scholarly journals Study on Situation Awareness under Different Mental Workloads

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 610-618
Author(s):  
Chuanyan Feng ◽  
Xiaoru Wanyan ◽  
Shuang Liu ◽  
Hao Chen ◽  
Damin Zhuang
Keyword(s):  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Mental Workload ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Electrode Site ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Relative Power ◽  
Physiological Indicators ◽  
Task Load

The aim of the present study was to examine the situation awareness (SA) changes under various mental workloads and to explore the sensitive physiological indicators to SA under this circumstance. Twenty-four participants were recruited to perform tasks under three kinds of mental workload based on the Multi Attribute Task Battery (MATB) Ⅱ platform. Performance measures, situational awareness global assessment technology (SAGAT), three dimensions situation awareness rating technology (3D-SART), eye movement and electroencephalograph (EEG) data were recorded. Results indicated that, the SAGAT scores and 3D-SART scores decreased significantly with the increasing of mental workload. In addition, the two scores both have a medium negative relationship with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) scores. The SAGAT scores have a medium positive relationship with the high alpha relative power at C4 electrode site. What's more, The SAGAT scores have a medium negative relationship with the Nearest Neighbor Index (NNI) under high mental workload condition. In conclusion, under different mental workload levels, (1) Mental workload has a medium negative relationship with SA. (2) NNI and high alpha relative power may be possible sensitive indicators to SA. The present study can provide a reference for designing the display and control interface in cockpit and for optimization of man-machine functional allocation.

scholarly journals The Impact of Automation on Air Traffic Controller’s Behaviors

Aerospace ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 260
Author(s):  
Yanjun Wang ◽  
Rongjin Hu ◽  
Siyuan Lin ◽  
Michael Schultz ◽  
Daniel Delahaye
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Mental Workload ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Task Load ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Air Traffic Controllers ◽  
Automation Tools ◽  
The Impact

Air traffic controllers have to make quick decisions to keep air traffic safe. Their behaviors have a significant impact on the operation of the air traffic management (ATM) system. Automation tools have enhanced the ATM system’s capability by reducing the controller’s task-load. Much attention has been devoted to developing advanced automation in the last decade. However, less is known about the impact of automation on the behaviors of air traffic controllers. Here, we empirically tested the effects of three levels of automation—including manual, attention-guided, and automated—as well as varying traffic levels on eye movements, situation awareness and mental workload. The results showed that there are significant differences in the gaze and saccade behaviors between the attention-guided group and automated group. Traffic affected eye movements under the manual mode or under the attention-guided mode, but had no effect on eye movements under the automated mode. The results also supported the use of automation for enhancing situation awareness while reducing mental workload. Our work has potential implications for the design of automation and operation procedures.

scholarly journals Forecasters’ Cognitive Task Analysis and Mental Workload Analysis of Issuing Probabilistic Hazard Information (PHI) during FACETs PHI Prototype Experiment

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 1505-1521
Author(s):  
Joseph J. J. James ◽  
Chen Ling ◽  
Christopher D. Karstens ◽  
James Correia Jr. ◽  
Kristin Calhoun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Mental Workload ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Workload Analysis ◽  
Environmental Threats ◽  
Task Load ◽  
Mental Demand ◽  
Prototype Tool

AbstractDuring spring 2016 the Probabilistic Hazard Information (PHI) prototype experiment was run in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Hazardous Weather Testbed (HWT) as part of the Forecasting a Continuum of Environmental Threats (FACETS) program. Nine National Weather Service forecasters were trained to use the web-based PHI prototype tool to produce dynamic PHI for severe weather threats. Archived and real-time weather scenarios were used to test this new paradigm of issuing probabilistic information, rather than deterministic information. The forecasters’ mental workload was evaluated after each scenario using the NASA-Task Load Index (TLX) questionnaire. This study summarizes the analysis results of mental workload experienced by forecasters while using the PHI prototype. Six subdimensions of mental workload: mental demand, physical demand, temporal demand, performance, effort, and frustration were analyzed to derive top contributing factors to workload. Average mental workload was 46.6 (out of 100, standard deviation: 19, range 70.8). Top contributing factors to workload included using automated guidance, PHI object quantity, multiple displays, and formulating probabilities in the new paradigm. Automated guidance provided support to forecasters in maintaining situational awareness and managing increased quantities of threats. The results of this study provided understanding of forecasters’ mental workload and task strategies and developed insights to improve usability of the PHI prototype tool.

scholarly journals Effects of User Interfaces on Take-Over Performance: A Review of the Empirical Evidence

Information ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 162
Author(s):  
Soyeon Kim ◽  
René van Egmond ◽  
Riender Happee
Keyword(s):  
User Interface ◽  
Situation Awareness ◽  
User Interfaces ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Selection Criterion ◽  
Auditory Modality ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Automated Vehicle ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
High Urgency

In automated driving, the user interface plays an essential role in guiding transitions between automated and manual driving. This literature review identified 25 studies that explicitly studied the effectiveness of user interfaces in automated driving. Our main selection criterion was how the user interface (UI) affected take-over performance in higher automation levels allowing drivers to take their eyes off the road (SAE3 and SAE4). We categorized user interface (UI) factors from an automated vehicle-related information perspective. Short take-over times are consistently associated with take-over requests (TORs) initiated by the auditory modality with high urgency levels. On the other hand, take-over requests directly displayed on non-driving-related task devices and augmented reality do not affect take-over time. Additional explanations of take-over situation, surrounding and vehicle information while driving, and take-over guiding information were found to improve situational awareness. Hence, we conclude that advanced user interfaces can enhance the safety and acceptance of automated driving. Most studies showed positive effects of advanced UI, but a number of studies showed no significant benefits, and a few studies showed negative effects of advanced UI, which may be associated with information overload. The occurrence of positive and negative results of similar UI concepts in different studies highlights the need for systematic UI testing across driving conditions and driver characteristics. Our findings propose future UI studies of automated vehicle focusing on trust calibration and enhancing situation awareness in various scenarios.

Augmented Reality Procedure Assistance System for Operator Training and Simulation

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1176-1180
Author(s):  
Eugene Hayden ◽  
Kang Wang ◽  
Chengjie Wu ◽  
Shi Cao
Keyword(s):  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Mental Workload ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Task Completion ◽  
Operator Training ◽  
Head Mounted Display ◽  
Subject Design ◽  
Procedural Tasks ◽  
Speed Accuracy

This study explores the design, implementation, and evaluation of an Augmented Reality (AR) prototype that assists novice operators in performing procedural tasks in simulator environments. The prototype uses an optical see-through head-mounted display (OST HMD) in conjunction with a simulator display to supplement sequences of interactive visual and attention-guiding cues to the operator’s field of view. We used a 2x2 within-subject design to test two conditions: with/without AR-cues, each condition had a voice assistant and two procedural tasks (preflight and landing). An experiment examined twenty-six novice operators. The results demonstrated that augmented reality had benefits in terms of improved situation awareness and accuracy, however, it yielded longer task completion time by creating a speed-accuracy trade-off effect in favour of accuracy. No significant effect on mental workload is found. The results suggest that augmented reality systems have the potential to be used by a wider audience of operators.

scholarly journals Effect of High-Altitude Environment on Driving Safety: A Study on Drivers’ Mental Workload, Situation Awareness, and Driving Behaviour

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Xinyan Wang ◽  
Wu Bo ◽  
Weihua Yang ◽  
Suping Cui ◽  
Pengzi Chu
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Mental Workload ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Driving Safety ◽  
Risky Driving ◽  
Driving Behaviour ◽  
Driving Risk ◽  
Low Altitude ◽  
The Relationship

This study aims to analyze the effect of high-altitude environment on drivers’ mental workload (MW), situation awareness (SA), and driving behaviour (DB), and to explore the relationship among those driving performances. Based on a survey, the data of 356 lowlanders engaging in driving activities at Tibetan Plateau (high-altitude group) and 341 lowlanders engaging in driving activities at low altitudes (low-altitude group) were compared and analyzed. The results suggest that the differences between the two groups are noteworthy. Mental workload of high-altitude group is significantly higher than that of low-altitude group, and their situation awareness is lower significantly. The possibility of risky driving behaviours for high-altitude group, especially aggressive violations, is higher. For the high-altitude group, the increase of mental workload can lead to an increase on aggressive violations, and the situation understanding plays a full mediating effect between mental workload and aggressive violations. Measures aiming at the improvement of situation awareness and the reduction of mental workload can effectively reduce the driving risk from high-altitude environment for lowlanders.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF DETERMINATION THE NUMBER PERSONNEL BASED ON WORKLOAD ACCORDING TO JOB DESCRIPTION (STUDY CASE IN ACCOUNTING INSTITUTIONS)

JOURNAL ASRO ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Ahmadi Ahmadi ◽  
Wahyu Endriyanto ◽  
Benny Sukandari ◽  
Agus Makhrowi
Keyword(s):  
Mental Workload ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Physical Workload ◽  
Job Description ◽  
Workload Analysis ◽  
Task Load ◽  
Workload Measurement ◽  
Measurement Analysis ◽  
Nasa Tlx

The workload is highly related to efficient and effective human resource utilization in an organization to achieve organizational objectives, vision, and mission. Various methods are used to optimize the number of personnel in an organization so that each task can be completed quickly and precisely. Accounting Institutions are inseparable from problems regarding the lack of workload with the number of personnel working on it. The change of the Policy gives an impact on the change of Job Description and List of Personnel Arrangements of the organization. To overcome these issues, workload measurement, analysis can be used to determine the optimal amount of personnel required in their working units. This study uses a mental workload measurement so called NASA-TLX and physical workload measurement According to the applicable workload regulation that is in accordance with the Administrative Direction of Workload Analysis. Both methods are then carried out to be compared to each other. The results showed that the physical workload is required in the completion of tasks in each work unit. In addition, the determination of the optimal number of personnel using physical workload or appropriate tasks per task position based Job Description is performed. As a result, it is known that there is an excessive workload in the Sub Service Budget Cost work units with personal shortcomings. On the other hand, there is an excessive personnel number in Administrative Work, Sub Department of Finance Administration and Sub Department Financial Control. The overall conclusion of this study is a need for personnel reduction in a List of Personnel Arrangements currently known as Accounting Institutions to be 39 personnel instead of the existing 48 personnel.  Keywords: Workload, NASA-TLX (Task Load Index), assignments Per Task title, Number of Optimal personnel

scholarly journals ALLOCATION OF MARITIME TASK FORCE PERSONNEL UNIFIL CONTINGEN BASED ON ANALYSIS WORK LOADS

JOURNAL ASRO ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Ahmadi Ahmadi ◽  
Okol Sri Suharyo ◽  
Arimbo Arimbo ◽  
Aab Abdul Wahab
Keyword(s):  
Task Force ◽  
Mental Workload ◽  
Physical Workload ◽  
Index Number ◽  
Task Load ◽  
Workload Measurement ◽  
Physical Burden ◽  
Nasa Tlx ◽  
The Right

The workload of an organization is related to the efficient and effective utilization of human resources so that it can realize the vision, mission and objectives of the organization. Various methods are used to optimize the number of personnel in an organization, so that each task can be completed effectively and efficiently. KRI Diponegoro-365 personnel as the TNI Maritime Task Force, the Garuda Contingent can not be separated from the problems regarding the lack of conformity to workload with the allocation of the number of available personnel. To overcome this, an analysis of workload measurement is needed which can then be used for determine the allocation of the right number of personnel needed in each division. This study uses the measurement of NASA-TLX mental workload and physical workload according to TNI Roles. Both of these methods are then compared between mental and physical burden that occurs. From the results of the comparison, it was found that physical workload is needed in the completion of tasks in each division. After a comparison, then the determination of the allocation of the number of personnel will be carried out using the physical workload approach based on the description of the tasks in each division. The results of the calculation will then show the division that has excess or lack of personnel. The overall results obtained from this study can be concluded that the number of maritime task force personnel using the Diponegoro class KRI is appropriate, but the allocation of personnel in each division needs to adjust to the existing workload.  Keywords: Workload, NASA-TLX (Task Load Index), Number of Military Personnel

Perceived Mental Workload in an Endocopic Surgery Simulator

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 1014-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina I. Klein ◽  
Michael A. Riley ◽  
Joel S. Warm ◽  
Gerald Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Endoscopic Surgery ◽  
Mental Workload ◽  
Depth Information ◽  
Target Tissue ◽  
Task Load ◽  
Normal Hand ◽  
Multiple Resource ◽  
Nasa Task Load Index ◽  
Surgery Simulator ◽  
Experimental Effort

Endoscopic surgery–a procedure wherein a target organ is displayed on a monitor and physicians use graspers to manipulate the tissue - has benefits for patients in terms of reduced blood loss, infection, and pain. However, physicians' informal reports indicate that this type of surgery is challenging to perform. These challenges arise from the need to view the target tissue on a monitor, resulting in reduced depth information as well as a disruption of the normal hand-eye mapping. This study represents the initial experimental effort to assess the workload demands experienced in an endoscopic surgery simulator using the NASA-Task Load Index (TLX), a well validated workload measure, and the Multiple Resource Questionnaire (MRQ), a newly developed workload scale. The TLX revealed that the workload experienced in the simulator was indeed high. Additionally, the MRQ revealed different workload profiles associated with different levels of handeye mapping disruption.

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