scholarly journals Interrelations between neurotic syndromes and defense mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 128 ◽  
pp. 01026
Author(s):  
Elena Pilyugina ◽  
Ramil Suleymanov
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Learned Helplessness ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Current Problem ◽  
Single Feature ◽  
Behavior Strategies ◽  
Passive Aggression ◽  
Personality Features ◽  
Impostor Syndrome ◽  
Practical Recommendations

The article presents a new view on manifestations of neurotic syndromes and their relations to defense mechanisms. The authors consider interrelations between four syndromes – Marilyn syndrome, impostor syndrome, learned helplessness, vernacular Stockholm syndrome) and 20 defense mechanisms, including dissociation, replacement, hypochondria, isolation, regression, passive aggression, etc. It was shown that each of the neurotic syndromes is closely linked to defense mechanisms, which allowed formulating practical recommendations for each subject to solve their problems. Thus, uniting the two phenomena into an interrelated structure forms a diagnostic tool, enabling to use a single feature to reveal a complex of diagnostic parameters, like characteristic personality features, behavior strategies, and anamnesis of child-parent relations; this serves as the basis for predicting the person’s behavior, the available and potential resources, and the possible ways of overcoming the current problem. Using such a tool allows significantly simplifying and expediting the diagnostic and therapeutic work of a practical psychologist.

Two Candidate Approaches o Text Sequencing: An Addendum to “The Diachrony Debate: A Tutorial on Methods”

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean A. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Computational Biology ◽  
Middle English ◽  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Reliable Method ◽  
Biblical Hebrew ◽  
Quantitative Comparison ◽  
Curve Analysis ◽  
Single Feature ◽  
S Curve ◽  
Temporal Ordering

In a recent essay published in this journal, I illustrated the limitations one may encounter when sequencing texts temporally using s-curve analysis. I also introduced seriation, a more reliable method for temporal ordering much used in both archaeology and computational biology. Lacking independently ordered Biblical Hebrew (BH) data to assess the potential power of seriation in the context of diachronic studies, I used classic Middle English data originally compiled by Ellegård. In this addendum, I reintroduce and extend s-curve analysis, applying it to one rather noisy feature of Middle English. My results support Holmstedt’s assertion that s-curve analysis can be a useful diagnostic tool in diachronic studies. Upon quantitative comparison, however, the five-feature seriation results derived in my former paper are found to be seven times more accurate than the single-feature s-curve results presented here. 

scholarly journals Acute stress disorder and defense mechanisms: a study of physical trauma patients admitted to an emergency hospital

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 247-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márcia Rosane Moreira Santana ◽  
Cleonice Zatti ◽  
Mariana Lunardi Spader ◽  
Bibiana Godoi Malgarim ◽  
Emílio Salle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Acute Stress Disorder ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Physical Trauma ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Passive Aggression

Abstract Introduction: Acute stress disorder (ASD) encompasses a set of symptoms that can arise in individuals after exposure to a traumatic event. This study assessed the defense mechanisms used by victims of physical trauma who developed ASD. Method: This was a controlled cross-sectional study of 146 patients who suffered physical trauma and required hospitalization. A structured questionnaire was used to evaluate ASD symptoms based on DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, in addition to the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ). Results: Ten participants (6.85%) received a positive diagnosis of ASD, and 136, (93.15%) a negative diagnosis. The majority of the sample consisted of men with median age ranging from 33.50 to 35.50. The most prevalent defense mechanisms among the 10 patients with ASD were cancellation and devaluation, which belong to the neurotic and immature factors, respectively. Positive associations between the presence of symptoms from criterion B of the DSM-5 and defense mechanisms from the DSQ were found. These included the mechanisms of undoing, projection, passive aggression, acting out, autistic fantasy, displacement, and somatization. Conclusion: Patients with ASD employed different defense mechanisms such as undoing and devaluation when compared to patients not diagnosed with ASD. These results mark the importance of early detection of ASD symptoms at a preventative level, thereby creating new possibilities for avoiding exacerbations related to the trauma, which represents an important advance in terms of public health.

Tolerance to uncertainty among psychology students as a predictor of adaptation strategy in the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
Oksana A. Kondrashikhina
Keyword(s):  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Adaptation Strategy ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Protective Mechanisms ◽  
Training Interventions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Passive Aggression ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of the study is to identify the correlation between tolerance/intolerance to uncertainty with coping strategies and mechanisms of psychological protection of the individual in the conditions of adaptation to situations with a high degree of uncertainty associated with the coronavirus pandemic. A positive correlation was established between tolerance to uncertainty and the protective mechanisms of “humor” and “compensation”, and a negative correlation with the mechanism of “omnipotent control”. Increasing the level of tolerance to uncertainty entails: 1) increased levels of regression and withdrawal in uncertain situations; 2) reduced readiness for systematic problem solving and the emergence of an inability to separate emotions about the situation from its cognitive solution; 3) reduced ability to enter into active opposition with uncertainty, reduced ability to humor and positive reassessment of an uncertain situation. In addition, an increase in the level of interpersonal tolerance to uncertainty leads to an increase in the defense mechanisms and used coping strategies (passive aggression, dissociation, projection, displacement, substitution, distancing, etc.), which clearly indicates the perception of an uncertain situation by such students as extremely difficult, threatening, negative. Thus, tolerance to uncertainty is a significant resource for adaptive living by a person in the conditions of uncertainty of the COVID-19 pandemic. Students with a high interpersonal tolerance to uncertainty are the most vulnerable to the uncertainty associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. The practical significance of the study is in the need to form the ability to constructive activity in conditions of uncertainty, which can be implemented in the process of training interventions. Further research may be based on considering the relationship between tolerance to uncertainty and other factors of adaptation to the conditions of uncertainty caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The relevance of the study is associated with the scarcity of works on the assessment of adaptive resources of the individual in the conditions of uncertainty associated with the COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTENT OF RESILIENCE AND PROTECTIVE MECHANISMS IN PEOPLE WITH DIFFERENT KINDS OF INTERNET-BEHAVIOR

2021 ◽  
pp. 199-209
Author(s):  
Надежда Сергеевна Зубарева ◽  
Валерия Анатольевна Капустина
Keyword(s):  
Internet Addiction ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Addictive Behavior ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
Protective Mechanisms ◽  
Psychological Defense ◽  
The One ◽  
Passive Aggression ◽  
Psychological Defenses ◽  
Internet Addictive Behavior

Изучена специфика жизнеспособности и психологических защитных механизмов у молодежи с разными уровнями интернет-зависимости. Представлены актуальные взгляды на содержание понятий «жизнеспособность», «психологические защитные механизмы», «интернет-зависимость», а также результаты пилотажного эмпирического исследования, проведенного на выборке, состоящей из 51 студента Новосибирского государственного технического университета в возрасте от 19 лет до 21 года. В исследовании использованы методики «Шкала интернет-зависимости С. Чена (CIAS)» (адаптирована В. Л. Малыгиным, К. А. Феклисовым), тест «Жизнеспособность взрослого человека» А. В. Махнача, «Опросник структуры психологических защит» М. Бонда (адаптирован Е. Е. Туник). Обнаружено, что психологические защиты в целом больше выражены в группе с интернет-зависимым поведением, а жизнеспособность – в группе с минимальным риском интернет-зависимого поведения. В группе с интернет-зависимым поведением чаще используют неадаптивные психологические защиты (пассивная агрессия, поведенческое отреагирование, ипохондрия, фантазия) и адаптивную защиту – прогнозирование. Сделан вывод о том, что жизнеспособной молодежи, с одной стороны, свойственны применение защитных механизмов, ухудшающих их взаимодействие с другими людьми, полярное мышление как по отношению к себе, так и по отношению к другим людям. С другой – стремление к людям, использование юмора и творчества в сложных ситуациях. The article is devoted to the study of specificity of a resilience and psychological defense mechanisms in young people with different levels of Internet addiction. It presents modern views on the content of such concepts as “resilience”, “psychological defense mechanisms”, “Internet addiction”. Also, it includes the results of pilot study, which was conducted on a sample of 51 NSTU students, aged 19 to 21 years. The Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS), the test “Adult Resilience” by A. V. Makhnach, a questionnaire of the structure of psychological defenses M. Bond were used in the study. It was found that psychological defenses in general are more pronounced in the group with Internet-addictive behavior, and resilience is more expressed in the group with minimal risk of Internet-addictive behavior. Internet-addictive behavior, maladaptive psychological defenses such as passive aggression, behavioral response, hypochondria, fantasy, and adaptive defense – prediction are more often used. The results let authors conclude that resilient youth is characterized, on the one hand, by the use of defenses that worsen their interaction with other people, polar thinking both in relation to themselves and in relation to other people, on the other hand, and by the striving for people and the use of humor and creativity in difficult situations.

scholarly journals МЕХАНІЗМИ ПСИХОЛОГІЧНОГО ЗАХИСТУ ТА ЇХ ВЗАЄМОЗВ'ЯЗОК З ГЕНДЕРНОЮ ІДЕНТИЧНІСТЮ У ЮНАЦЬКОМУ ВІЦІ

World Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (10(38)) ◽  
pp. 33-37
Author(s):  
Кокоріна Ю. Є. ◽  
Соколова В. Г.
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Psychological Defense ◽  
Feminine Gender ◽  
Gender Differentiation ◽  
Personality Features

The article the features of the manifestations of the defense mechanisms of the psyche and their relation to gender identity in adolescence were considered. We have examined that in the manifestation of mechanisms of psychological defense there is a clear gender differentiation. It was found that the psychological defense mechanisms that are typical for men positively correlate with the defense mechanisms that are specific to feminine gender. Consequently, we can assume that men who are at socially-cultural, namely at the gender level, show more women's personality features, which appear unconsciously, as indicated by mechanisms of psychological defense, are use conditional women's strategies.

scholarly journals Construct Validity of the Attitude Diagnostic Inventory

Pedagogika ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 118 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-73
Author(s):  
Bronislovas Bitinas ◽  
Violeta Jegelevičienė
Keyword(s):  
Construct Validity ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Learned Helplessness ◽  
Academic Motivation ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Measurement Scales ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Individual Scale

The article reflects a part of the research, which aims at designing an inventory intended for the evaluation of the attitude towards learning by the students of Lithuanian comprehensive school. Since the experience of preparing this kind of diagnostic tools in Lithuania is minimal, “SMALSI” (School motivation and learning strategies inventory; compiled by K. C. Stroud, C. R. Reynolds, 2006), an inventory designed in the USA, has been referred to. The quality of the tool has been tested under the condition of the USA; however, the application of the diagnostic tool for the social and education reality of Lithuania invokes both a scientific and a practical problem as the students’ answers directly depend on their understanding of the question. Therefore, the adaptation of culture-dependent means falls under certain requirements, analogical to the requirements raised for the original diagnostic tool. The inventory has been modified with reference to the results of the analysis of content validity. It consisted of 48 statements classified into three scales. It was filed in by 648 students of 8–10th classes of nine schools. The data required for the description of construct validity were analyzed using computer software: alpha factor analysis for the verification of the hypothesis of contents mono-dimensionality; method of correlation pleiads for a detailed insight into the internal structure of each scale; relations of estimates, which students attributed to the statements, with the charts presenting the scale; weighted coefficients, which were intended for the quantitative assessment of the resolution of the initial estimates of the statements; scale reliability coefficients obtained by the method of half-splitting the mass of initial estimates; indices of statement popularity, which defied the differences in the frequency of approving and disapproving statements. The research resulted in the empirical verification of the scales intended for the measurement of students’ attitude towards learning: low academic motivation, learned helplessness and concentration / attention difficulties, which, depending on the application needs (education, management, research, etc.) can be transformed as quantitative or ordinal measurement scales while interpreting the data of each individual scale or general estimates of the attitude towards learning.

scholarly journals Defense Mechanisms in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Their Relationship with Symptom Severity and Quality of Life

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 158-165
Author(s):  
Fahimeh Saeed ◽  
Mansour Salehi ◽  
Kaveh Alavi ◽  
Hossein Ajdarkosh ◽  
Fatemeh Kashaninasab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Life Questionnaire ◽  
Acting Out ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
Passive Aggression

BACKGROUND Despite the fact that there is theoretical evidence about the association between unconscious defense mechanisms and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), experimental evidence in this regard is limited. The aim of the present study was to compare the defense mechanisms used by the patients with IBS and a control group, and to investigate the relationship between these mechanisms with the severity of the disease and patients’ quality of life. METHODS Fourty-five patients with IBS (mean age of 37.1 years; 14 males) and 45 controls (mean age of 38.0 years; 13 males) were evaluated. IBS diagnosis was determined based on Rome III criteria and the predominant pattern of the disease was determined based on the patient’s history (13 diarrheapredominant, 16 constipation-predominant, and 16 alternating IBS). Defense Style Questionnaire-40, IBS Severity Scale, and IBS-Quality of Life questionnaire were used. RESULTS The mean scores of projection, acting-out, somatization, autistic fantasy, passive-aggression, and reaction formation in the IBS group were significantly higher than the control group and the mean scores of humor and anticipation mechanisms were higher in the control group. There was no significant correlation between the score of defense mechanisms and the severity of IBS and the patients’ quality of life. CONCLUSION The severity of immature defenses in the IBS group was significantly higher, whereas the severity of mature defenses was higher in the control group. These defenses were not correlated with the severity of IBS. Considering the limited sample size, these relationships need to be more investigated.

scholarly journals Protective overcoming behavior in naval professionals with signs of occupational burnout

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-79
Author(s):  
P. A. Soshkin
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Coping Behavior ◽  
Coping With Stress ◽  
Occupational Burnout ◽  
Psychological Defense ◽  
Behavior Strategies ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Psychological Defenses ◽  
Group 1

Purpose. Evaluation of protective overcoming behavior in naval professionals with (or without) signs of occupational burnout.Materials and methods. The study enrolled 250 naval professionals aged from 25 to 45 years. Subjects were divided into two groups — without (group 1 (n=91 men)) and with (group 2 (n=159 men) signs of occupational burnout who showed strategies and models of coping behavior, psychological defense mechanisms by set of psychodiagnostic tests.Results and discussion. It was found that naval professionals without signs of occupational burnout use more constructive strategies and behavior patterns when coping with stress — active, prosocial and indirect behavior strategy and they represent significantly higher values of developed psychological defenses in comparison with individuals with signs of occupational burnout who use passive, asocial and direct behavior strategies.Conclusion. In order to prevent occupational burnout in surveyed individuals, it is advisable to conduct training in use of constructive coping and the best psychological defenses.

Death Anxiety and Coping Mechanism of Chinese Cancer Patients

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel M. Y. Ho ◽  
Wesely C. T. Shiu
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Death Anxiety ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Defense Style ◽  
Life Threatening Illness ◽  
Anxiety Levels ◽  
Chinese Cancer Patients ◽  
Passive Aggression ◽  
Very High

The present study investigated the relationship between death anxiety and defense mechanisms of Chinese cancer patients. The Chinese versions of the Bond's Defense Style Questionnaire and the Templer's Death Anxiety Questionnaire were administered to thirty cancer patients. Another thirty hand-injured patients were also chosen as control. The results showed that significantly more cancer patients had either very high or very low death anxiety levels as compared to the control group. Two immature defenses, viz. Autistic Fantasy and Passive Aggression, were more prominent among cancer patients with very high or very low death anxiety levels. These findings support the dual effect of death anxiety on patients with life-threatening illness.

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