hand, from the discussions of the Board of Directors and, on the other hand from the differences between the two sets of accounts approved by the Board of Directors in 1832 and 1872. The structure of the Com­ pany evolved considerably between 1832 and 1880: two mergers occurred, the first one in 1858 with Saint-Quirin, a glass manufac­ turer, and the second one in 1872 with Perret-Olivier, whose fields of activity were mining and chemistry. After the second merger, the sales figures for chemistry outstripped the sales of glass and mirrors and during this time the Company had grown to include 16 branches in France and Germany. DISCUSSIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ACCOUNTING All the questions dealing with the setting up of a management accounting system were discussed by the Boards of Directors. In most cases, the solutions were only practical ones. There never seemed any intent or desire by the Company to make any theory or any generalization of those practical solutions. Direct and indirect costs. The distinction between direct and indirect cost was made first in 1829 with regards to labor charges.9 Salaries, of which a comprehensive list is given above, will be separated into two groups: 1) Those concerning directly and specially with the manufacturing process. 2) Those concerning administration. At the end of the year, the former will be divided and included in the suitable items of expenses; then the latter will be included in the overheads. However, direct labor is likely to have included only the wages of workers having a permanent job, and excluded those of the day laborer, which are by their very nature fluctuating. In the soda factory, the majority of workers were day laborers, thus making it difficult to estimate precisely the ratio between direct and indirect labor charges. Production level and cost per unit. In the previously quoted chief accountant’s report concerning the financial year 1827-1828,

2014 ◽  
pp. 259-259
Keyword(s):  
Board Of Directors ◽  
Boards Of Directors ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Production Level ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs ◽  
System A ◽  
The Board Of Directors ◽  
The One

scholarly journals Contractor’s bid pricing strategy: a model with correlation among competitors’ prices

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-166
Author(s):  
Piotr Jaśkowski ◽  
Agata Czarnigowska
Keyword(s):  
Probabilistic Method ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Pricing Strategy ◽  
Bidding Strategy ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Construction Companies ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
The One

AbstractThe approach used by construction companies to determine bid prices is an element of their strategy used to win jobs in competitive tenders. Such strategies build upon an analysis of the contactor’s potential and capabilities (am I able to deliver? am I eligible to participate in the tender?), and the analysis of the economic environment, including the expected behavior of competitors. The tender strategy sets out both the guidelines and the procedure in deciding whether or not to bid as well as the rules for determining the price. The price, on the one hand, should be high enough to cover expected direct and indirect costs as well as risk-adjusted profit. On the other hand, it needs to be low enough to be considered most attractive (typically: the lowest) among the prices offered by the competitors. The paper focuses on the price definition component of the bidding strategy. It provides a brief overview of the existing methods that support bidding decisions by comparing their demand for input and limitations in practical applications and presents a simulation-based method supporting the determination of the profit ratio. This probabilistic method assumes the existence of a positive correlation between the prices offered by the competitors. Its application is illustrated by means of a numerical example. The outcomes of the simulation prompt the amount of the profit margin that maximizes the expected value of the contractor’s profit.

The Economic Cost of Suicide in Ireland

Crisis ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan Kennelly
Keyword(s):  
Gross National Product ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Human Cost ◽  
Human Costs ◽  
The Cost

Abstract. Objective: To calculate the costs of suicide in Ireland. Method: The paper identifies all episodes of suicide in Ireland in 2001 and 2002, and projects the economic costs arising from these episodes over subsequent years. All prices have been converted to 2001 euros. Both direct and indirect costs were calculated. Indirect costs included both the cost of lost output and human costs. Results: The total cost of suicide is estimated at over Euro 906 million in 2001, and over Euro 835 million in 2002 (in 2001 prices). This is equivalent to a little under 1% of the gross national product in Ireland for those years. Conclusions: The results show that investment in health education and health promotion can be justified on the basis of the costs associated with suicide in Ireland. These costs fall on individuals, families, and society. The huge human cost of suffering associated with suicide can also be prevented through appropriate intervention to prevent death occurring. It is important that any suicide prevention strategy should include an evaluative framework to ensure that investment occurs in the areas most likely to generate the highest returns in term of suicides prevented and lives saved.

scholarly journals The cost of Mental Health Review Tribunals

1994 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 274-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Blumenthal ◽  
Simon Wessely
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
First Time ◽  
Health Review

There has been a substantial increase in the number of Mental Health Review Tribunals (MHRTs) and hence the cost of administering the tribunal system. We report an estimate of the cost of MHRTs taking account, for the first time, of both direct and indirect costs to the various government departments. We estimate that the total cost is currently £12,274,380 per annum.

scholarly journals Economic burden of migraine in Latvia and Lithuania: direct and indirect costs

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ágnes Lublóy
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Resource Utilization ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Productivity Loss ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Direct Costs ◽  
Health Care Resource ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs ◽  
Health Care Resource Utilization

Abstract Background Migraine is a primary headache disorder which affects all aspects of life. The financial burden of migraine imposed on the society might be substantial. This study aims at estimating the economic cost of migraine in Latvia and Lithuania, including both direct and indirect costs. Direct costs encompass the costs of migraine-related health care resource utilization. Indirect costs are related to productivity loss, the potential or expected earnings lost due to migraine. Methods Direct cost is assessed by using the prevalence method, a widely used cost-of-illness approach. The prevalence rate of migraine and the migraine-related health care resource utilization are proxied from the literature, whereas unit cost of medical services and procedures are retrieved from national databases and providers. For estimating the indirect cost of migraine, we follow the human capital approach. We quantify three components of indirect costs: reduced labour force participation, absence from work and reduced productivity while at work. The number of unemployed migraineurs, days missed from work and days lost due to impairment while at work are drawn from the literature. Unemployment rate and average income in Latvia and Lithuania are then inserted to assess indirect costs. Results We find that the mean per-person total cost of migraine is €801 annually in Latvia, and €721 in Lithuania. In both countries around 30% of total cost is direct cost; cost related to a wide array of migraine-related medical services and interventions. The total cost of migraine is €112.26 million in Latvia, corresponding to 0.42% of Latvia’s GDP. The total cost of migraine is €149.62 million in Lithuania, corresponding to 0.35% of Lithuania’s GDP. In both countries two thirds of total cost is related to lost workdays due to absenteeism and presenteeism. Conclusions The financial burden of migraine imposed on the society is substantial in Latvia and Lithuania. Improvements in care for patients with migraine, such as easier access to structured headache assessment services, wider availability of various procedures and preventive medications would significantly increase direct costs. Nevertheless, this cost increase might be far outweighed by lower migraine-related productivity loss, especially as the prevalence of migraine is the highest in the most productive years of life.

scholarly journals Cost of hypertension illness and associated factors among patients attending hospitals in Southwest Shewa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Addisu Bogale ◽  
Teferi Daba ◽  
Dawit Wolde Daka
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Total Direct Cost ◽  
Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs ◽  
Regional State ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBackgroundHypertension is a common vascular disease and the main risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The impact of hypertension is on the rise in Ethiopia, so that, it is predictable that the cost of healthcare services will further increase in the future. We aimed to estimate the total cost of hypertension illness among patients attending hospitals in Southwest Shewa zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia.Patients and methodsInstitution based cross-sectional study was conducted from July 1-30, 2018. All hypertensive patients who were on treatment and whose age was greater than eighteen years old were eligible for this study. The total cost of hypertension illness was estimated by summing up the direct and indirect costs. Bivariate and multivariate linear regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with hypertension costs of illness.ResultsOverall, the mean monthly total cost of hypertension illness was US $ 22.3 (95% CI, 21.3-23.3). Direct and indirect costs share 51% and 49% of the total cost, respectively. The mean total direct cost of hypertension illness per patient per month was US $11.39(95% CI, 10.6-12.1). Out of these, drugs accounted of a higher cost (31%) followed by food (25%). The mean total indirect cost per patient per month was US $10.89(95% CI, 10.4-11.4). Educational status, distance from hospital, the presence of companion and the stage of hypertension were predictors of the cost of illness of hypertension.ConclusionThe cost of hypertension illness was very high when compared with the mean monthly income of the patients letting patients to catastrophic costs. Therefore, due attention should be given by the government to protect patients from financial hardships.

scholarly journals Direct and indirect costs of cluster headache: a prospective analysis in a tertiary level headache centre

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Negro ◽  
Paolo Sciattella ◽  
Valerio Spuntarelli ◽  
Paolo Martelletti ◽  
Francesco Saverio Mennini
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Headache ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
National Health System ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Chronic Cluster Headache ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs ◽  
Headache Centre ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Cluster headache (CH) is the most frequent trigemino-autonomic cephalgia. CH can manifest as episodic (ECH) or chronic cluster headache (CCH) causing significant burden of disease and requiring attack therapy and prophylactic treatment. The few data available on the economic burden of CH come from retrospective studies based on questionnaires, population surveys and medical insurance claims database. Although all these studies showed an important economic burden, they provided different estimates depending on variability of CH awareness and management, healthcare systems, available therapies and use of treatments according to different guidelines.Methods: This prospective study aimed to quantify the total direct and indirect cost of ECH and CCH over a cluster period, both for the patient and for the National Health System (NHS), using data from subjects who consecutively attended an Italian tertiary headache centre between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2018.Results: A total 109 patients (89 ECH, 19 CCH) were included. Mean attack frequency was 2.3±1.4 per day. Mean total cost of a CH bout was €4,398 per patient and total cost of CCH was 5.4 times higher than ECH (€13,350 vs. €2,487, p < 0.001). Direct costs represented the 72.1% of total cost and were covered for the 94.8% by the NHS. The costs for any item of expense were higher for CCH than for ECH (p < 0.001). Mean indirect costs for a CH bout were €1,226 per patient and were higher for CCH compared to ECH (€3.538 vs. €732), but the difference was not significant. Days with reduced productive capacity impacted for the 64.6% of the total indirect costs. The analysis of the impact CH on work showed that 27%% of patients felt that CH had limited their career, 40% had changed their work pattern, 20% had changed their place of employment and 10% had lost a job due to the disease.Conclusion: Our results provide a valuable estimate of the direct and indirect costs of ECH and CCH in the specific setting of a tertiary headache centre and confirm the high economic impact of CH on both the NHS and patients.

scholarly journals Cost and Potential Savings of Electronic Consultation and Its Relationship with Reduction in Atmospheric Pollution

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12436
Author(s):  
Daniel Rey Aldana ◽  
Francisco Reyes Santias ◽  
Pilar Mazón Ramos ◽  
Manuel Portela Romero ◽  
Sergio Cinza Sanjurjo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs ◽  
Electronic Consultation ◽  
Consultation Model ◽  
Model Versus ◽  
The Cost

Background: Telemedicine has been incorporated into daily clinical practice. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the economic impact of electronic consultation as a means of referring patients between Primary Care (PC) services and the referral Cardiology Service (CS) of a tertiary hospital, in particular, the cost of reduced air pollution. Methods: The direct and indirect costs associated with all the interconsultations between PC and a CS of a tertiary hospital were analyzed under a universal single act model versus a prior e-consultation model that selected patients who would later attend the single-act consultation. The cost of pollution from private motor vehicle travel by road has been analyzed with a Cobb–Douglas cost function. Results: The total cost per patient, including the costs associated with death, represented a saving in the model with e-consultation of 25.6%. The economic value for the reduction of contamination would be EUR 12.86 per patient. Conclusions: The introduction of e-consultation in the outpatient management of patients referred from PC to a CS, helps to reduce direct and indirect costs for the patient and the Health Care System. The cost of pollution associated with the trips explains the total cost to a greater extent, except for the first face-to-face consultation.

scholarly journals Mastitis therapy: Direct and indirect costs

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bobos ◽  
M. Radinovic ◽  
B. Vidic ◽  
M. Pajic ◽  
V. Vidic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Drug Consumption ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Mastitis Control

One of the most important problems in milk production, causing great economic loses is certainly mastitis. In order to minimize economic losses from mastitis dairy farms introduce different mastitis management programs. These programs include mastitis therapy and prevention. In mastitis control prevention is most important and when mastitis occurs cost of therapy and milk discharge is very important. In our study we examined cost of mastitis treatment and milk loss in different mastitis management programs. We concluded that most costly are mastitis caused by specific pathogens. Cost of milk loss is 2.4 times bigger than cost of drug consumption. Applying of tit-dipping has great importance in reduction of mastitis caused by specific pathogens and less importance for conditional saprophytes. In total, cost of mastitis treatment on whole farm was almost the same for all mastitis management programs, while the effect of the program on farm C was the most expensive in the cows with the finding of specific pathogens.

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