scholarly journals Mastitis therapy: Direct and indirect costs

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bobos ◽  
M. Radinovic ◽  
B. Vidic ◽  
M. Pajic ◽  
V. Vidic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Drug Consumption ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Mastitis Control

One of the most important problems in milk production, causing great economic loses is certainly mastitis. In order to minimize economic losses from mastitis dairy farms introduce different mastitis management programs. These programs include mastitis therapy and prevention. In mastitis control prevention is most important and when mastitis occurs cost of therapy and milk discharge is very important. In our study we examined cost of mastitis treatment and milk loss in different mastitis management programs. We concluded that most costly are mastitis caused by specific pathogens. Cost of milk loss is 2.4 times bigger than cost of drug consumption. Applying of tit-dipping has great importance in reduction of mastitis caused by specific pathogens and less importance for conditional saprophytes. In total, cost of mastitis treatment on whole farm was almost the same for all mastitis management programs, while the effect of the program on farm C was the most expensive in the cows with the finding of specific pathogens.

scholarly journals Financial and economic analyses of the impact of cattle mastitis on the profitability of Egyptian dairy farms

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1750-1759
Author(s):  
M. F. Azooz ◽  
Safaa A. El-Wakeel ◽  
H. M. Yousef
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Bulk Tank ◽  
The Impact

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate and quantify the different factors affecting the costs of mastitis in cattle, to quantify the annual and monthly financial losses attributed to mastitis, and to estimate production losses using average linear scores found on The Dairy Herd Improvement Association somatic cell count (SCC) sheets and bulk tank SCC per lactation number. Materials and Methods: All data (bovine mastitis-associated costs and expenditures in Egyptian dairy herds) were analyzed using SPSS/PCT, 2001. A partial budget technique using spreadsheet software and the general linear model procedure was used to analyze the productive and financial measures. Results: Mastitis was present in 57.1% of cows (240/420), while clinical mastitis (CM) was present in 19% of them (80/420). The geometric mean of SCC/ml in bulk tank milk samples of 150 cattle dairy farms was 556.3×103. The annual subclinical mastitis (SCM)-related economic loss was 21,933,258.6 LE, and the two most important cost components were the subsequent decrease in milk production and quality premium losses (93% and 7% of SCM costs, respectively). The quality premium loss was 1,369,602.1 LE. On the other hand, the annual economic loss due to decreased milk production as a result of SCM was 20,563,656.5 LE. The total cost of 80 CM cases, including the failure and preventive costs, was 1,196,871.4 LE, including 1,169,150.4 LE failure costs (106,336.0 LE in direct costs and 1,062,814.4 LE in indirect costs) and 27,721.0 LE preventive costs. The average cost per CM case was 28,760.9 LE, including veterinary time and consultation fees of 250.0 LE (1%), labor 562.5 LE (2%), premature culling 736,000.0 LE (77%), decreased milk production 4085.18 LE (13.7%), discarded milk 185.3 LE (1%), and drugs and treatments 328.9 LE (1%). The total costs of CM (expenditures) extra control and preventive measures, including the diagnosis of CM for 80 cows annually in 20 Egyptian dairy farms were 27,721.0 LE, representing 346.5 LE or 1% of the total cost of CM cases. The cost of monitoring and diagnostic measures was 8635.2 LE, representing 107.9 LE or 1% of the total cost of a case of CM. Conclusion: The method used for cost estimation, in this study, is highly adaptable to individual cattle farms and had a major role in assessing specific control and management measures. The concepts described in this paper help to improve our understanding of the full economic impact of clinical and subclinical mastitis in cattle in Egypt. Assessing the economic losses from mastitis to determine the economic costs and losses occurring in Egyptian dairy farms is critical for encouraging farmers to acknowledge the scale of the problem and implement effective management practices aimed at improving mastitis control and reducing the associated costs.

scholarly journals Risk-based Optimization of Sensor Distribution in Roof Constructions – A Conceptual Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 21008
Author(s):  
Klodian Gradeci ◽  
Berit Time ◽  
Lars Gullbrekken
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Sensor System ◽  
Construction Sector ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs ◽  
Geometrical Distribution ◽  
Optimization Methodology ◽  
The One ◽  
Conceptual Study

The objective of placing moisture sensors in roof constructions is to warn about leakage events, and thus avoid undesirable consequences. However, considering that placing an additional sensor is directly related to increasing the total cost of the solution, the distribution and placement of the sensor system should be sought as a risk-based problem seeking for the most optimal solution. This paper conceptualises a risk-based optimization methodology that seeks the optimal solution for the sensor system in roof constructions as the one that maximises the return of investment. The latter is sought as a function of the leakage risk, which is derived as a multiplication of the likelihood that leakage events may occur in a roofing system, and their consequences, defined as the amount of direct (and indirect) costs in case a leakage event occurs. The optimal solution is expressed as the total number of sensors and their geometrical distribution. This conceptual study intends to foster innovative usage of sensor systems within the construction sector to allow owners and contractors to identify and avoid consequences of leakage events in roofing systems.

scholarly journals Methodologies of Economic Measurement and Vulnerability Assessment for Application in Landslide Risk Analysis in a Highway Domain Strip: A Case Study in the Serra Pelada Region (Brazil)

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 6130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Felizardo Batista ◽  
Larissa De Brum Passini ◽  
Alessander Christopher Morales Kormann
Keyword(s):  
Vulnerability Assessment ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Direct Costs ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Landslide Risk ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Landslide Occurrence ◽  
Serra Do Mar

Landslides are one of the main causes of death caused by disasters in the world. In this study, methodologies to measure landslide costs and to assess vulnerability are presented, with the objective of applying them to landslide risk analyses. The methodologies were applied in a region of Serra do Mar, which is crossed by a highway. The analyses and mappings were implemented in a Geographic Information System (GIS). Through the application of the methodology that considers both direct and indirect costs in the composition of total cost, it was established how much an m2 of a landslide would cost. The composition of direct costs encompassed the damages related to restoration or construction of the highways, infrastructures, unpaved roads, residential and commercial buildings, vegetal cover and agricultural areas. In indirect costs, the economic losses by victims, highway interdiction, and agricultural area profitability were calculated. In the methodology for vulnerability assessment, bodily injuries, structural damages, and functional disturbances resulted from landslides were analyzed. The risk assessment was performed through the junction of the maps of total cost, vulnerability and susceptibility. The results indicate that indirect costs were predominant in cost composition, corresponding to 87% of total costs, in comparison to 13% of the direct costs, stressing the importance of considering indirect costs in economic measurement studies. As a result, it is possible to conclude that studying landslide consequences as economic parameters supports the increasing need of performing risk quantitative analyses. It is also prudent to add that these studies help decision makers in projects of disaster risk mitigation strategies, by allowing the identification of regions with greater economic impacts in case of landslide occurrence.

The Economic Cost of Suicide in Ireland

Crisis ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan Kennelly
Keyword(s):  
Gross National Product ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Human Cost ◽  
Human Costs ◽  
The Cost

Abstract. Objective: To calculate the costs of suicide in Ireland. Method: The paper identifies all episodes of suicide in Ireland in 2001 and 2002, and projects the economic costs arising from these episodes over subsequent years. All prices have been converted to 2001 euros. Both direct and indirect costs were calculated. Indirect costs included both the cost of lost output and human costs. Results: The total cost of suicide is estimated at over Euro 906 million in 2001, and over Euro 835 million in 2002 (in 2001 prices). This is equivalent to a little under 1% of the gross national product in Ireland for those years. Conclusions: The results show that investment in health education and health promotion can be justified on the basis of the costs associated with suicide in Ireland. These costs fall on individuals, families, and society. The huge human cost of suffering associated with suicide can also be prevented through appropriate intervention to prevent death occurring. It is important that any suicide prevention strategy should include an evaluative framework to ensure that investment occurs in the areas most likely to generate the highest returns in term of suicides prevented and lives saved.

scholarly journals The cost of Mental Health Review Tribunals

1994 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 274-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Blumenthal ◽  
Simon Wessely
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
First Time ◽  
Health Review

There has been a substantial increase in the number of Mental Health Review Tribunals (MHRTs) and hence the cost of administering the tribunal system. We report an estimate of the cost of MHRTs taking account, for the first time, of both direct and indirect costs to the various government departments. We estimate that the total cost is currently £12,274,380 per annum.

scholarly journals Economic Impacts of Clinical and Sub Clinical Mastitis on Dairy Farms

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amjad Islam Aqib ◽  
Afshan Muneer ◽  
Muhammad Shafeeq ◽  
Nimra Kirn
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Invasive Infection

Studies have reported on the economic impacts of clinical and subclinical mastitis on dairy farms. Bovine mastitis is a disorder that affects dairy farms and has a major economic impact. Most of the economic losses are the result of mastitis. Mastitis is an invasive infection that is among the most numerous and highly complicated infections in the dairy sector. Mastitis is one of the most expensive diseases in terms of production losses among animal diseases. Mastitis reduces milk production, changes milk composition, and shortens the productive life of infected cows. Farmers must concentrate on avoiding mastitis infection whilst putting in place and following a mastitis control programed. Bovine mastitis, the most significant disease of dairy herds, has huge effects on farm economics. Mastitis losses are due to reduced milk production, the cost of treatments, and culling. Major factors related to low milk yield could be low genetic potential as well as poor nutritional and managerial approaches. Most of the losses are related to somatic cell count (SCC), which is characterised by an increase in the percentage of milk. Culling costs are the costs of rearing or buying a replacement animal, mostly heifers. Overhead impacts include the replacement animals' lower milk supply effectiveness. The expense of replacing animals prematurely due to mastitis is one of the most significant areas of economic loss.

scholarly journals Economic burden of migraine in Latvia and Lithuania: direct and indirect costs

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ágnes Lublóy
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Resource Utilization ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Productivity Loss ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Direct Costs ◽  
Health Care Resource ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs ◽  
Health Care Resource Utilization

Abstract Background Migraine is a primary headache disorder which affects all aspects of life. The financial burden of migraine imposed on the society might be substantial. This study aims at estimating the economic cost of migraine in Latvia and Lithuania, including both direct and indirect costs. Direct costs encompass the costs of migraine-related health care resource utilization. Indirect costs are related to productivity loss, the potential or expected earnings lost due to migraine. Methods Direct cost is assessed by using the prevalence method, a widely used cost-of-illness approach. The prevalence rate of migraine and the migraine-related health care resource utilization are proxied from the literature, whereas unit cost of medical services and procedures are retrieved from national databases and providers. For estimating the indirect cost of migraine, we follow the human capital approach. We quantify three components of indirect costs: reduced labour force participation, absence from work and reduced productivity while at work. The number of unemployed migraineurs, days missed from work and days lost due to impairment while at work are drawn from the literature. Unemployment rate and average income in Latvia and Lithuania are then inserted to assess indirect costs. Results We find that the mean per-person total cost of migraine is €801 annually in Latvia, and €721 in Lithuania. In both countries around 30% of total cost is direct cost; cost related to a wide array of migraine-related medical services and interventions. The total cost of migraine is €112.26 million in Latvia, corresponding to 0.42% of Latvia’s GDP. The total cost of migraine is €149.62 million in Lithuania, corresponding to 0.35% of Lithuania’s GDP. In both countries two thirds of total cost is related to lost workdays due to absenteeism and presenteeism. Conclusions The financial burden of migraine imposed on the society is substantial in Latvia and Lithuania. Improvements in care for patients with migraine, such as easier access to structured headache assessment services, wider availability of various procedures and preventive medications would significantly increase direct costs. Nevertheless, this cost increase might be far outweighed by lower migraine-related productivity loss, especially as the prevalence of migraine is the highest in the most productive years of life.

scholarly journals Economic losses due to clinical lameness in Kosovo dairy cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindita Ibishi ◽  
Arben Musliu ◽  
Blerta Mehmedi ◽  
Agim Rexhepi ◽  
Curtic R. Youngs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Average Annual Cost ◽  
The Cost

The health of dairy cows is an important factor affecting the profitability of dairy farms worldwide, and lameness is regarded as one of the most costly dairy cattle diseases. The aim of this study was to estimate the economic cost of cow lameness among Kosovo dairy farms. Data collected from 56 dairy farms were analysed with a farm-level stochastic (Monte Carlo) simulation model to estimate the cost of lameness. Lameness-associated sources of economic loss examined within the model included: reduced milk production, treatment cost, discarded milk, reduced cow body weight, and premature culling. Results showed that prevalence of lameness among cows on Kosovo dairy farms ranged from 17% to 39%. The average annual cost of lameness was estimated at €338.57 per farm (or €46.25 per cow). Reduced milk production was the largest financial contribution to the cost of lameness (45% of total economic loss) followed by premature culling (31% of total economic loss). Discarded milk, reduced cow body weight, and cost of treatment each contributed approximately 8% to the total economic loss. These findings indicate that dairy farmers need to be more cognizant of the financial losses associated with lameness and should be encouraged to implement management strategies to reduce lameness as a means of enhancing farm profitability.

scholarly journals Cost of hypertension illness and associated factors among patients attending hospitals in Southwest Shewa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Addisu Bogale ◽  
Teferi Daba ◽  
Dawit Wolde Daka
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Total Direct Cost ◽  
Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs ◽  
Regional State ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBackgroundHypertension is a common vascular disease and the main risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The impact of hypertension is on the rise in Ethiopia, so that, it is predictable that the cost of healthcare services will further increase in the future. We aimed to estimate the total cost of hypertension illness among patients attending hospitals in Southwest Shewa zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia.Patients and methodsInstitution based cross-sectional study was conducted from July 1-30, 2018. All hypertensive patients who were on treatment and whose age was greater than eighteen years old were eligible for this study. The total cost of hypertension illness was estimated by summing up the direct and indirect costs. Bivariate and multivariate linear regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with hypertension costs of illness.ResultsOverall, the mean monthly total cost of hypertension illness was US $ 22.3 (95% CI, 21.3-23.3). Direct and indirect costs share 51% and 49% of the total cost, respectively. The mean total direct cost of hypertension illness per patient per month was US $11.39(95% CI, 10.6-12.1). Out of these, drugs accounted of a higher cost (31%) followed by food (25%). The mean total indirect cost per patient per month was US $10.89(95% CI, 10.4-11.4). Educational status, distance from hospital, the presence of companion and the stage of hypertension were predictors of the cost of illness of hypertension.ConclusionThe cost of hypertension illness was very high when compared with the mean monthly income of the patients letting patients to catastrophic costs. Therefore, due attention should be given by the government to protect patients from financial hardships.

scholarly journals Direct and indirect costs of cluster headache: a prospective analysis in a tertiary level headache centre

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Negro ◽  
Paolo Sciattella ◽  
Valerio Spuntarelli ◽  
Paolo Martelletti ◽  
Francesco Saverio Mennini
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Headache ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
National Health System ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Chronic Cluster Headache ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs ◽  
Headache Centre ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Cluster headache (CH) is the most frequent trigemino-autonomic cephalgia. CH can manifest as episodic (ECH) or chronic cluster headache (CCH) causing significant burden of disease and requiring attack therapy and prophylactic treatment. The few data available on the economic burden of CH come from retrospective studies based on questionnaires, population surveys and medical insurance claims database. Although all these studies showed an important economic burden, they provided different estimates depending on variability of CH awareness and management, healthcare systems, available therapies and use of treatments according to different guidelines.Methods: This prospective study aimed to quantify the total direct and indirect cost of ECH and CCH over a cluster period, both for the patient and for the National Health System (NHS), using data from subjects who consecutively attended an Italian tertiary headache centre between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2018.Results: A total 109 patients (89 ECH, 19 CCH) were included. Mean attack frequency was 2.3±1.4 per day. Mean total cost of a CH bout was €4,398 per patient and total cost of CCH was 5.4 times higher than ECH (€13,350 vs. €2,487, p < 0.001). Direct costs represented the 72.1% of total cost and were covered for the 94.8% by the NHS. The costs for any item of expense were higher for CCH than for ECH (p < 0.001). Mean indirect costs for a CH bout were €1,226 per patient and were higher for CCH compared to ECH (€3.538 vs. €732), but the difference was not significant. Days with reduced productive capacity impacted for the 64.6% of the total indirect costs. The analysis of the impact CH on work showed that 27%% of patients felt that CH had limited their career, 40% had changed their work pattern, 20% had changed their place of employment and 10% had lost a job due to the disease.Conclusion: Our results provide a valuable estimate of the direct and indirect costs of ECH and CCH in the specific setting of a tertiary headache centre and confirm the high economic impact of CH on both the NHS and patients.

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