scholarly journals Human Design Parameters for Safety of Products and Systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 223 ◽  
pp. 01002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Iino ◽  
Masayuki Nakao
Keyword(s):  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Maintenance Phase ◽  
Axiomatic Design ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
System Safety ◽  
Systems Planning ◽  
Irregular Operations ◽  
Control Button ◽  
Human Operators

Designers spend much efforts in defining their products and systems, planning how they work during normal operation. Design assisting tools like Design Matrices in Axiomatic Design (AD) or Design Record Graphs (DRG) are available to the designer in search for ways to improve their work. Majority of accidents, however, take place during irregular operations like maintenance when interlocks are often bypassed and automatic processing are switched to manual. System safety is then in the hands of human operators. A number of past AD studies have addressed safety in products and systems, however, design parameters (DPs) have been physical parts or structures. This paper shows assignment of human actions, like, “reading the quantity display,” “making judgement,” or “pressing a control button,” as DPs in axiomatic design. Such human DPs play important roles during maintenance, nevertheless, designers often leave out safety evaluation of their designs in this maintenance mode. When a human DP fails to meet its functional requirement (FR), the product often faces failure and the system often heads into an accident. Identifying human DPs in products or systems thus alerts maintenance phase workers about actions that are critical for safety. Most accidents take place with excessive dependence on human DP of memory.

Collision analysis and safety evaluation using a collision model for the frontal robot–human impact

Robotica ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 1536-1550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung-Jun Park ◽  
Jae-Bok Song ◽  
Sami Haddadin
Keyword(s):  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Robot Arm ◽  
Collision Model ◽  
Crash Testing ◽  
Mass Spring ◽  
Head Neck ◽  
Significant Attention

SUMMARYThe safety analysis of human–robot collisions has recently drawn significant attention, as robots are increasingly used in human environments. In order to understand the potential injury a robot could cause in case of an impact, such incidents should be evaluated before designing a robot arm based on biomechanical safety criteria. In recent literature, such incidents have been investigated mostly by experimental crash-testing. However, experimental methods are expensive, and the design parameters of the robot arm are difficult to change instantly. In order to solve this issue, we propose a novel robot-human collision model consisting of a 6-degree-of-freedom mass-spring-damper system for impact analysis. Since the proposed robot-human consists of a head, neck, chest, and torso, the relative motion among these body parts can be analyzed. In this study, collision analysis of impacts to the head, neck, and chest at various collision speeds are conducted using the proposed collision model. Then, the degree of injury is estimated by using various biomechanical severity indices. The reliability of the proposed collision model is verified by comparing the obtained simulation results with experimental results from literature. Furthermore, the basic requirements for the design of safer robots are determined.

Gas-System Safety Evaluation Using a TMFS

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Baqer Al-Taweel ◽  
Robert David Currie
Keyword(s):  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
System Safety ◽  
Gas System

scholarly journals Design of a tablet holder with the help of Axiomatic Design International Conference of Axiomatic Design 2017

2018 ◽  
Vol 223 ◽  
pp. 01009
Author(s):  
Auðunn Herjólfsson ◽  
Haraldur Helgason ◽  
Sindri S. Ingvason ◽  
þráinn þórarinsson ◽  
Joseph Timothy Foley
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Axiomatic Design ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Smart Devices ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
Modern Life ◽  
Customer Needs ◽  
International Conference ◽  
Viewing Experience

With the explosion of smart devices, tablets can currently be found everywhere. From schools to kiosks to watching movies in bed, these devices are prevalent everywhere in modern life. The problem with watching movies in bed using tablets is the necessity of hand usage. The market currently holds a few products that attempt to solve this, but none truly frees the user, allowing them hands-free usage with an easy exit of the bed. In this paper, we will describe a design which, utilizing axiomatic design, will out-perform anything currently existing in the same field, by giving a stable viewing experience while fitting to nearly any bed or sofa. Axiomatic Design ensured a comprehensive design process by ensuring customer needs were transformed into carefully thought out functional requirements and design parameters while maintaining modularity.

Knowledge Base Representation for Axiomatic Design Through Ontologies

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuochen Shi ◽  
Gregory Mocko
Keyword(s):  
Axiomatic Design ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Structure Design ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Formal Ontology ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
Car Seat ◽  
Design Structure ◽  
Design Activities ◽  
Multiple Groups

Axiomatic Design has been applied and developed as a tool, offering a scientific basis for design and improving design activities. Axiomatic Design has been used in various fields such as software system design, structure design, and product design. However, several challenges and limitations exist in Axiomatic Design including: the inconsistency in identifying design parameters, existence of coupled design, and multiple groups of functional requirements and design parameters. Aimed at using Axiomatic Design to generate conceptual solutions in engineering design while overcoming its limitations, a formal ontology is developed. The ontology defines functional requirements, design parameters, concepts, components and variables and their relationships. Axioms and rules of Axiomatic Design for the ontology are summarized. The Axiomatic Design ontology is applied to the design of a car seat as an example generating several concepts, and then compared and analyzed multiple groups of the concepts with the help of Axiomatic Design rules. More design ideas can be generated by combining detailed concepts as the higher level possible solutions.

Design of a Spacer Grid Using Axiomatic Design

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. N. Song ◽  
B. S. Kang ◽  
K. H. Yoon ◽  
S. K. Choi ◽  
G. J. Park
Keyword(s):  
Cooling Water ◽  
Axiomatic Design ◽  
Axiomatic Approach ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Independence Axiom ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
Spacer Grid ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Detailed Design ◽  
Analysis And Design

Recently, much attention has been focused on the design of the fuel assemblies in the Pressurized Light Water Reactor (PLWR). The spacer grid is one of the main structural components in a fuel assembly. It supports fuel rods, guides cooling water, and maintains geometry from the external impact loads. In this research, a new shape of the spacer grid is designed by the axiomatic approach. The Independence Axiom is utilized for the design. For the conceptual design, functional requirements (FRs) are defined and corresponding design parameters (DPs) are found to satisfy FRs in sequence. Overall configuration and shapes are determined in this process. Detailed design is carried out based on the result of the axiomatic design. For the detailed design, the system performances are evaluated by using linear and nonlinear finite element analysis. The dimensions are determined by optimization. Some commercial codes are utilized for the analysis and design.

Thermal-Hydraulic Design Support and Safety Analyses of SEALER UK Demo

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Zwijsen ◽  
Heleen Uitslag-Doolaard ◽  
Ferry Roelofs ◽  
Janne Wallenius
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cycle ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Cfd Model ◽  
Pressure Drops ◽  
Design Values ◽  
Water Reactors ◽  
Passively Safe ◽  
The Uk

Abstract SEALER (SwEdish Advanced Lead Reactor) is a passively safe lead-cooled reactor designed for commercial power production, under design by the LeadCold company. The reactor is modular in design, allowing for factory production and reduction in investment risk compared with new-build of large Light Water Reactors. Furthermore, its core is designed such that it can generate power for up to 25 years without the need of on-site fuel-cycle operations. The SEALER UK model has specifically been designed to produce base-load power on the UK grid. In the design and safety evaluation process, NRG is currently providing support to LeadCold Reactors with respect to thermal-hydraulic safety analyses utilizing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) competences. The current paper gives a comprehensive description of a 3D CFD model created of SEALER UK Demo, which is a scaled-down demonstrator of SEALER UK. The geometry of the CFD model of SEALER UK Demo as well as the modelling approach and numerical settings are presented here. Assumptions were made in order to make it computationally feasible to perform simulations. These are discussed as well. Subsequently, the 3D CFD model is used to perform steady-state analyses of SEALER UK Demo operating under nominal conditions. Main parameters such as mass flow rates, temperatures and core pressure drops coming from the model match the design values well, with differences being at most a couple percent. Also, it is found that the margin to lead freezing with the current design parameters is more than 50K.

scholarly journals Incorporating Patent Analysis in Axiomatic Design for New Product Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 301 ◽  
pp. 00015
Author(s):  
Wenguang Lin ◽  
Renbin Xiao ◽  
Rongshen Lai ◽  
Xiaozhen Guo
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
New Product Development ◽  
Design Theory ◽  
Target Function ◽  
Axiomatic Design ◽  
New Product ◽  
Patent Analysis ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
Axiomatic Design Theory

Axiomatic design theory is widely used in new product development by providing design solutions through mapping between functional requirements and design parameters. However, the theory does not provide a method to help designer obtain and select design parameters. To this end, this paper introduces patent analysis to overcome the deficiency. Firstly, functional requirements are transformed into patent search terms, and design parameters are obtained from patents. Secondly, morphological matrix is used to represent the relationships between target function and multiple design parameters. Thirdly, design parameters with higher patent frequency are chose and combined into a new scheme. Finally, the scheme is evaluated by the independent axiom of Axiomatic Design theory. The methodology is demonstrated and validated with a case study of spa shower.

scholarly journals Study on the Confidence and Reliability of the Mean Seismic Probability Risk Model

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Xiao-Lei Wang ◽  
Da-Gang Lu
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Design ◽  
Confidence Level ◽  
Risk Model ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Critical Infrastructures ◽  
High Confidence ◽  
Confidence Levels ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Risk

The mean seismic probability risk model has widely been used in seismic design and safety evaluation of critical infrastructures. In this paper, the confidence levels analysis and error equations derivation of the mean seismic probability risk model are conducted. It has been found that the confidence levels and error values of the mean seismic probability risk model are changed for different sites and that the confidence levels are low and the error values are large for most sites. Meanwhile, the confidence levels of ASCE/SEI 43-05 design parameters are analyzed and the error equation of achieved performance probabilities based on ASCE/SEI 43-05 is also obtained. It is found that the confidence levels for design results obtained using ASCE/SEI 43-05 criteria are not high, which are less than 95%, while the high confidence level of the uniform risk could not be achieved using ASCE/SEI 43-05 criteria and the error values between risk model with target confidence level and mean risk model using ASCE/SEI 43-05 criteria are large for some sites. It is suggested that the seismic risk model considering high confidence levels instead of the mean seismic probability risk model should be used in the future.

scholarly journals Optimal Design of a 3-DOF Cable-Driven Upper Arm Exoskeleton

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 157096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhu-Feng Shao ◽  
Xiaoqiang Tang ◽  
Wangmin Yi
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Design ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Parallel Manipulator ◽  
Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Rehabilitation Robot ◽  
Challenging Problem ◽  
System Safety ◽  
Upper Arm ◽  
Global Force

With outstanding advantages, such as large workspace, flexibility, and lightweight and low inertia, cable-driven parallel manipulator shows great potential for application as the exoskeleton rehabilitation robot. However, the optimal design is still a challenging problem to be solved. In this paper, the optimal design of a 3-DOF (3-degree-of-freedom) cable-driven upper arm exoskeleton is accomplished considering the force exerted on the arm. After analysis of the working conditions, two promising configurations of the cable-driven upper arm exoskeleton are put forward and design parameters are simplified. Then, candidate ranges of two angle parameters are determined with the proposed main workspace requirement. Further, global force indices are defined to evaluate the force applied to the arm by the exoskeleton, in order to enhance the system safety and comfort. Finally, the optimal design of each configuration is obtained with proposed force indices. In addition, atlases and charts given in this paper well illustrate trends of workspace and force with different values of design parameters.

Dynamic Analysis of the Wind Turbine Tower

2013 ◽  
Vol 790 ◽  
pp. 651-654
Author(s):  
Chi Chen ◽  
Hong Bo Shen ◽  
Min Wang
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Analysis ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Natural Frequencies ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Model Analysis ◽  
Rotational Frequency ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
Transient Dynamic Analysis ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Wind Turbine Tower

In this thesis, the conical tower of domestic popular 1.5MW wind turbine is analyzed in dynamic by using the software ANSYS. The natural frequencies can be extracted from the model analysis results, comparing them with the impeller rotational frequency and determining whether the tower will resonate when the wind turbine under normal operation conditions. Based on the model analysis, the transient dynamic analysis is carried out by inputting the history records of seismic wave acceleration, Both these two analysis can provide the basis for the safety evaluation of the tower.

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