scholarly journals Weed Management Practices for Organic Production of Trailing Blackberry, II. Accumulation and Loss of Biomass and Nutrients

HortScience ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renee H. Harkins ◽  
Bernadine C. Strik ◽  
David R. Bryla
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
First Year ◽  
The Third ◽  
Leaf Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
The Impact

A study was conducted in western Oregon to assess the impact of cultivar and weed management strategy on accumulation and loss of plant biomass and nutrients during the first 3 years of establishment when using organic fertilizer. The study was conducted in trailing blackberry (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus Watson) planted in May 2010 and certified organic in May 2012. Treatments included two cultivars, Marion and Black Diamond, each with either no weed control after the first year after planting or with weeds managed by hand-weeding or the use of weed mat. Each treatment was amended with organically approved fertilizers at pre-plant and was drip-fertigated with fish emulsion each spring. Most primocane leaf nutrient concentrations were within the range recommended for blackberry. However, leaf nitrogen (N) was low in ‘Black Diamond’, especially when grown without weed control, whereas leaf boron (B) was low in all treatments. In many cases, leaf nutrient concentrations were affected by cultivar and weed management in both the primocanes and the floricanes. The concentration of several nutrients in the fruit differed between cultivars, including calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), B, and zinc (Zn), but only fruit Ca was affected by weed management and only in ‘Marion’. In this case, fruit Ca was higher when the cultivar was grown with weed mat than with hand-weeding or no weeding. Total biomass production of primocanes increased from an average of 0.3 t·ha−1 dry weight (DW) during the first year after planting to 2.0 t·ha−1 DW the next year. Plants were first cropped the third year after planting and gained an additional 3.3 t·ha−1 DW in total aboveground biomass (primocanes, floricanes, and fruit) by the end of the third season. Fruit DW averaged 1.4 t·ha−1 in non-weeded plots, 1.9 t·ha−1 in hand-weeded plots, and 2.3 t·ha−1 in weed mat plots. Biomass of senesced floricanes (removed after harvest) averaged 3.2 t·ha−1 DW and was similar between cultivars and among the weed management treatments. ‘Marion’ primocanes accumulated a higher content of N, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), Mg, S, iron (Fe), B, copper (Cu), and aluminum (Al) than in ‘Black Diamond’. Weeds, however, reduced nutrient accumulation in the primocanes in both cultivars, and accumulation of nutrients was greater in the floricanes than in the previous year’s primocanes. Total nutrient content declined from June to August in the floricanes, primarily through fruit removal at harvest and senescence of the floricanes after harvest. Depending on the cultivar and weed management strategy, nutrient loss from the fruit and floricanes averaged 34 to 79 kg·ha−1 of N, 5 to 12 kg·ha−1 of P, 36 to 84 kg·ha−1 of K, 23 to 61 kg·ha−1 of Ca, 5 to 15 kg·ha−1 of Mg, 2 to 5 kg·ha−1 of S, 380 to 810 g·ha−1 of Fe, 70 to 300 g·ha−1 of B, 15 to 36 g·ha−1 of Cu, 610 to 1350 g·ha−1 of manganese (Mn), 10 to 260 g·ha−1 of Zn, and 410 to 950 g·ha−1 of Al. Overall, plants generally accumulated (and lost) the most biomass and nutrients with weed mat and the least with no weed control.

scholarly journals Weed Management in Cranberries: A Historical Perspective and a Look to the Future

Agriculture ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilary Sandler
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Systems ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
The Impact

Integrated weed management (IWM) has been part of cranberry cultivation since its inception in the early 19th century. Proper site and cultivar selection, good drainage, rapid vine establishment, and hand weeding are as important now for successful weed management as when the industry first started. In 1940, Extension publications listed eight herbicides (e.g., petroleum-based products, inorganic salts and sulfates) for weed control. Currently, 18 herbicides representing 11 different modes of action are registered for use on cranberries. Nonchemical methods, such as hand weeding, sanding, flooding, and proper fertilization, remain integral for managing weed populations; new tactics such as flame cultivation have been added to the toolbox. Priority ratings have been developed to aid in weed management planning. Despite many efforts, biological control of weeds remains elusive on the commercial scale. Evaluation of new herbicides, unmanned aerial systems (UAS), image analysis, and precision agriculture technology; investigation of other management practices for weeds and their natural enemies; utilization of computational decision making and Big Data; and determination of the impact of climate change are research areas whose results will translate into new use recommendations for the weed control of cranberry.

scholarly journals Weed Control in a Newly Established Organic Vineyard

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 757-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercy Olmstead ◽  
Timothy W. Miller ◽  
Callie S. Bolton ◽  
Carol A. Miles
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Pinot Noir ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Hand Weeding

Consumer demand for organic and sustainably produced products has increased the interest in organic wine grape (Vitis vinifera) production. However, organic production can be challenging, and weed management is a critical issue during the establishment of an organic vineyard. In 2009, the effectiveness of five cover crop treatments and cultivation regimes was evaluated for two years for weed control in a newly established organic vineyard of ‘Pinot noir précoce’ and ‘Madeleine angevine’ grape cultivars in northwestern Washington State. Alleyway management treatments were cultivation in alleyways with hand weeding in the vine row (control), grass cover crop which included perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne ssp. perenne) and red fescue (Festuca rubra ssp. arenaria) seeded in the alleyway and in-row tillage with a specialty offset-type cultivator, winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) cover crop with in-row string-trimming, austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum ssp. sativum var. arvense) cover crop with in-row string-trimming, and winter wheat–austrian winter pea cover crop mix with in-row string-trimming. In 2009, weed dry biomass was lowest in the alleyway of the control (0.8 g·m−2) and offset cultivator treatments (6.3 g·m−2) on 3 Aug. and tended to be lowest in the alleyway of the control (4.8 g·m−2) and offset cultivator treatments (16.0 g·m−2) on 27 Sept. In the second year of establishment (2010), winter wheat and austrian winter pea were eliminated from the plots by mid-July, and white clover (Trifolium repens) and perennial ryegrass were the dominant weed species and accounted for a majority of the total weeds. On average over the two-year period, the control treatment required the most time for alleyway management (92 h·ha−1) followed by the offset cultivator treatment (64 h·ha−1), while the winter wheat, austrian winter pea, and winter wheat–austrian winter pea mixture required 32 to 42 h·ha−1. ‘Madeline angevine’ produced more shoot growth than ‘Pinot noir précoce’ in Sept. 2010 (42.3 and 25.9 cm respectively), and shoot growth of both cultivars in the control treatment was significantly longer (125.0 cm) than under any other treatment (55.4 to 93.0 cm), illustrating the importance of weed control during vineyard establishment. In this study, the most effective weed management regime, although also the most time consuming, included a vegetative-free zone around the vines (e.g., in-row) maintained by hand weeding and a cultivated alleyway.

scholarly journals Effect of Weed Management Practices on Weed Growth and Yield of Greengram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) in Southern Rajasthan

2020 ◽  
pp. 12-19
Author(s):  
Arvind Verma ◽  
Roshan Choudhary
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Green Gram ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
The Impact

A Field experiment was conducted at Agronomy instructional Farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, MPUAT, Udaipur (Rajasthan) during 2016-17 to find out the impact of new generation herbicides in green gram.  The results revealed that all growth and yield characters of blackgram were significantly affected by distinct weed control practices. A similar trend was also observed in weed parameters. Higher seed yield (13.8 qha-1) and higher weed control efficiency (88.97%) were recorded under application of acifluorfen sodium + clodinafop propargyl (370 g a.i. ha-1) at 3-4 leaf stage and which comparable with pre-emergence application of pyroxasulfone +pendimethalin (TM) 127.5+1000 g a.i/ha, imazethapyr+ quizalofop (TM) use at 70 + 60 g a.i/ha at 3-4 leaf stage, imazethapyr 70 g a.i/ha 3-4 leaf stage, imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) use at 70 g a.i/ha at 3-4 leaf stage, pendimethalin fb quizalofop 1000 + 60 at pre-emergence & 3- 4 leaf stage, imazethapyr + pendimethalin (RM) 1000 g a.i/ha as pre-emergence, propaquizfop 75 g a.i/ha at 3-4 leaf stage, weedy check and two hand weeding twice at 20 & 40 DAS. They also recorded improvement in yields and net returns by 65.22% over weedy check. These herbicide ready-mixes may be a promising weed management strategy for the green gram grown in the Southern Rajasthan.

scholarly journals ​Effect of Integrated Weed Management on Weed and Yield of Direct Seeded Rice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suryakanta Kashyap ◽  
V.P. Singh ◽  
S.K. Guru ◽  
Tej Pratap ◽  
S.P. Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
The Impact

Background: Weeds are the major threat to direct seeded rice and a single strategy of weed control may not be effective for season-long weed control. Intending to accomplish the long-term and sustainable weed management of direct seeded rice, the integration approach of weed management strategies seems a better alternative. The current field study was aimed to evaluate the impact of integration of different weed control methods on direct seeded rice under irrigated ecosystem on weed growth and rice yield. Methods: The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications and twelve treatments during 2017 at G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India. The twelve treatments included the combination of cultural, mechanical, physical and chemical weed management methods. Result: Combination of stale seedbed technique integrated with pre-emergence application of pendimethalin with mechanical weeding at 25 DAS followed by 1 hand weeding at 45 DAS, Sesbania (line sowing) fb application of pendimethalin (PE) fb 1 mechanical weeding at 25 DAS fb 1 hand weeding at 45 DAS, stale seedbed with application of pendimethalin (PE) with Sesbania brown manuring supplemented with mechanical weeding (25 DAS) fb hand weeding at 45 DAS, mulching with wheat straw mulch along with post-emergence application of penoxsulam (20 DAS) fb 1 hand weeding at 45 DAS and application of pendimethalin (PE) fb penoxsulum (PoE) at 20 DAS fb 1 hand weeding at 45 DAS with a row spacing of 25 cm found to be similar in the suppression of weed population and weed density at 40 and 60 DAS and crop yields (4.3, 4.1, 4.2, 4.0 and 4.2 t/ha, respectively) were on par with weed free plot i.e. 4.4t/ha. Application of pendimethalin (PE) fb penoxsulum (PoE) at 20 DAS fb 1 hand weeding at 45 DAS with row spacing of 25cm recorded 93.7%, 90.6% and 4.5% weed control efficiency, weed control index and weed index respectively, which was similar with above integrated weed management treatments. A negative correlation of the weed density and dry matter with the yield of rice was recorded.

scholarly journals Optimisation of Weed Control in Organic Processing Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.): Impacts of Cultivar, Seeding Rate, Plant Spacing and Integrated Weed Management Strategy

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Benny De Cauwer ◽  
Lieven Delanote ◽  
Michaël Devos ◽  
Sander De Ryck ◽  
Dirk Reheul
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
The Impact

Weed control in organic spinach for the processing market is challenging because of the low tolerance of weed contamination in the harvested produce and the limited physical weeding options. Optimisation of weed control systems is therefore urgently needed. Three field experiments with autumn spinach were carried out in organic fields to evaluate the impact of cultivar choice, seeding rate (300 and 400 seeds m−2), plant spacing management (10.5-cm-wide single rows and 21-cm-wide single or twin rows) and integrated weed management strategy (combinations of pre-sowing, pre-emergence and post-emergence tactics) on weed biomass and spinach yield and quality. Spinach cultivars with a planophile growth habit and a high growth rate were more weed suppressive than the cultivar with an erectophile growth habit and a slower growth rate. Spinach density was significantly negatively correlated with weed biomass and weed biomass fraction in the harvested produce, but significantly positively correlated with (marketable) spinach biomass and petiole fraction in the harvested produce. Narrow row spacing systems with post-emergence broadcast harrowing had the lowest weed biomass and weed biomass fraction but also the lowest (marketable) spinach biomass as a result of the thinning action of harrowing. Post-emergence harrowing is of key importance for reducing weed biomass in any integrated weed control strategy. Weediness was lowest in systems comprising flaming on false seedbed or in pre-emergence followed by post-emergence harrowing. To mitigate the risk of crop failure, the field should preferably be cropped with quickly growing spinach plants arranged in narrow spaced rows at high plant density and weeded by pre-sowing or pre-emergence flaming followed by post-emergence harrowing.

scholarly journals Weed Management, Training, and Irrigation Practices for Organic Production of Trailing Blackberry: II. Soil and Aboveground Plant Nutrient Concentrations

HortScience ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily K. Dixon ◽  
Bernadine C. Strik ◽  
David R. Bryla
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Plant Nutrient ◽  
Training Time ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Plant Nutrient Concentrations

Organic production of blackberries is increasing, but there is relatively little known about how production practices affect plant and soil nutrient status. The impact of cultivar (Black Diamond and Marion), weed management (nonweeded, hand-weeded, and weed mat), primocane training time (August and February), and irrigation (throughout the summer and none postharvest) on plant nutrient status and soil pH, organic matter, and nutrients was evaluated from Oct. 2012 to Dec. 2014 in a mature trailing blackberry (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus Watson) production system. The study site was certified organic and machine harvested for the processed market. The planting was irrigated by drip and fertigated with fish hydrolysate and fish emulsion fertilizer. Soil pH, organic matter content, and concentrations of soil nutrients, including ammonium-nitrogen (NH4-N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn), were greater under weed mat than in hand-weeded plots. Soil K and boron (B) were below recommended standards during the study, despite a high content of K in the fish fertilizer and supplemental B applications. Primocane leaf nutrient concentrations were below the N, K, Ca, and Mg sufficiency standards in ‘Black Diamond’ and were lower than in ‘Marion’ for N, phosphorus (P), Ca, Mg, S, B, and Zn in at least one year. In contrast, floricane leaves and fruit tended to have higher nutrient concentrations in ‘Black Diamond’ than in ‘Marion’. Weed management strategy affected many nutrients in the soil, leaves, and fruit. Often, use of weed mat led to the highest concentrations. Withholding irrigation postharvest had limited effects on plant nutrient concentrations. Primocane training time affected the nutrients in each plant part differently depending on year.

scholarly journals Weed Management Practices for Organic Production of Trailing Blackberry: I. Plant Growth and Early Fruit Production

HortScience ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 1139-1144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renee H. Harkins ◽  
Bernadine C. Strik ◽  
David R. Bryla
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Hand Weeding

Weed management practices were evaluated in a new field of trailing blackberry (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus Watson) established in western Oregon. The field was planted in May 2010 and certified organic in May 2012. Treatments included two cultivars, Marion and Black Diamond, grown in 1) non-weeded plots, where weeds were cut to the ground just before harvest; 2) hand-weeded plots, hoed two to three times per year; and 3) weed mat plots, covered with black landscape fabric. Each treatment was fertilized with fish emulsion and irrigated by drip. Weeds increased from 2010 through 2012 in both non-weeded and hand-weeded plots and required 38 and 90 h·ha−1 of labor to remove the weeds in the latter treatment in 2011 and 2012, respectively. Weeds in weed mat plots, in comparison, were confined primarily to the planting holes in the fabric and required only 1 h·ha−1 of labor for weed removal each year. Blackberry growth, in terms of number and dry weight of the primocanes, was similar among treatments during the first year after planting but differed with cultivar and weed management the next season. In 2011, ‘Black Diamond’ produced shorter but an average of three more primocanes per plant than ‘Marion’, whereas plants in hand-weeded and weed mat plots produced nearly twice as many primocanes as non-weeded plots. Hence, when fruit were produced on floricanes (the previous year’s primocanes) for the first time in 2012, ‘Black Diamond’ had 15% more yield than ‘Marion’, and weed control increased yield by 67% with hand-weeding and 100% with weed mat, on average. ‘Black Diamond’ and weed control also produced larger berries (measured as average individual fruit weight) with a greater water content but a lower soluble solids concentration. So far, of the three practices studied, weed mat was best suited to organic production of blackberries. The initial cost of the weed mat was far less than the cost of hand-weeding during the first 3 years after planting, and after only one season of fruit production, the yield benefit of weed mat provided enough profit to warrant its use over no weeding or hand-weeding.

scholarly journals Weed control in soybean (Glycine max L.) through resource management strategies and its influence on yield and nutrient uptake

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 539-543
Author(s):  
Aradhana Bali ◽  
B. R. Bazaya ◽  
Sandeep Rawal
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
Quizalofop Ethyl

A field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2011 at Research Farm, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Chatha, Jammu to evaluate the effect of weed management prac-tices on yield and nutrient uptake of soybean utilizing different resource management strategies. The lowest weed density and dry matter of weeds was recorded with hand weeding at 15 and 35 days after sowing (DAS) which was equally effective as imazethapyr @ 75 g ha -1 (PoE) fb hoeing at 35 DAS and quizalofop-ethyl @ 40 g ha-1 (PoE) fb hoeing at 35 DAS. All weed control treatments had significant effect on yield and nutrient up-take of soybean. Among the different weed control treatments, lowest N, P and K uptake by weeds were recorded in hand-weeding (15 and 35 DAS) which was statistically at par with imazethapyr @ 75 g ha -1 fb hoeing at 35 DAS. The maximum uptake by seed and straw were recorded in weed free which was statistically at par with twice hand weeding at 15 and 35 DAS, imazethapyr @ 75 g ha-1 fb hoeing at 35 DAS and quizalofop-ethyl @ 40 g ha-1 fb hoeing at 35 DAS. The highest seed and straw yield of soybean was harvested with hand-weeding (15 and 35 DAS) followed by imazethapyr @ 75 g ha -1 fb hoeing at 35 DAS. For the first time, soybean crop has been introduced in Jammu region for research purpose. Weed management varies with agro-climatic conditions. The study would be helpful to understand weed menace in this particular climatic condition of Jammu and to manage them combinedly and efficiently.

scholarly journals Non-Chemical Weed Management in Vegetables by Using Cover Crops: A Review

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Husrev Mennan ◽  
Khawar Jabran ◽  
Bernard H. Zandstra ◽  
Firat Pala
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Negative Effects

Vegetables are a substantial part of our lives and possess great commercial and nutritional value. Weeds not only decrease vegetable yield but also reduce their quality. Non-chemical weed control is important both for the organic production of vegetables and achieving ecologically sustainable weed management. Estimates have shown that the yield of vegetables may be decreased by 45%–95% in the case of weed–vegetable competition. Non-chemical weed control in vegetables is desired for several reasons. For example, there are greater chances of contamination of vegetables by herbicide residue compared to cereals or pulse crops. Non-chemical weed control in vegetables is also needed due to environmental pollution, the evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds and a strong desire for organic vegetable cultivation. Although there are several ways to control weeds without the use of herbicides, cover crops are an attractive choice because these have a number of additional benefits (such as soil and water conservation) along with the provision of satisfactory and sustainable weed control. Several cover crops are available that may provide excellent weed control in vegetable production systems. Cover crops such as rye, vetch, or Brassicaceae plants can suppress weeds in rotations, including vegetables crops such as tomato, cabbage, or pumpkin. Growers should also consider the negative effects of using cover crops for weed control, such as the negative allelopathic effects of some cover crop residues on the main vegetable crop.

scholarly journals The Effect of Different Weed Management Strategies on the Growth and Yield of Direct-Seeded Dry Rice (Oryza sativa)

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. MUHAMMAD ◽  
I. MUHAMMAD ◽  
A. SAJID ◽  
L. MUHAMMAD ◽  
A. MAQSHOOF ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Hand Weeding

Weed management is a primary concern in direct seeded rice (DSR) cropping because weed growth becomes a major constraint on crop yield. A two year field study was set up to evaluate the effect of various weed control measures on crop growth, grain yield and grain quality of DSR. The experiment involved five different weed control measures: hand weeding, hoeing, inter-row tine cultivation, inter-row spike hoeing and herbicide treatment (Nominee 100 SC). The extent of weed control (compared to a non-weeded control) ranged from 50-95%. The highest crop yield was obtained using hand weeding. Hand weeding, tine cultivation and herbicide treatment raised the number of fertile rice tillers formed per unit area and the thousand grain weight. Tine cultivation provided an effective and economical level of weed control in the DSR crop.

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