scholarly journals Oilseed and protein crops grown in French organic farms: an overview of cultivation practices for sunflower and soybean

OCL ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Cécile Le Gall ◽  
Vincent Lecomte ◽  
Dominique Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Organic Farms ◽  
Organic Systems ◽  
Organic Farmers ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
Conventional Systems

The development of organic agriculture in France was steady since 2010 but became stronger since 2014. Like other crops, the cultivated areas of organic soybean and sunflower doubled from 2014 to 2018. With a view to better characterize cultural practices in organic production, Terres Inovia and ITAB (in collaboration with Agence Bio) conducted in 2016 and 2017 a national farmers’ survey. These surveys reveal that sunflower was mainly cultivated over the same types of soil than in conventional production but were integrated in more diversified rotations. The main differences between organic and conventional systems concern sowing date and weed control. Organic sunflower was sown very lately compared to conventional one, which impacted the yield severely. Weed were controlled through ploughing, mechanical weeding and crop rotation and weed control was judged as satisfying by a major part of producers. Concerning soybean, a great difference is the use of irrigation which is almost systematic in conventional but concerned only 50% of cultivated area in organic production. Contrary to sunflower, soybean is integrated in short crop rotation, particularly when it was irrigated. This demonstrated the high profitability of soybean in organic systems. Like for sunflower, weed control done through ploughing, mechanical weeding, and crop rotation and weed control was also judged satisfying; nevertheless, criteria on harvest impurities are more severe and to respect them, organic farmers also use hand weeding in complement. These surveys will be reconducted over the years to be able to follow the changes of cultural practices over the years.

scholarly journals Weed Management Practices for Organic Production of Trailing Blackberry, II. Accumulation and Loss of Biomass and Nutrients

HortScience ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renee H. Harkins ◽  
Bernadine C. Strik ◽  
David R. Bryla
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
First Year ◽  
The Third ◽  
Leaf Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
The Impact

A study was conducted in western Oregon to assess the impact of cultivar and weed management strategy on accumulation and loss of plant biomass and nutrients during the first 3 years of establishment when using organic fertilizer. The study was conducted in trailing blackberry (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus Watson) planted in May 2010 and certified organic in May 2012. Treatments included two cultivars, Marion and Black Diamond, each with either no weed control after the first year after planting or with weeds managed by hand-weeding or the use of weed mat. Each treatment was amended with organically approved fertilizers at pre-plant and was drip-fertigated with fish emulsion each spring. Most primocane leaf nutrient concentrations were within the range recommended for blackberry. However, leaf nitrogen (N) was low in ‘Black Diamond’, especially when grown without weed control, whereas leaf boron (B) was low in all treatments. In many cases, leaf nutrient concentrations were affected by cultivar and weed management in both the primocanes and the floricanes. The concentration of several nutrients in the fruit differed between cultivars, including calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), B, and zinc (Zn), but only fruit Ca was affected by weed management and only in ‘Marion’. In this case, fruit Ca was higher when the cultivar was grown with weed mat than with hand-weeding or no weeding. Total biomass production of primocanes increased from an average of 0.3 t·ha−1 dry weight (DW) during the first year after planting to 2.0 t·ha−1 DW the next year. Plants were first cropped the third year after planting and gained an additional 3.3 t·ha−1 DW in total aboveground biomass (primocanes, floricanes, and fruit) by the end of the third season. Fruit DW averaged 1.4 t·ha−1 in non-weeded plots, 1.9 t·ha−1 in hand-weeded plots, and 2.3 t·ha−1 in weed mat plots. Biomass of senesced floricanes (removed after harvest) averaged 3.2 t·ha−1 DW and was similar between cultivars and among the weed management treatments. ‘Marion’ primocanes accumulated a higher content of N, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), Mg, S, iron (Fe), B, copper (Cu), and aluminum (Al) than in ‘Black Diamond’. Weeds, however, reduced nutrient accumulation in the primocanes in both cultivars, and accumulation of nutrients was greater in the floricanes than in the previous year’s primocanes. Total nutrient content declined from June to August in the floricanes, primarily through fruit removal at harvest and senescence of the floricanes after harvest. Depending on the cultivar and weed management strategy, nutrient loss from the fruit and floricanes averaged 34 to 79 kg·ha−1 of N, 5 to 12 kg·ha−1 of P, 36 to 84 kg·ha−1 of K, 23 to 61 kg·ha−1 of Ca, 5 to 15 kg·ha−1 of Mg, 2 to 5 kg·ha−1 of S, 380 to 810 g·ha−1 of Fe, 70 to 300 g·ha−1 of B, 15 to 36 g·ha−1 of Cu, 610 to 1350 g·ha−1 of manganese (Mn), 10 to 260 g·ha−1 of Zn, and 410 to 950 g·ha−1 of Al. Overall, plants generally accumulated (and lost) the most biomass and nutrients with weed mat and the least with no weed control.

scholarly journals Weed Control in a Newly Established Organic Vineyard

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 757-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercy Olmstead ◽  
Timothy W. Miller ◽  
Callie S. Bolton ◽  
Carol A. Miles
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Pinot Noir ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Hand Weeding

Consumer demand for organic and sustainably produced products has increased the interest in organic wine grape (Vitis vinifera) production. However, organic production can be challenging, and weed management is a critical issue during the establishment of an organic vineyard. In 2009, the effectiveness of five cover crop treatments and cultivation regimes was evaluated for two years for weed control in a newly established organic vineyard of ‘Pinot noir précoce’ and ‘Madeleine angevine’ grape cultivars in northwestern Washington State. Alleyway management treatments were cultivation in alleyways with hand weeding in the vine row (control), grass cover crop which included perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne ssp. perenne) and red fescue (Festuca rubra ssp. arenaria) seeded in the alleyway and in-row tillage with a specialty offset-type cultivator, winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) cover crop with in-row string-trimming, austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum ssp. sativum var. arvense) cover crop with in-row string-trimming, and winter wheat–austrian winter pea cover crop mix with in-row string-trimming. In 2009, weed dry biomass was lowest in the alleyway of the control (0.8 g·m−2) and offset cultivator treatments (6.3 g·m−2) on 3 Aug. and tended to be lowest in the alleyway of the control (4.8 g·m−2) and offset cultivator treatments (16.0 g·m−2) on 27 Sept. In the second year of establishment (2010), winter wheat and austrian winter pea were eliminated from the plots by mid-July, and white clover (Trifolium repens) and perennial ryegrass were the dominant weed species and accounted for a majority of the total weeds. On average over the two-year period, the control treatment required the most time for alleyway management (92 h·ha−1) followed by the offset cultivator treatment (64 h·ha−1), while the winter wheat, austrian winter pea, and winter wheat–austrian winter pea mixture required 32 to 42 h·ha−1. ‘Madeline angevine’ produced more shoot growth than ‘Pinot noir précoce’ in Sept. 2010 (42.3 and 25.9 cm respectively), and shoot growth of both cultivars in the control treatment was significantly longer (125.0 cm) than under any other treatment (55.4 to 93.0 cm), illustrating the importance of weed control during vineyard establishment. In this study, the most effective weed management regime, although also the most time consuming, included a vegetative-free zone around the vines (e.g., in-row) maintained by hand weeding and a cultivated alleyway.

Integration of Vinegar for In-Row Weed Control in Transplanted Bell Pepper and Broccoli

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Evans ◽  
R. R. Bellinder ◽  
R. R. Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Crop Canopy ◽  
Foliar Injury ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
Organic Farmers ◽  
Hand Weeding

Vinegar can supplement the existing intrarow weed control options of organic farmers. However, there are two primary limitations to its use in vegetable crops. First, it is costly. Second, vinegar applications that contact the crop can cause injury and yield loss. The aim of this research was to use vinegar to control intrarow weeds in bell pepper and broccoli in a way that product costs would be reduced and crop injury would be minimized. Banded applications were shielded and directed below the crop canopy to reduce weed control costs and minimize contact with crop foliage. Organic paints applied to crop stems were evaluated as potential physical barriers to crop stem injury. Four field trials were conducted in 2009, two in transplanted bell pepper and two in transplanted broccoli. A single application of 200-grain vinegar (20% acetic acid) at 700 L ha−1was applied when weeds were in the cotyledon to six-leaf stage. Applications were made to crops with the lower stems coated in one of two stem protectants, or left uncoated. Hand-weeded and weedy treatments were included for comparison. One day after vinegar application, in-row weed control was 100% in both pepper trials and greater than 96% in the broccoli trials. Two weeks after application, 75% fewer weeds germinated in the vinegar-treated areas compared with the areas that were hand weeded. Neither stem protectant prevented crop injury. Despite pepper foliar injury of less than 5%, stem injury 2 wk after application contributed to a measurable yield reduction. Broccoli injury was limited to instances where overspray contacted the crop canopy. With vinegar, high levels of weed control and the extended duration of that control relative to hand weeding could facilitate improved organic intrarow weed control. However, crop injury must be reliably reduced. Alternative stem protectants may merit evaluation.

scholarly journals Efficacy of chemical and cultural weed management practices on nutrient uptake in black gram (Phaseolus mungo)

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (AAEBSSD) ◽  
pp. 121-125
Author(s):  
Kavita D. Rajput ◽  
J. P. Bholane ◽  
A.S. Latkar ◽  
V.M. Bhale
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Black Gram ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Hand Weeding

The results of the field experiment carried out during kharif season of 2010 at agronomy department farm, Dr.P.D.K.V.,Akola revealed that N,P,K uptake by black gram (Phaseolus mungoL.) and weeds were significantly higher under weed free and weedy check treatments among all of the weed control treatments. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design replicated three times with thirteen treatments, in that chemical and cultural treatments were compared with weedy check and weed free control. Herbicide application in general and pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @1.5kg/ha in particular reduced the nutrients removal by weeds and enhanced the nutrient uptake by the crop followed by cultural practices of two hand weeding at 15 & 30 days after sowing. The pre-emergence application of pendimethalin in @ 1.5 kg/ha recorded highest nutrient uptake in grain (34.92, 6.50, 34.16 NPK kg/ha resp.) and strover (63.26, 10.60, 57.60 NPK kg/ha resp.) among all the weed control treatment except weed free treatment. The crude protein content of grain was the highest with pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 1.5 kg/ha (21.65) followed by pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg/ha (21.55).

scholarly journals INSTITUTIONAL BARRIERS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIC FARMING IN POLAND

2020 ◽  
Vol XXII (1) ◽  
pp. 213-223
Author(s):  
Władysława Łuczka
Keyword(s):  
Organic Farming ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Organic Farms ◽  
Institutional Barriers ◽  
Organic Farmers ◽  
Secondary Objective ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Certified Organic ◽  
High Standards

The purpose of this paper is to identify and describe institutional barriers to the development of organic farming in Poland. As a secondary objective, this paper seeks feedback from organic farmers on measures taken by the institutional environment to promote the development of organic farming. This paper is based on literature reviews and selected findings from empirical research carried out in 2019 with 262 organic farms. The sample used in this study was representative of the general population of certified organic farms. The survey was a CAWI. The study found that organic farming faces many barriers, with frequent amendments to regulations being of key importance. This destabilizes and adds uncertainty to the functioning of organic farms. Another significant barrier are the high standards of organic production and low levels of financial and non-financial support. To a certain extent, these barriers result from the inefficiency of institutions surrounding organic farming. As a consequence, they are considered to poorly contribute to organic farming development.

Factors influencing crop rotation strategies on organic farms with different time periods since conversion to organic production

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iman Raj Chongtham ◽  
Göran Bergkvist ◽  
Christine A. Watson ◽  
Emil Sandström ◽  
Jan Bengtsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Organic Farms ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Time Periods

Cultural Practices for Weed Resistance Management

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 643-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Nalewaja
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Cultural Control ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
Final Choice ◽  
Control Practice ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
Weed Resistance

Cultural practices, such as delayed crop seeding, tillage, black fallow, crop rotation, hand weeding, and competitive crops, when used to replace herbicides, provide an opportunity to reduce the selection pressure that causes weeds to become resistant to herbicides. Herbicides on the other hand reduce the selection pressure that causes weeds to resist cultural practices. Rotation of the two systems should then delay resistance to both systems. Growers consider many factors in addition to weed resistance in selecting herbicide or cultural weed control, from associated convenience to economic potential. Rotation of different types of weed control practices would delay resistance, compared to a continuous single practice. The extent of the delay depends upon genetics of resistance, weed reproduction characteristics, weed seed survival, and fitness of resistant weed plants. An understanding of the basic aspects of weeds and herbicides, as well as their interaction with the environment, would help in predicting the delay in resistance to an herbicide from use of cultural practices in the rotation. A grower's final choice of a weed control practice will involve available equipment, time, markets, and soil erosion in addition to potential weed resistance. Weeds that develop resistance to a control practice still allow for reversion to preresistance practices, an important component of a grower's decision. The rate of resistance development is dependent upon the removal of susceptible genes from the population and fitness of the resistant plants. Resistance might be delayed for many years or be manageable when the resistance is genetically recessive or resistant weeds are poorly fit. Growers may not want to accept alternative cultural practices as long as there is the potential for development of another herbicide or reversion to cultural control after resistance occurs.

On-Farm Assessment of Improved Crop Production Practices in Northwest Syria. I. Chickpea

1992 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Pala ◽  
A. Mazid
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Early Winter ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Net Revenue ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
On Farm

SUMMARYThirty on-farm trials were conducted in northwest Syria over a period of four seasons to examine the main effects and interaction of sowing date, sowing method, Rhizobium inoculation, phosphate application and weed control on chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Advancing the sowing date from spring or late winter to early winter resulted in substantial yield increases. The effects of Rhizobium inoculation were small and inconsistent. Chemical weed control significantly increased grain yield compared with the unweeded control treatment in winter-sown crops but was less effective than hand weeding. Phosphate application significantly increased yield in the first three seasons, the overall increase being 10%. Drilling chickpea seed gave an overall 10% increase in yield compared with the broadcast sowing commonly practised by farmers. There is no economic or environmental risk to the farmer in adopting the proposed practices either singly or in combination. However, the greatest gains in yield and net revenue are derived from a combination of early winter sowing, drilling, weeding and, where appropriate, phosphate application.

Tine Cultivation Effects on Weed Control, Productivity, and Economics of Peanut under Organic Management

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.Q. Wann ◽  
R.S. Tubbs ◽  
W.C. Johnson ◽  
A.R. Smith ◽  
N.B. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Organic Management ◽  
Net Revenue ◽  
Peanut Cultivars ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
Organically Managed

ABSTRACT Identifying effective weed control regimes for organic peanut is paramount for improving the feasibility of organic production. Tine cultivation is a proven effective method for reducing in-row weed populations in several crops. Field trials were therefore conducted in 2008 and 2009 to assess the effects of tine cultivation combined with sweep cultivation and supplemental hand-weeding on weed control and overall productivity of two peanut cultivars under organic management. Tine cultivation regimes consisted of two frequencies (once per week or twice per week) for three durations (3 wk, 4 wk, or 5 wk). All cultivation treatments were also cultivated with flat sweeps at least once and hand-weeded periodically during the growing season. A non-cultivated, non-weeded control was included for comparison. All cultivation treatments significantly reduced annual grass populations in 2008 and Florida pusley populations both years. Cultivated treatments also resulted in denser plant stands for peanut (9.2 plants/m to 13.2 plants/m) than the non-cultivated control (5.9 plants/m to 7.9 plants/m). Pod yields in cultivated treatments ranged from 3502 kg/ha to 3823 kg/ha and were all significantly greater than yields in the non-cultivated control (1630 kg/ha). Also, net revenues generated by cultivated treatments ranged from ($3333/ha to $3637/ha) and were greater than that of the control ($1795/ha). Cultivation frequency had little effect on weed control and peanut productivity. However, the 4- and 5-wk durations displayed potential for improving peanut yield, grade, and net revenue over the 3-wk duration, especially when annual grass weeds were predominant. Cultivating once weekly for 4 or 5 wk with a tine cultivator, along with at least one sweep cultivation and supplemental hand-weeding, is a viable, economical option for providing adequate weed control and maximizing productivity of organically-managed peanut at current market premiums.

scholarly journals Weed management in organic farming

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 712-718
Author(s):  
Atisha Mohapatra ◽  
Milan Mahapatra ◽  
Ujjwal Naik ◽  
Somanath Routray ◽  
Saurav Barman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Farming ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
System Level ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
Organic Farmers

The enhancing requirement for organic products seeks at resolving difficulties of organic production systems. Primary hindrance for this production system is weed management. The base of weed control in organic farming is cultivation. Organic farmers implement eco-friendly management practices against less efficiency products, uncertain weather conditions, cost, potential hazard to soil health. System level practices that include crop rotation and cover cropping mostly recognized as weed management weapons. Somehow weed control should be implemented with proper knowledge of weed biology and these operations may get less profit or even enlarged weed population. Organic farmers embrace new management systems to enhance the outcome of pre-existing practices. Invention of modern cultivation tools leads to improved efficiency, faster and better working rate shows good result in control of weeds. Eco-friendly management practiced with the support of these tools centralize on reducing weed, increasing crop-weed interference will produce reliable weed management systems for organic farming.

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