Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Tuberculosis in an Urban Setting in Germany

Pneumologie ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (09) ◽  
pp. 516-522
Author(s):  
L.-M. Pusch ◽  
N. Funke ◽  
G. Wiesmüller ◽  
T. Kistemann ◽  
F. Neuhann
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Complementary Method ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
And Control ◽  
Incident Cases

Abstract Background Big cities in Europe have the highest incidence rates of TB in otherwise low incidence settings. Understanding of the spatio-temporal patterns of TB incidence can support efforts for TB prevention and control in line with the End-TB Strategy of the WHO in such settings for low incidence settings. Methods Data from the municipal TB register of Cologne collected between 2006 and 2015 under the infection prevention legislation were retrieved, addresses geographically identified and all notified incident TB cases retrospectively analysed for their spatial and temporal distribution in this large German city using a geographic information system. Results During the analysed period 1,038 incident cases were reported, equivalent to an incidence rate of 10.03 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. Contagious pulmonary TB contributed 57 % of all cases. Distribution patterns changed over time with decreases in 37 and increases in 22 of the 77 urban sub-districts, three of which showing constant high rates of TB incidence. Conclusion The study presents a complementary method to monitor the distribution and development of incident TB cases at a disaggregated level of urban sub-districts. Identification of areas with comparatively high incidence can support identification of clusters respectively their prevention and allow better planning for targeted local TB services.

scholarly journals Are There Regional Variations in the Diagnosis, Surveillance, and Control of Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureus?

2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 334-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hervé M. Richet ◽  
Mohamed Benbachir ◽  
Derek F. J. Brown ◽  
Helen Giamarellou ◽  
Ian Gould ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Program ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
The One ◽  
And Control

AbstractObjective:To assess the way healthcare facilities (HCFs) diagnose, survey, and control methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA).Design:Questionnaire.Setting:Ninety HCFs in 30 countries.Results:Evaluation of susceptibility testing methods showed that 8 laboratories (9%) used oxacillin disks with antimicrobial content different from the one recommended, 12 (13%) did not determine MRSA susceptibility to vancomycin, and 4 (4.5%) reported instances of isolation of vancomycin-resistantS. aureusbut neither confirmed this resistance nor alerted public health authorities. A MRSA control program was reported by 55 (61.1%) of the HCFs. The following isolation precautions were routinely used: hospitalization in a private room (34.4%), wearing of gloves (62.2%), wearing of gowns (44.4%), hand washing by healthcare workers (53.3%), use of an isolation sign on the patient's door (43%), or all four. When the characteristics of HCFs with low incidence rates (< 0.4 per 1,000 patient-days) were compared with those of HCFs with high incidence rates (P= 0.4 per 1,000 patient-days), having a higher mean number of beds per infection control nurse was the only factor significantly associated with HCFs with high incidence rates (834 vs 318 beds;P= .02).Conclusion:Our results emphasize the urgent need to strengthen the microbiologic and epidemiologic capacities of HCFs worldwide to prevent MRSA transmission and to prepare them to address the possible emergence of vancomycin-resistantS. aureus.

scholarly journals Incidence Of Diarrheal Infections In Ukraine: Epidemiological Peculiarities

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Malysh ◽  
Oksana Chemych ◽  
Roman Rodyna ◽  
Inna Chorna ◽  
Svitlana Doan
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Food Item ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Statistical Research ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
The World ◽  
Low Incidence

Abstract Background : Diarrheal infections remain relevant for many countries of the world. The processes of globalization, fundamental changes in nutrition and water consumption contributed to the fact that the significance of individual infection sources, etiological structure of diarrheal infections changed. Purpose of the study: on the background of the analytical study of the incidence of diarrheal infections in Ukraine under the current conditions, to determine the factors influencing epidemic situation. Methods: The reports of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Main Administrations of Statistics in Kharkiv, Odesa, Zaporizhia oblasts for 2011-2018 are used in the paper. Epidemiological and statistical research methods are applied. Results: The epidemic situation with diarrheal infections in Ukraine is characterized by a low incidence of typhoid fever (from 0.012 to 0.14 per 100 thousand people), shigellosis (from 1.97-6.13 per 100 thousand people), stable incidence rates without the downward trend, salmonellosis (from 17.35 till 24.1 per 100 thousand people), high incidence of diahrreal infections of specified etiology (from 115.5 to141.9 per 100 thousand people) and diahrreal infections of unspecified etiology (from 69.76 to 107.02 per 100 thousand people). The most complicated epidemic situation is observed in economically most developed regions of the country. Most diarrheal infectionsoutbreaks are connected with catering establishments 36.5 % and with children educational establishments 26.1 %. In the region with the highest shigellosis and salmonellosis incidence direct strong correlation relationships are established between the incidence and population, density, natural population movement. The oblasts with the highest diahrreal infections of specified etiology, rotaviral enteritis, diahrreal infections of unspecified etiology incidence are at least provided with water resources and have problems with provision of high-quality drinking water. There is a need to improve the system of epidemiological surveillance over diarrheal infections by extension of the indicators of microbiological study of drinking water quality in the regions of Ukraine, where high diahrreal infections of specified etiology, rotaviral enteritis, diahrreal infections of unspecified etiology incidence is registered; by increasing frequency of food item inspections in the oblasts, where mediana shigellosis and salmonellosis incidence exceeds the average one in Ukraine. Keywords: diarrheal infections, shigellosis, salmonellosis, rotaviral enteritis.

Recent research on landslide dams - a literature review with special attention to New Zealand

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Korup
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Landslide Dam ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Landslide Dams ◽  
Spatio Temporal

More than a decade has passed since the publication of the benchmark paper of Costa and Schuster (Costa, J.E. and Schuster, R.L. 1988: The formation and failure of natural dams. Geological Society of America Bulletin 100, 1054-68) on the formation and failure of natural dams. This review takes a critical look at recent trends and developments in international and New Zealand-based research on landslide dams. Temporary or permanent stream blockages by mass movements commonly occur in steep terrain, and gradually receive more attention and awareness with increasing population and land use pressure in upland regions. Different approaches in methodology and their relevance and application potential for engineering and mitigative measures are reviewed and several shortcomings outlined, with a view towards possible future research directions. A high percentage of previous work on landslide dams has been mainly descriptive in character, and has produced a multitude of documented case studies. Recent attempts to redress the balance have included the establishment of global and nationwide databases (inventories) of landslide dams, progress in predictive, quantitative and GIS-based modelling. Furthermore, interpretative approaches towards the reconstruction of former stream blockages and their spatio-temporal distribution patterns have been pursued, which may assist assessments of present and future geomorphic hazards. Both such appraisals as well as management strategies in mountainous regions in general, will have to rely on key data efficiently extracted from a plethora of case examples. Further work includes consideration of temporal and permanent landslide-triggered stream impoundments within Quaternary landscape evolution, quantification of sediment budgets and palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. Overall, there is still a considerable lack of understanding of geomorphic forms and processes involved with landslide-dam formation, stability and failure, part of which is inherent in the often ephemeral nature of stream blockages in coupled hillslope-valley systems.

Spatio-temporal distribution patterns and conservation of fish assemblages in a Chilean coastal river

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 3179-3191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelyn Habit ◽  
Mark Belk ◽  
Pedro Victoriano ◽  
Edilia Jaque
Keyword(s):  
Fish Assemblages ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Coastal River

Spatial analysis of notified dengue fever infections

2010 ◽  
Vol 139 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. HU ◽  
A. CLEMENTS ◽  
G. WILLIAMS ◽  
S. TONG
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Empirical Bayes ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Spatial Association ◽  
Spatial Clusters ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
The North ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Low Incidence

SUMMARYThis study aimed to investigate the spatial clustering and dynamic dispersion of dengue incidence in Queensland, Australia. We used Moran'sIstatistic to assess the spatial autocorrelation of reported dengue cases. Spatial empirical Bayes smoothing estimates were used to display the spatial distribution of dengue in postal areas throughout Queensland. Local indicators of spatial association (LISA) maps and logistic regression models were used to identify spatial clusters and examine the spatio-temporal patterns of the spread of dengue. The results indicate that the spatial distribution of dengue was clustered during each of the three periods of 1993–1996, 1997–2000 and 2001–2004. The high-incidence clusters of dengue were primarily concentrated in the north of Queensland and low-incidence clusters occurred in the south-east of Queensland. The study concludes that the geographical range of notified dengue cases has significantly expanded in Queensland over recent years.

scholarly journals Simulating rhizodeposition patterns around growing and exuding root systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Landl ◽  
Adrian Haupenthal ◽  
Daniel Leitner ◽  
Eva Kroener ◽  
Doris Vetterlein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Architecture ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Root Branching ◽  
Architecture Model ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Model Approach

1AbstractIn this study, we developed a novel model approach to compute the spatio-temporal distribution patterns of rhizodeposits around growing root systems in three dimensions. This model approach allows us for the first time to study the evolution of rhizodeposition patterns around complex three-dimensional root systems. Root systems were generated using the root architecture model CPlantBox. The concentration of rhizodeposits at a given location in the soil domain was computed analytically. To simulate the spread of rhizodeposits in the soil, we considered rhizodeposit release from the roots, rhizodeposit diffusion into the soil, rhizodeposit sorption to soil particles, and rhizodeposit degradation by microorganisms. To demonstrate the capabilities of our new model approach, we performed simulations for the two example rhizodeposits mucilage and cit-rate and the example root system Vicia faba. The rhizodeposition model was parameterized using values from the literature. Our simulations showed that the rhizosphere soil volume with rhizodeposit concentrations above a defined threshold value (i.e., the rhizodeposit hotspot volume), exhibited a maximum at intermediate root growth rates. Root branching allowed the rhizospheres of individual roots to overlap, resulting in a greater volume of rhizodeposit hotspots. This was particularly important in the case of citrate, where overlap of rhizodeposition zones accounted for more than half of the total rhizodeposit hotspot volumes. Coupling a root architecture model with a rhizodeposition model allowed us to get a better understanding of the influence of root architecture as well as rhizodeposit properties on the evolution of the spatio-temporal distribution patterns of rhizodeposits around growing root systems.

scholarly journals Spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of cysticercosis from 2000 to 2014 in Dali, Yunnan province, China.

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huanzhang Li ◽  
Xinzhong Zang ◽  
Xiaokang Hu ◽  
Eniola Michael Abe ◽  
Menbao Qian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Yunnan Province ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Distribution Characteristics ◽  
Hotspot Analysis ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
And Control

Cysticercosis remains a public health problem in China, with disease prevalence attributed to poor socio-economic and public health conditions. This parasitic food-borne disease was prioritized for effective control following implementation of the national surveys on parasitic diseases carried out in China. We predicted the cysticercosis distribution in Dali, Yunnan Province by assessing spatio-temporal distribution characteristics between 2000 and 2014 to better understand the trend of the disease incidence. A database of cysticercosis cases was provided by the clinical department at the Dali Prefectural Institute of Research and Control of Schistosomiasis. Describing the epidemiological features of cysticercosis and analyzing its spatiotemporal distribution of cases using mapping, scanning and spatial autocorrelation analysis, our findings found a total of 3,347 patients with cysticercosis infection, neurocysticercosis in particular. Cysticercosis prevalence was the highest among young and middle-aged male farmers, and also predominant among the Bai nationality. Three aggregation areas were identified during the period 2000-2014. Hotspot analysis implicated Dali City, Eryuan County and Yangbi County between 2000 and 2007, with areas gradually shifting towards the western and northern parts of the province. The hotspot map indicated that Eryuan County was a constant problem with respect to cysticercosis. The results indicated three cysticercosis clusters in Dali that could be attributed to environmental factors and unhealthy lifestyles. Multi-sectoral control initiatives are, therefore, recommended in these areas to effectively control and prevent cysticercosis among the population.

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