Efficacy of a novel topical combination of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel against Echinococcus multilocularis infections in cats

NexGard® Combo, a novel topical endectoparasiticide formulation for cats combining esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel, for the treatment of internal and external parasite infestations, including arthropods, nematodes and cestodes, was tested for efficacy against induced infections of Echinococcus multilocularis in cats, in two experimental studies. The two studies were performed in the United States with the same E. multilocularis isolate sourced locally. In each study, 20 cats were inoculated intra-gastrically with ~30,000 E. multilocularis protoscoleces three weeks before treatment, then ten cats were randomly allocated to a placebo control group or to the novel formulation treated group. Inoculated cats were treated topically once at the minimum recommended dose of the novel formulation, or with an identical volume of placebo. One week after treatment, cats were humanely euthanized for parasite recovery and count. The efficacy calculation was based on comparison of number of scoleces found in the control group and the novel formulation group. In the two control groups, E. multilocularis scoleces were found in five (range: 30–1025) and eight (range 2–345) cats, the geometric means inclusive of the ten cats per group were 8.9 and 28.8, respectively. In the two novel formulation-treated groups, none of the cats harbored any E. multilocularis scoleces, demonstrating 100% efficacy.

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Efficacy of a novel topical combination of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel against Amblyomma americanum in cats

Parasite ◽

10.1051/parasite/2021021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 25 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Joe Prullage ◽

Christine Baker ◽

Abdelmoneim Mansour ◽

Scott McCall ◽

David Young ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Experimental Studies ◽

The United States ◽

Treated Group ◽

Amblyomma Americanum ◽

Control Group ◽

Placebo Control ◽

The Novel ◽

Tick Count ◽

Placebo Control Group ◽

Preventive Efficacy

Esafoxolaner, a purified enantiomer of afoxolaner with insecticidal and acaricidal properties, is combined with eprinomectin and praziquantel in NexGard® Combo, a novel topical endectoparasiticide product for cats. The efficacy of this novel formulation was assessed in two experimental studies against induced infestations with Amblyomma americanum, a tick species of major importance, highly prevalent in a large southeastern quarter of the United States. In each study, 10 cats were randomly allocated to a placebo control group and 10 cats to a novel formulation treated group. Infested cats were treated topically once at the minimum recommended dose. Both studies were designed to test curative efficacy on existing infestation, 72 h after treatment, and to test preventive efficacy, 72 h after subsequent weekly (Study #1) or fortnightly (Study #2) infestations for one month. For each infestation, all cats were infested with 50 unfed adult A. americanum. At each tick count, in both studies, at least 8 in 10 placebo control cats were infested with 13 (26%) or more live ticks, demonstrating adequate infestation throughout the studies. Curative efficacy of the novel formulation was 99% in both studies; preventive efficacy was 92% and 100% for at least one month.

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Letter to the Editor

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.93.5.871 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 93 (5) ◽

pp. 871-871

Author(s):

Mary C. Theroux ◽

David West

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Placebo Group ◽

Multiple Comparisons ◽

Control Group ◽

Placebo Control ◽

Maximum Heart Rate ◽

Control Groups ◽

Placebo Control Group ◽

Objective Outcome ◽

Mean Heart Rate

We thank Drs Lopez and Urbansky for their comments. Their observation that the placebo group may have sufficiently biased the combined placebo/control group to account for the significant findings noted is reasonable, despite no significant differences being found between the placebo group and the control group. Analysis of variance among the three groups was carried out for the objective outcome variables. Differences in mean heart rate changes and maximum heart rate changes remained significant, and differences between study versus control groups and study versus placebo groups were both found to be significant, accounting for multiple comparisons.

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Efficacy of a novel topical combination of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel against Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes scapularis in cats

Parasite ◽

10.1051/parasite/2021019 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 23 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Joe Prullage ◽

Anthony Pfefferkorn ◽

Martin Knaus ◽

Justin Frost ◽

Elizabeth Mitchell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ixodes Ricinus ◽

Ixodes Scapularis ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Control Group ◽

Placebo Control ◽

The Novel ◽

Topical Formulation ◽

Arithmetic Means ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Robust Evidence

Esafoxolaner is a purified enantiomer of afoxolaner with insecticidal and acaricidal properties. It is combined with eprinomectin and praziquantel in a novel topical endectoparasiticide formulation for cats. The efficacy of this novel formulation was evaluated in three Ixodes ricinus and two Ixodes scapularis experimental studies, with comparable designs. In each study, cats were randomly allocated, based on a pre-treatment tick infestation and count, to a placebo control group or a group treated with the minimum recommended dose of the novel formulation. Cats were infested two days before treatment and weekly thereafter. Immediate efficacy was evaluated 48 h after treatment; persistent efficacy was evaluated 48 h after new weekly infestations for at least one month after the treatment (in one of the studies, the first two weeks of persistent efficacy against I. ricinus were not tested). Efficacy was calculated at each timepoint by comparison of arithmetic means of live ticks found in the control and the treated groups. In the three studies targeting I. ricinus, immediate and persistent efficacies ranged between 91% and 100% for five weeks. In the two studies targeting I. scapularis, immediate and persistent efficacies ranged between 95% and 100%, and 98% and 100% for one month, respectively. These studies provide robust evidence of efficacy of the novel topical formulation of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel against experimental I. ricinus and I. scapularis infestations for at least one month in cats.

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Efficacy of a novel topical combination of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel against adult cat flea Ctenocephalides felis and flea egg production in cats

Parasite ◽

10.1051/parasite/2021017 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 21 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Eric Tielemans ◽

Prescillia Buellet ◽

David Young ◽

Alta Viljoen ◽

Julian Liebenberg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Egg Production ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Ctenocephalides Felis ◽

Control Group ◽

Placebo Control ◽

Immature Stages ◽

The Novel ◽

Cat Flea ◽

Larval Hatching ◽

Adult Cat

Esafoxolaner, a purified enantiomer of afoxolaner with insecticidal and acaricidal properties, is combined with eprinomectin and praziquantel in NexGard® Combo, a novel topical endectoparasiticide formulation for cats. The efficacy of this novel formulation against adult and immature stages of Ctenocephalides felis fleas was tested in four experimental studies. Two studies were designed to test adulticide efficacy, one to test inhibition of immature stages, and one to test both adulticide efficacy and inhibition of immature stages. In each study, cats were randomly allocated to a placebo control group or to a novel formulation group treated once at the minimum recommended dose. Cats were experimentally infested weekly for one to two months with unfed C. felis originating from North America or Europe. For adulticide efficacy evaluations, live fleas were counted 24 h after treatment and after subsequent weekly infestations. For immature stages, flea eggs were collected and counted weekly for evaluation of egg production inhibition and incubated for larval hatching evaluation. In the three studies testing adult fleas, curative efficacies, 24 h after treatment, were 92.1%, 98.3% and 99.7%; preventive weekly efficacies, 24 h after weekly infestations, remained higher than 95.5% for at least one month. In the two studies testing immature stages, egg production and larval hatching was significantly reduced for at least one month. These studies provide robust evidence of efficacy of the novel formulation against experimental adult flea infestations and for the prevention of environmental contamination by immature flea stages, for at least one month.

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Efficacy of a novel topical combination of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel against Rhipicephalus sanguineus in cats

Parasite ◽

10.1051/parasite/2021020 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 24 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Eric Tielemans ◽

Anthony Pfefferkorn ◽

Alta Viljoen

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Tick Infestation ◽

Rhipicephalus Sanguineus ◽

Treated Group ◽

Recommended Dose ◽

Control Group ◽

Placebo Control ◽

Tick Count ◽

Placebo Control Group ◽

Preventive Efficacy

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Subcutaneous Injection of Nitroglycerin at the Radial Artery Puncture Site Reduces the Risk of Early Radial Artery Occlusion After Transradial Coronary Catheterization

Circulation Cardiovascular Interventions ◽

10.1161/circinterventions.118.006571 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Yequn Chen ◽

Zhiquan Ke ◽

Jiaxin Xiao ◽

Mengyue Lin ◽

Xiru Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Radial Artery ◽

Subcutaneous Injection ◽

Treated Group ◽

Artery Occlusion ◽

Control Group ◽

Placebo Control ◽

Puncture Site ◽

Coronary Catheterization ◽

Placebo Control Group ◽

Radial Artery Occlusion

Background: Transradial coronary catheterization is widely used as a diagnostic or interventional procedure for coronary disease. However, it can lead to adverse complications, such as radial artery occlusion. We sought to determine whether preprocedural injection of nitroglycerin at the radial artery puncture site reduces radial artery occlusion. Methods and Results: A total of 188 patients undergoing transradial coronary catheterization were randomized in a single-blind fashion to receive subcutaneous injection of 0.5 mL 0.1% nitroglycerin or a placebo at the radial artery puncture site. The participants underwent ultrasound examinations of the radial artery before and at 24 hours after the procedure. Of the 188 patients enrolled, 182 completed the study, as the procedure failed in 2 participants in the nitroglycerin-treated group and 4 in the placebo group. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were similar between 2 groups. Comparing the radial artery diameters before and after the operation, there was a statistically significant increase in the nitroglycerin-treated group (2.48±0.45 versus 2.45±0.46 mm; P =0.003) but a decrease in the placebo control group (2.41±0.50 versus 2.46±0.49 mm; P <0.001). Importantly, the incidence of radial arterial occlusion was substantially lower in the nitroglycerin-treated group than in the placebo control group (5.4% versus 14.4%; P =0.04). There was not significant difference in other complications (forearm hematoma and radial artery pseudoaneurysm, respectively), and there was no incidence of cause hypotension or an intolerable headache. Conclusions: Subcutaneous injection of nitroglycerin at the radial artery puncture site dilates the radial artery and reduces the incidence of early radial artery occlusion post-catheterization. Clinical Trial Registration: URL: https://www.chictr.org.cn . Unique identifier: ChiCTR-IPR-15006559.

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Tissue-specific modification of selenium concentration by acute and chronic dexamethasone administration in mice

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19970167 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 78 (3) ◽

pp. 501-508 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Chiho Watanabe ◽

Choong-Yong Kim ◽

Hiroshi Satoh

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Glutathione Peroxidase ◽

Adult Male ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Selenium Concentration ◽

Treated Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Control Groups ◽

The Difference ◽

And Control

Several clinical reports have shown changes in plasma Se concentration with corticosteroid treatments, but the results have been inconsistent. Few experimental studies have been done on this subject. In the present study the effect of dexamethasone (DEX) treatment on Se concentrations and activities of Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase (EC1.11.1.9; SeGPx) were examined in adult male ICR mice. In the first experiment, DEX was given via drinking water containing 5 or 50 mg DEX/I. At 1 or 3 weeks of DEX treatment, mice were dissected and the Se concentrations as well as SeGPx activities in various tissues, including plasma, were determined. At 1 week the DEX-treated groups had significantly lower hepatic Se concentrations and significantly higher plasma and cerebral concentrations than the control group. The DEX-treated groups showed lower SeGPx activities in the hepatic cytosol and higher SeGPx activities in the plasma than the saline (9 g NaCl/l)-treated group, in parallel with the changes in Se concentrations. At 3 weeks, neither hepatic nor plasma Se concentrations showed a significant change. In the second experiment, mice were injected subcutaneously with DEX and, thereafter, mice were food-deprived. The DEX-injected groups had higher plasma Se concentrations. A similar finding was obtained also when the DEX- or saline-injected mice were not food-deprived. Thus, the difference between the DEX-treated and control groups was possibly caused by redistribution of tissue Se. These results suggested that the effects of DEX on Se concentrations were tissue dependent and that the higher plasma Se observed in DEX-treated groups might be explained by the release of tissue Se into plasma as plasma SeGPx.

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ESTIMATING EFFECTS OF SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT ON RENAL FAILURE AND DEATH WITHOUT A PARALLEL PLACEBO CONTROL GROUP

Nephrology ◽

10.1046/j.1440-1797.2000.abs122.x ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. A97-A97

Author(s):

Hoy We ◽

Baker P ◽

Wang Z ◽

Cass A ◽

Mathews Jd ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Renal Failure ◽

Control Group ◽

Placebo Control ◽

Systematic Treatment ◽

Placebo Control Group

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Effect of an extract of Aloe vera on the biodistribution of sodium pertechnetate (Na99mTcO4) in rats

Acta Cirurgica Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0102-86502009000500008 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 24 (5) ◽

pp. 383-386 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Cecília Maria de Carvalho Xavier Holanda ◽

Monique Batista da Costa ◽

Natália Chilinque Zambão da Silva ◽

Maurício Ferreira da Silva Júnior ◽

Vanessa Santos de Arruda Barbosa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Extract ◽

Aloe Vera ◽

Treated Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Blood Levels ◽

Control Groups ◽

High Increase ◽

Tropical Plant ◽

And Control ◽

The Brain

PURPOSE: Aloe vera is a tropical plant popularly known in Brazil as babosa. We have investigated the effect of aqueous extract of Aloe vera on the biodistribution of Na99mTcO4 and laboratorial parameters in Wistar rats. METHODS: Twelve animals were divided into treated and control groups. In the treated group, Aloe vera was given by gavage (5mg/mL/day) during 10 days. The control group received sorbitol by the same way and period. One hour after the last dose, we injected 0.1mL of Na99mTcO4 by orbital plexus. After 60 min, all the animals were killed. Samples were harvested from the brain, liver, heart, muscle, pancreas, stomach, femur, kidneys, blood, testis and thyroid and the percentage of radioactivity (%ATI/g) was determined. Biochemical dosages were performed. RESULTS: There was a significant increase of %ATI/g in blood, femur, kidneys, liver, stomach, testis and thyroid and also in blood levels of AST and ALT. A significant decrease in levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine and urea occurred. The statistical analyses were performed by Mann-Whitney test and T-Student test (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The aqueous extract of Aloe vera facilitated the uptake of Na99mTcO4 in organs of rats and it was responsible to a high increase of levels of AST and ALT.

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Efficacy and Safety of Ejiao (Asini Corii Colla) in Women With Blood Deficient Symptoms: A Randomized, Double-Blind, and Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

Frontiers in Pharmacology ◽

10.3389/fphar.2021.718154 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Li Zhang ◽

Zhongju Xu ◽

Tao Jiang ◽

Jialu Zhang ◽

Pinxian Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chinese Medicine ◽

Traditional Chinese Medicine ◽

Blood Cell ◽

Control Group ◽

Placebo Control ◽

Controlled Clinical Trial ◽

Efficacy And Safety ◽

Double Blind ◽

Placebo Control Group ◽

Sf 36

Equus asinus L [Equidae; Asini Corii Colla] (donkey-hide gelatin, Ejiao), a well-known traditional Chinese medicine, has been widely used to nourish the blood, especially for women. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of Ejiao in blood-deficient patients. A total of 210 participants were recruited and randomly allocated into the placebo control group and Ejiao-treated group (6 g/day). The primary outcomes on the efficacy of Ejiao included traditional Chinese medicine symptom scores, blood indicators, and SF-36. The secondary outcomes were changes in fireness and safety evaluation. Results showed that Ejiao treatment for 8 weeks had significantly improved dizziness symptoms. Among the tested 24 blood biochemical parameters, the hematocrit and red blood cell numbers decreased in the placebo control group, but decreased significantly less in the Ejiao treatment group. The white blood cell and neutrophil counts increased in the Ejiao group but were within the normal range. In addition, the quality of life improved as the scores in SF-36 domains were significantly higher in the Ejiao group. At the same time, there was no significant change in the fire–heat symptoms score or other safety parameters. Considering all these, our study showed that Ejiao has a promising effect in women suffering from blood deficiency without obvious adverse effects.

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