scholarly journals Research on the International Development Trend of Big Data and Digital Economy and Its Reference to China

2021 ◽  
Vol 233 ◽  
pp. 01171
Author(s):  
ZHANG Tao ◽  
WU Zai-Qun ◽  
ZHENG Xiao-Yu
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
International Development ◽  
Development Trend ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Perspective ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
Value Assessment ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Development Mode ◽  
Global Economic Growth

With the wide application and development of big data, digital economy has become the innovation power of global economic growth and has an important impact on the development of global social and economic cooperation. From an international perspective, this paper analyzes the development trend and achievements of the United States, the European Union and important international organizations in the field of digital economy. On this basis, this paper analyzes the current situation and challenges of the development of China's digital economy, and puts forward suggestions and measures to promote the development of China's digital economy in view of the digital gap, value assessment, development mode, talent training.

Democratization, Nationalism and Regional Security in the Southern Caucasus

1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Neil MacFarlane
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Pressure Groups ◽  
Democratic Reform ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Independent States

FOR SOME YEARS NOW, WESTERN ACADEMICS AND POLICY-MAKERS HAVE embraced the cause of democratic reform in Central and Eastern Europe. To take but one well-known example, President Clinton in the 1994 State of the Union Address cited the absence of war among democracies as a reason for promotion of democracy around the world. Assistance to former Warsaw Pact and newly independent states has been made conditional to varying degrees on the acceptance of democratic change. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the European Union, the United States Agency for International Development and associated non-governmental organizations have unleashed armies of promoters of democracy throughout the region to: observe elections; monitor human rights; draft new constitutions and laws defending civil and political rights; train judges and police personnel; and organize and assist political parties, media and non-governmental pressure groups. In short, they have sought to transplant the fabric of civil society and democratic institutions. These armies have landed on terrain often quite foreign to them and have often displayed little sensitivity to the social, economic and political context in which they are operating. This may have contributed to results other than those intended.

Pig breeding development and analysis of the modern pork market in Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 51-57
Author(s):  
S. Yu. Zaytsev ◽  
◽  
N. V. Bogolyubova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Development Trend ◽  
The United States ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Pork Production ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
Total Meat

Pig breeding is one of the key areas for the development of livestock meat production both in Russia and in the world. According to forecasts of various agro-industrial companies and information and analytical agencies, by the end of 2020, pork production was predicted to grow similar to that in 2019, which was 5,1% (or more than 192,6 thousand tons, in slaughter weight, compared to 2018). This would represent more than a third of the total meat production in Russia, which was estimated at 11,04–11,22 million tons (as compared to 10,9 million tons in 2019). According to preliminary data from the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation (dated February 4, 2021), pork production increased "at 8.9% by 2019, which in live weight is +446 thousand tons", while the total meat production in Russia in 2020 reached 15,6 million tons, an increase of 3,1% (+472 thousand tons) more than in 2019. These indicators significantly exceed the forecasts indicated above, which is associated with the implementation of investment projects (primarily with state participation) in this direction and "expansion of export opportunities for Russian suppliers" in 2020. Despite the sanctions, coronavirus and other global challenges to the Russian economy, pork has been the "main driver" for the growth of meat production in Russia in recent years. Now our country is on the 4th line in the ranking according to the pig numbers (46.5 million heads in 2019) after China, the European Union and the United States of America. Agricultural enterprises in Russia account for 83,4% of pigs, 14,6% – on personal subsidiary plots, 2,0% – on farms. According to experts, the long-term development trend is an increase in the number of pigs in 5 years by 27,7%, in 10 years – by 36,1%, and the annual increase in pork production is planned at about 5%. Thus, in recent years, pork production has determined a positive trend in all domestic livestock farming in terms of the volume and quality of meat produced in Russia.

A Comprehensive Review of Spirit Drink Safety Standards and Regulations from an International Perspective

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Na Pang ◽  
Zhao-Jie Li ◽  
Jing-Yu Chen ◽  
Li-Juan Gao ◽  
Bei-Zhong Han
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Perspective ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Hydrocyanic Acid ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Standards And Regulations

ABSTRACT Standards and regulations related to spirit drinks have been established by different countries and international organizations to ensure the safety and quality of spirits. Here, we introduce the principles of food safety and quality standards for alcoholic beverages and then compare the key indicators used in the distinct standards of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, the European Union, the People's Republic of China, the United States, Canada, and Australia. We also discuss in detail the “maximum level” of the following main contaminants of spirit drinks: methanol, higher alcohols, ethyl carbamate, hydrocyanic acid, heavy metals, mycotoxins, phthalates, and aldehydes. Furthermore, the control measures used for potential hazards are introduced. Harmonization of the current requirements based on comprehensive scope analysis and the risk assessment approach will enhance both the trade and quality of distilled spirits. This review article provides valuable information that will enable producers, traders, governments, and researchers to increase their knowledge of spirit drink safety requirements, control measures, and research trends.

scholarly journals Sustainability of micro-enterprises in the digital economy

2021 ◽  
Vol 250 ◽  
pp. 06008
Author(s):  
Oksana Mukhoryanova ◽  
Larisa Kuleshova ◽  
Nina Rusakova ◽  
Olga Mirgorodskaya
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sharing Economy ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
Small Enterprises ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Traditional Industry ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Micro Enterprises

This paper aims at investigating the predisposition leading to the sustainability of micro-enterprises in the digital economy, especially the sharing economy. This area represents a new field since the research of the impact of the sharing economy on small enterprises is still in its infancy. We study the role of the entrepreneurial approach and entrepreneurial philosophy of the small business with regard to the digitalization and the sustainable development and growth using examples from the European Union and the United States. Some common features and trends are derived and the outcomes are discussed. Our results point at the fact that by creating an economy for micro-entrepreneurs, the sharing economy thrives on traditional industry disrupted by technology. Since micro-enterprises constitute a backbone of the economy in many developed and developing countries, more research is required to shed the light of the sustainable development of these types of enterprises in the globalized and digitalized world.

scholarly journals TAXATION ARISING FROM DIGITALISATION: ISSUES AT STAKE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Velarde Aramayo ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
Tax Structure ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Consensus ◽  
European Union Countries

The OECD is leading global efforts to reach an international consensus around the BEPS Project with the G20 support. Action 1 works on the tax challenges of the digital economy and its proposals have been made with the «inclusive framework» participation that brings together more than 137 countries. The article focuses on the legitimacy, operation, and consequences of all this work for developing countries that, according to estimates of the UNCTAD, lost annually U$100 billion due to tax avoidance schemes by MNEs. The OECD/G20 inclusive framework is designing a new global tax structure and its proposals attempt to introduce new rules on taxing rights allocation and distribution. At the same time, some countries have adopted unilateral measures in order to tax some digital businesses. Finally, the European Union Countries continue to delay the adoption of the CCCTB and DST Directive proposals, and the United States has introduced the GILTI legislation that seeks to tax the global intangible income. Everything seems to indicate that in the next years the international tax architecture will be changed in deep.

scholarly journals Functioning of the system for evaluating the effectiveness of international technical assistance: the experience of the European Union and the world's leading countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 117-124
Author(s):  
Y.V. Harust ◽  
V.I. Melnyk ◽  
V.V. Mirgorod-Karpova ◽  
B.O. Pavlenko ◽  
Yu.M. Kiiashko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
International Development ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
National Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Regulatory Control ◽  
Development Assistance Committee ◽  
The European Union

The authors of the article study the foreign experience of the administrative and legal organization of systems for evaluating the effectiveness of international legal assistance (ITA). The article notes that the definition of international technical assistance in different countries is interpreted differently. States, at the national level, establish their own definitions of the concept, which may differ in content and characteristics. It is established that the assessment of the effectiveness of the use of ITA has the ultimate goal to ensure its better use. Both ITA donors and recipients are interested in this. The largest ITA donors have been identified as Japan, the United States, and the European Union. Each of these donors has its own system for evaluating the effectiveness of the ITA provided. In the study of the model for evaluating the effectiveness of the US ITA, the key role of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) was highlighted. The Agency itself has developed tools to monitor the assistance provided, implements analysis programs, publishes reports, and conducts training among its employees. In Japan, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) have been found to be the central policy-makers in Japan. These bodies issue regulatory regulations on which the performance appraisal process is based, analyze experience, conduct training, and publish reports on their official websites. In the Japanese model for assessing the effectiveness of the provision and use of ITA's, the key features are assessing the usefulness of the assistance provided in terms of Japan's diplomatic interests. It was found that a characteristic feature of the evaluation system of the European Union is the functioning of the Regulatory Control Council, which reviews and improves the legislation in the field of ITA. The article establishes the relationship between national legal systems and global standards for assessing international assistance. It is established that the donors of the ITA, for the organization of the system of evaluation of its effectiveness, use as a basis the Quality Standards for evaluation, which are developed by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) at the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).

Emerging market infrastructure finance has huge scope

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Year ◽  
Investment Bank ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Infrastructure Finance ◽  
Global Economic Growth ◽  
New Institutions ◽  
International Assets

Subject Project financing in emerging markets. Significance The establishment of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) and the New Development Bank (NDB, or ‘BRICS Bank’) has changed the international development landscape. The new institutions have the potential to finance a significant share of infrastructure projects in developing countries. They could hasten the power transition from the United States and the West to China and the rest of the developing world. Their first year of operation offers insight into the extent that they will be able to realise this potential. Impacts The AIIB and the NDB will support the BRICS’ economic and foreign policy initiatives, such as One Belt, One Road. The AIIB will help China diversify and increase the value of its international assets, including those of the Silk Road Fund. The AIIB will open business opportunities for all infrastructure firms and the NDB will for BRICS-based companies. Long-term investors will be able to access a wider range of bonds; some may be rated below AAA but will be higher yield. The AIIB and the NDB will help achieve the 2030 'Agenda for Sustainable Development' and support global economic growth.

scholarly journals The Effects of Tax Reduction and Fee Reduction Policies on the Digital Economy

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7611
Author(s):  
Tuochen Li ◽  
Liang Yang
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
International Perspective ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
Corporate Structure ◽  
Policy Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Tax Reduction ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Tax Cuts

The digital economy is the future of the world in terms of both contemporary trends and opportunities. Developing the digital economy is a practical way of strategically re-thinking network power and digital China and is the only way to achieve successful growth in countries’ development economies and seize a commanding position for future development. Tax reductions, which promote high-quality economic development and preserve the overall situation of national governance, are an important measure for all countries to cope with economic pressure. In recent years, China has successively introduced and continuously expanded a series of tax and fee reduction policies that have played an important role in stabilizing its economy and vigorously developing its digital economy. This study consists of six sections. The first section provides an overview of the digital economy, introducing its definitions and connotations as well as the significance of developments of the digital economy. The second section is a literature review of tax and fee reductions; the research results in this field for countries around the world are summarized based on the three perspectives of research objects, tax-reduction-policy effects and research methods and data. The third section describes the impact of tax reductions and fee reductions on China’s digital economy from an international perspective. Through the 2019 Forbes Global Top 100 Digital Economy List, this article analyzes the global digital economy corporate structure, observes the positive effects of tax and fee reductions on Chinese digital economy companies and compares the impact of tax cuts and fee reductions on digital economy companies in China, the United States and other countries. Stata software was used to conduct an empirical analysis on the panel data of digital economy companies from both macro and micro perspectives and Section 4 presents an evaluation of the policy effects of tax cuts and fee reductions on digital economy companies from multiple aspects. China does not have a systematic tax and fee reduction policy that is compatible with digital economy development and its investments in large digital economy companies can be increased, as discussed in Section 5. In Section 6, we recommend that China improves and optimizes its tax and fee policies to increase tax incentives for independent innovation and high-level talent.

Trying to Understand the PPPs in ICP 2011: Why Are the Results So Different?

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angus Deaton ◽  
Bettina Aten
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Development ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
The European Union ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
The World ◽  
Penn World Table

Purchasing power parity exchange rates, or PPPs, are price indexes that summarize prices in each country relative to a numeraire country, typically the United States. These numbers are used to compare living standards across countries, by academics in studies of economic growth, particularly through the Penn World Table, by the World Bank to construct measures of global poverty, by the European Union to redistribute resources, and by the international development community to draw attention to discrepancies between rich and poor countries. The International Comparison Program (ICP) collects the detailed prices on which these indexes are based on an irregular basis. In 2014, the ICP published PPPs from the 2011 round that are sharply different from those that were expected from extrapolation of the previous round, ICP 2005. These discrepancies will eventually have important implications for the Penn World Table, and for international comparisons of living standards given that the PPPs are used to convert countries’ national accounts—GDP and consumption, for example—from local currency to common currency units (international dollars.) The world according to ICP 2011 looks markedly more equal than the world according to ICP 2005. This paper investigates why this happened. We identify a likely source of the problem in the way that the regions of the ICP were linked in 2005. We use two different methods for measuring the size of the effect. Both suggest that the 2005 PPPs for consumption for countries in Asia (excluding Japan), Western Asia, and Africa were overstated relative to the United States by between 18 to 26 percent. Per capita consumption in international dollars of these countries was therefore too low in 2005 and more likely to be accurately estimated in 2011. (JEL E31, F31, I31, I32, O11, O19)

scholarly journals Fostering entrepreneurship in an international university collaboration

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Rybnicek ◽  
Alfred Gutschelhofer ◽  
Sabine Bergner ◽  
Alexander Seidenberger ◽  
Remo Taferner
Keyword(s):  
Work Practice ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Perspective ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Entrepreneurship Training ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
International University ◽  
Taking Action

The European Union is taking action on enhancing entrepreneurship in Europe and recommends appropriate entrepreneurship training in schools and higher education institutions. Due to the globalization of businesses it seems to be appropriate to realize an international perspective on entrepreneurial issues and to develop international programmes for young entrepreneurs. In this case study, we examined an international university collaboration between two universities, one in Austria and one in the United States. The programme’s goals include the establishment of an international network for students and an awareness of the students of different cultural dimensions and entrepreneurial mindsets. Our findings show how this programme enables the students to work on their professional and behavioural skills, how these students work practice-oriented under the guidelines of experts from different entrepreneurial mindsets and how they become aware of cultural differences. Besides other aspects, it seems to be advantageous for international entrepreneurship programmes to remain open and flexible during the whole process and to offer a programme that allows students to integrate participation into their regular studies. Furthermore, it seems beneficial that students can tailor the programme to meet their specific needs.

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