Carga interna y externa en el tenis de competición: comparación de tres tipos de entrenamiento (Internal and external load in competitive tennis: comparison of three types of training)

El objetivo principal de esta investigación es cuantificar la carga externa y la carga interna en tres tipos de entrenamiento (cubos con la mano, cubos con raqueta y peloteos) más utilizados en el ámbito del tenis de competición y compararlos entre sí. Participaron 6 jugadores de tenis (cuatro jugadores masculinos y 2 jugadoras) con una media de edad de 16.67 (± 2.73) años. Para cuantificar las cargas, se han utilizado pulsómetros POLAR +M400 para recoger los datos relacionados con la frecuencia cardíaca, distancia recorrida, velocidad media y máxima, y sensores ZEPP TENNIS, con los que se han recogido los datos relativos a tipo de golpe, número de golpeos y velocidad de raqueta en cada uno de los golpes realizados. Además, para registrar la percepción subjetiva de esfuerzo, en cada tarea realizada y al final de cada entrenamiento, se ha utilizado la Escala de Borg CR-10 (Borg, 1982). Se realizaron 9 sesiones de entrenamiento por parejas: tres para el entrenamiento del drive, tres para el entrenamiento del revés y tres para el entrenamiento del drive y el revés de forma conjunta, una para cada tipo de entrenamiento. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el entrenamiento de cubos con la mano tiene mayor carga interna en cuanto a número de golpeos y velocidad media de raqueta, siendo el entrenamiento de peloteos el que mayor carga externa refleja en relación a velocidades y distancias recorridas. Abstract. The main objective of this research is to quantify the external load and the internal load in three types of training (buckets with the hand, buckets with racket and rallies) most used in the field of tennis and compare them to each other. Six tennis players participated (four male and two female players) with an average age of 16.67 (± 2.73) years. To quantify the loads, POLAR +M400 heart rate monitors were used to collect the data related to heart rate, distance covered, average and maximum speed, and ZEPP TENNIS sensors were used to collect the data related to type of stroke, number of strokes and racket speed for each of the strokes made. In addition, the Borg CR-10 Scale (Borg, 1982) has been used to record the rate of perceived exertion, in each task performed and at the end of each training session. Nine training sessions were carried out in pairs: three for drive training, three for backhand training and three for drive and backhand training together, one for each type of training. The results obtained show that bucket training with the hand has a greater internal load in terms of the number of strokes and average racket speed, with racket training having the greatest external load in relation to speed and distance travelled.

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The Relationship Between Intensity Indicators in Small-Sided Soccer Games

Journal of Human Kinetics ◽

10.1515/hukin-2015-0040 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 119-128 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

David Casamichana ◽

Julen Castellano

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

External Load ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Internal Load ◽

Heart Rate Monitors ◽

The Mean ◽

Gps Devices ◽

The Individual ◽

The Relationship ◽

Mean Heart Rate

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between different kinds of intensity indicators in small-sided soccer games. This descriptive correlational study included 14 semi-professional male soccer players (21.3 ± 2.3 years, 174 ± 4.0 cm, 73.4 ± 5.1 kg) from the same team. The players were monitored by means of heart rate monitors and GPS devices during 27 small-sided games of nine different formats, yielding a total of 217 recordings. After each game the Borg scale was used to give a rate of perceived exertion (RPE). The internal load indicators were the mean heart rate relative to the individual maximum (%HRmean) and the RPE, while those for the external load were the player load, total distance covered, distance covered in two intensity ranges (>18 km·h-1 and >21 km·h-1), and frequency of effort (in the same two intensity ranges). There was a significant moderate correlation (r=0.506) between the two internal load measurements (%HRmean and RPE). Although there were significant correlations of different degrees between various external load measurements, only the player load was significantly correlated with the internal load indicators (r=0.331 with %HRmean and r=0.218 with RPE). During training programes of this kind, it is necessary to consider a range of intensity indicators so as to obtain complementary information. This will enable coaches to more accurately assess the load imposed on players and therefore optimize the training process.

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The Relationships between Internal and External Load Measures for Division I College Football Practice

Sports ◽

10.3390/sports8120165 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 165

Author(s):

Eric J. Sobolewski

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

External Load ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

American Football ◽

Division I ◽

Football Players ◽

Internal Load ◽

Total Distance ◽

Meaningful Relationships ◽

Training Impulse

The aim of this study is to explore the relationships between internal and external load measures in American football. Thirty football players wore a portable integrated monitor unit for 10 weeks during the fall football season. Relationships between internal and external load measurements were determined. Internal load consisted of heart rate zones and heart rate-derived measures and session Ratings of Perceived Exertion (sRPE). External load consisted of distance in different speed zones, total distance traveled, and accelerations. There were many significant positive relationships, but the meaningful relationships (r > 0.5) were between heart rate-derived measures of load (Training Impulse and heart rate reserve) and low-intensity movement and total distance. Only accelerations between 1 and 1.99 m·s−2 were moderately correlated to heart rate-derived internal load. RPE values alone did not correlate strong enough with any of the measure but sRPE training load (sRPE-TL) correlated to most external values. Overall, moderate correlations were present between heart rate-derived internal load to total distance and lower intensity movement. sRPE-TL values had high correlations but were highly dependent on duration, not perceived exertion. When addressing load in American football, duration of the session is a key component in determining internal load as HR data and sRPE alone do not correlate highly with external loads.

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Psychobiological Changes during National Futsal Team Training Camps and Their Relationship with Training Load

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17061843 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (6) ◽

pp. 1843

Author(s):

Filipe Manuel Clemente ◽

Ana Filipa Silva ◽

Hugo Sarmento ◽

Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo ◽

Yi-Wen Chiu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Muscle Soreness ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Well Being ◽

Training Load ◽

Maximum Speed ◽

Internal Load ◽

Delayed Onset ◽

Total Distance ◽

Dependent Relationship

The aim of this study was two-fold: (1) to analyze the within-week variations of heart rate, session-rated of perceived exertion (sRPE), total distance, distance in 8.0–11.99 km/h−1, recovery distance in 12.0–17.99 km/h−1, distance in >18.0 km/h−1, maximum speed, number of sprints, heart rate variability, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and fatigue during training camps of a national futsal team; and (2) to analyze the relationships between load and the well-being. Twenty-eight men from the Chinese Taipei U−20 national futsal team were analyzed. Comparisons of training days revealed that the total distance was significantly smaller on day 1 (d = −1.22) and day 6 (d = −1.95) than on day 3. The sRPE values were significantly lower on day 1 than days 4 (d = −1.53), 5 (d = −2.07), and 6 (d = −2.59). The relationships between training load and recovery parameters revealed moderate correlations between the DOMS and the sRPE recorded one (r = −0.321) and two days before training (r = −0.289). It is possible conclude that first day imposed a smaller external load and internal load, and that the internal load had a greater dependent relationship with reported DOMS and fatigue during the training camps.

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Shorter Small-Sided Game Sets May Increase the Intensity of Internal and External Load Measures: A Study in Amateur Soccer Players

Sports ◽

10.3390/sports7050107 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. 107

Author(s):

Filipe Manuel Clemente ◽

Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis ◽

Thomas Rosemann ◽

Beat Knechtle

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

External Load ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

The Other ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Internal Load ◽

Other Hand

The purpose of this study was to compare internal and external load measures during two regimens (6 x 3’ and 3 x 6’) of a 5 vs. 5 format of play. Moreover, within-regimen changes (between sets) were also tested. Ten amateur soccer players (age: 19.8 ± 1.6 years; experience: 8.3 ± 2.1 years; height: 177.4 ± 3.8 cm; weight: 71.7 ± 4.2 kg) participated in the experiment. Internal load was measured using the CR-10 scale as the rated of perceived exertion (RPE) scale and a heart rate (HR) monitor. The measurements of total (TD), running (RD) and sprinting (SD) distances were also collected using a 10-Hz validated and reliable GPS. Comparisons between regimens revealed that the 3 x 6’ regimen was significantly more intense in terms of RPE than the 6 x 3’ regimen (p = 0.028; d = 0.351), although no significant differences were found in HR. Significantly greater averages of TD (p = 0.000; d = 0.871) and RD (p = 0.004; d = 0.491) were found in the 6 x 3’ regimen. In both regimens, the RPE was significantly lower during the first set than in the remaining sets. On the other hand, the TD was significantly shorter in the last sets than in the earlier. In summary, the present study suggests that shorter sets may be beneficial for maintaining higher internal and external load intensities during 5 vs. 5 formats, and that a drop-in performance may occur throughout the sets in both regimens.

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Integrating External and Internal Load for Monitoring Fitness and Fatigue Status in Standard Microcycles in Elite Rink Hockey

Frontiers in Physiology ◽

10.3389/fphys.2021.698463 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Daniel Fernández ◽

David Moya ◽

Joan A. Cadefau ◽

Gerard Carmona

Keyword(s):

External Load ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Training Session ◽

Integrated System ◽

Integrative Approach ◽

Internal Load ◽

Staff Members ◽

Pooled Data ◽

Local Positioning System ◽

Load Peak

The aims of this study were 3-fold: firstly, to present an integrative approach to external and internal load dynamics for monitoring fitness and fatigue status of specific in-court rink hockey training sessions in a standard microcycle; secondly, to assess the differences between training sessions and matches; the third and final aim was to assess the association between external and internal load metrics. The external load, using a local positioning system, and internal load, using the declared rate of perceived exertion, were measured during 23 in-season microcycles for nine top-level players. Training load data were analysed with regard to the number of days before or after a match [match day (MD) minus or plus]. In relation to the first aim, internal and external load metrics merged into a single integrated system using pooled data z-scores provided an invisible monitoring tool that places the players in the fitness-fatigue continuum throughout the different microcycle sessions. In this regard, MD-4 and MD-1 sessions tend to place, with a low dispersion, the players in a “low external and internal load” zone. On the contrary, in MD-3 and MD-2 sessions, as well as in MD, in which higher loads were recorded, most of the players were within a “high external and internal load” zone with a tendency towards dispersion towards the fitness or fatigue zones. Finally, and with regard to the second and third aims, an inverted “U-shape” load dynamic related to the specific goals of each training session was the main finding in terms of comparison between MD; a load peak between MD-3 and MD-2 sessions and a significant decrease in all the load variables in MD-1 sessions were found; and high-to-low correlations were found between external and internal load metrics. This study presents an integrative approach to the external and internal load of players for monitoring fitness and fatigue status during a standard microcycle in rink hockey that might provide team sport staff members with a deeper understanding of load distribution in the microcycle in relation to the match.

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Data Reduction Approaches to Athlete Monitoring in Professional Australian Football

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2020-0083 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 59-65 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Samuel Ryan ◽

Thomas Kempton ◽

Aaron J. Coutts

Keyword(s):

Data Reduction ◽

External Load ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Distinct Element ◽

Maximum Velocity ◽

Maximum Speed ◽

Cycle Duration ◽

Internal Load ◽

Athlete Monitoring ◽

Australian Football

Purpose: To apply data reduction methods to athlete-monitoring measures to address the issue of data overload for practitioners of professional Australian football teams. Methods: Data were collected from 45 professional Australian footballers from 1 club during the 2018 Australian Football League season. External load was measured in training and matches by 10-Hz OptimEye S5 and ClearSky T6 GPS units. Internal load was measured via the session rate of perceived exertion method. Perceptual wellness was measured via questionnaires completed before training sessions with players providing a rating (1–5 Likert scale) of muscle soreness, sleep quality, fatigue, stress, and motivation. Percentage of maximum speed was calculated relative to individual maximum velocity recorded during preseason testing. Derivative external training load measures (total daily, weekly, and monthly) were calculated. Principal-component analyses (PCAs) were conducted for Daily and Chronic measures, and components were identified via scree plot inspection (eigenvalue > 1). Components underwent orthogonal rotation with a factor loading redundancy threshold of 0.70. Results: The Daily PCA identified components representing external load, perceived wellness, and internal load. The Chronic PCA identified components representing 28-d speed exposure, 28-d external load, 7-d external load, and 28-d internal load. Perceived soreness did not meet the redundancy threshold. Conclusions: Monitoring player exposure to maximum speed is more appropriate over chronic than short time frames to capture variations in between-matches training-cycle duration. Perceived soreness represents a distinct element of a player’s perception of wellness. Summed-variable and single-variable approaches are novel methods of data reduction following PCA of athlete monitoring data.

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Validity, Reliability, and Application of the Session-RPE Method for Quantifying Training Loads during High Intensity Functional Training

Sports ◽

10.3390/sports6030084 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 84 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Derek Crawford ◽

Nicholas Drake ◽

Michael Carper ◽

Justin DeBlauw ◽

Katie Heinrich

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

High Intensity ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Training Session ◽

Future Research ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

External Work ◽

Functional Training ◽

Rate Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Match Rate

The session rate of perceived exertion method (sRPE) has often been utilized in sports activities in which quantification of external training loads is challenging. The multi-modal, constantly varied nature of high intensity functional training (HIFT) represents a significant hurdle to calculate external work and the sRPE method may provide an elegant solution to this problem. However, no studies have investigated the psychometric properties of sRPE within HIFT interventions. Twenty-five healthy men and women participated in six weeks of HIFT. Rate of perceived exertion and heart rate were assessed within every training session throughout the duration of the intervention. Compared to criterion heart rate-based measures, we observed sRPE method is a valid tool across individual, group, and sex levels. However, poor reliability in participants’ abilities to correctly match rate of perceived exertion with the relative level of physiologic effort (i.e., percentile of maximum heart rate) currently limits the utility of this strategy within HIFT. When applied, the validity and reliability of the sRPE seem to improve over time, and future research should continue to explore the potential of this monitoring strategy within HIFT interventions.

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Usefulness of Linear Mixed-Effects Models to Assess the Relationship between Objective and Subjective Internal Load in Team Sports

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18020392 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 392

Author(s):

Alice Iannaccone ◽

Daniele Conte ◽

Cristina Cortis ◽

Andrea Fusco

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Mixed Model ◽

Linear Mixed Model ◽

Team Sports ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Subjective Measures ◽

Internal Load ◽

Random Slopes ◽

The Relationship

Internal load can be objectively measured by heart rate-based models, such as Edwards’ summated heart rate zones, or subjectively by session rating of perceived exertion. The relationship between internal loads assessed via heart rate-based models and session rating of perceived exertion is usually studied through simple correlations, although the Linear Mixed Model could represent a more appropriate statistical procedure to deal with intrasubject variability. This study aimed to compare conventional correlations and the Linear Mixed Model to assess the relationships between objective and subjective measures of internal load in team sports. Thirteen male youth beach handball players (15.9 ± 0.3 years) were monitored (14 training sessions; 7 official matches). Correlation coefficients were used to correlate the objective and subjective internal load. The Linear Mixed Model was used to model the relationship between objective and subjective measures of internal load data by considering each player individual response as random effect. Random intercepts were used and then random slopes were added. The likelihood-ratio test was used to compare statistical models. The correlation coefficient for the overall relationship between the objective and subjective internal data was very large (r = 0.74; ρ = 0.78). The Linear Mixed Model using both random slopes and random intercepts better explained (p < 0.001) the relationship between internal load measures. Researchers are encouraged to apply the Linear Mixed Models rather than correlation to analyze internal load relationships in team sports since it allows for the consideration of the individuality of players.

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Effects of Congested Fixture on Men’s Volleyball Load Demands: Interactions with Sets Played

Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology ◽

10.3390/jfmk6020053 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 53

Author(s):

Ricardo Lima ◽

Henrique de Oliveira Castro ◽

José Afonso ◽

Gustavo De Conti Teixeira Costa ◽

Sérgio Matos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass ◽

Research Design ◽

External Load ◽

Significant Interaction ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Jump Height ◽

Internal Load ◽

Mixed Anova ◽

Notational Analysis ◽

Competitive Games

The purpose of this study was to compare the external load, internal load, and technical efficacy between the first and the second matches (M1 and M2) occurring in congested fixtures (two matches in two days) using the number of sets as a moderating factor. An observational analytic research design was adopted. Data from official volleyball matches were collected during the first competitive period of the championship, comprising 14 competitive games within 10 weeks. Ten male elite volleyball athletes (age: 21.7 ± 4.19 years of age; experience: 6.2 ± 3.8 years; body mass: 85.7 ± 8.69 kg; height: 192.4 ± 6.25 cm; BMI: 23.1 ± 1.40 kg/m2) participated in this study. Players were monitored for external load (number of jumps and height of jumps) and internal load (using the rate of perceived exertion—RPE). Additionally, notational analysis collected information about attack efficacy and receptions made during matches. The mixed ANOVA revealed no significant interaction between time (M1 vs. M2) and number of sets for number of jumps per minute (p = 0.235; ηp2 = 0.114), mean jump height (p = 0.076; ηp2 = 0.193), RPE (p = 0.261; ηp2 = 0.106), attack efficacy (p = 0.346; ηp2 = 0.085), Positive reception (p = 0.980; ηp2 = 0.002) and Perfect reception (p = 0.762; ηp2 = 0.022). In conclusion, congested fixtures do not seem to affect the performance of volleyball players negatively.

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Energetics and Mechanics of Steep Treadmill Versus Overground Pole Walking: A Pilot Study

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2021-0252 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

Nicola Giovanelli ◽

Lara Mari ◽

Asia Patini ◽

Stefano Lazzer

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Oxygen Uptake ◽

Vertical Velocity ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Blood Lactate Concentration ◽

Average Intensity ◽

Rate Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Spatiotemporal Parameters ◽

Pole Walking

Purpose: To compare energetics and spatiotemporal parameters of steep uphill pole walking on a treadmill and overground. Methods: First, the authors evaluated 6 male trail runners during an incremental graded test on a treadmill. Then, they performed a maximal overground test with poles and an overground test at 80% (OG80) of vertical velocity of maximal overground test with poles on an uphill mountain path (length = 1.3 km, elevation gain = 433 m). Finally, they covered the same elevation gain using poles on a customized treadmill at the average vertical velocity of the OG80. During all the tests, the authors measured oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production, heart rate, blood lactate concentration, and rate of perceived exertion. Results: Treadmills required lower metabolic power (15.3 [1.9] vs 16.6 [2.0] W/kg, P = .002) and vertical cost of transport (49.6 [2.7] vs 53.7 [2.1] J/kg·m, P < .001) compared with OG80. Also, oxygen uptake was lower on a treadmill (41.7 [5.0] vs 46.2 [5.0] mL/kg·min, P = .001). Conversely, respiratory quotient was higher on TR80 compared with OG80 (0.98 [0.02] vs 0.89 [0.04], P = .032). In addition, rate of perceived exertion was higher on a treadmill and increased with elevation (P < .001). The authors did not detect any differences in other physiological measurements or in spatiotemporal parameters. Conclusions: Researchers, coaches, and athletes should be aware that steep treadmill pole walking requires lower energy consumption but same heart rate and rate of perceived exertion than overground pole walking at the same average intensity.

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