Imaging of Atypical Brain Infections and Infection Mimics in Children

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (05) ◽  
pp. 228-240
Author(s):  
Jad Chokr ◽  
Unni Udayasankar ◽  
Gagandeep Choudhary
Keyword(s):  
Adult Population ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Patient Treatment ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Diagnostic Challenge ◽  
Pediatric Age Group ◽  
Characteristic Imaging ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Pediatric Brain

AbstractAtypical brain infections in the pediatric age group are uncommon and different from the adult population; however, when present, they pose a diagnostic challenge and can result in serious and potentially fatal complications if not recognized and treated early in the course of the disease. Imaging plays a vital role because of relative inaccessibility to tissue sampling. This review article regroups the atypical pediatric brain infections (parasitic, fungal, viral, and bacterial) by age group (prenatal, perinatal, and post-neonatal period) and elucidates their characteristic imaging appearance, as well as focuses on their complications, in an aim to help clinicians (pediatricians/pediatric neuroradiologists/radiologists) better characterize, diagnose, and guide patient treatment. In addition, this review article also emphasizes on infection mimics of the central nervous system in order to empower our differential diagnosis, improve our diagnostic accuracy, and avoid unindicated patient management and treatment.

scholarly journals Current treatment of post-tonsillectomy pain: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 1708
Author(s):  
Santosh Kumar Swain
Keyword(s):  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Hospital Staff ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Throat Pain ◽  
Pediatric Age Group ◽  
Post Operative Pain ◽  
Active Research ◽  
Pain Analgesics

<p class="abstract">Tonsillectomy is one of the most common surgical procedures performed by an otorhinolaryngologist. This surgery is done more in the pediatric age group. Although tonsillectomy is safe and effective surgery, it is usually associated with significant post-operative pain. Analgesics used for post-tonsillectomy pain is often inadequate. Severe throat pain following tonsillectomy has been documented for decades. Patients or parents/caretakers often worry about such severe pain in the home. The pain following tonsillectomy is usually intense and long-lasting. The severe post-tonsillectomy pain often overstrains the patient, family, and hospital staff. Regular changes in the analgesic armamentarium, particularly in pediatric patients are making the treatment of post-tonsillectomy pain more challenging. Pain following the tonsillectomy period continues to be a highly debated issue and an area of active research. Throat pain in the post-tonsillectomy period can result in significant morbidity among patients. There are different analgesics available; each one has its risk profile and side effects when used for controlling post-tonsillectomy pain. This review article discusses on recent management of post-tonsillectomy pain. This article reviews the epidemiology, pathophysiology, impact of post-tonsillectomy pain, and details of medications used for controlling post-tonsillectomy pain.</p>

scholarly journals Fahr’s syndrome in adolescence: a case report

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karla Costa ◽  
Jamson Nunes Junior ◽  
Guilherme Giunzioni ◽  
Maria de Fatima Rizzo ◽  
Gabriela Paladini
Keyword(s):  
Autosomal Dominant ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Pediatric Age ◽  
Fahr’S Disease ◽  
Pediatric Age Group ◽  
Incurable Disease ◽  
Fahr's Disease ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Irreversible Evolution

We present here a case of Fahr’s disease in the pediatric age group. Fahr’s disease is a neurological, degenerative and rare disease, especially in this age group. It differs from Fahrs syndrome, which is associated with infectious pathologies, such as human immunodeficiency virus infection and metabolic causes, such as hypoparathyroidism. In contrast, Fahr’s disease has an idiopathic or familial cause and is related to neuropsychic symptoms. However, the differentiation of these terms is still poorly established in the literature. It has an unknown prevalence and affects individuals of both sexes in any age group, and individuals from the 4th decade are more likely to develop it. It has polygenic etiology being autosomal dominant, characterized by abnormal deposits of minerals, including mainly calcium and phosphate in the basal ganglia. It presents extra-pyramidal, psychiatric and epileptic manifestations. It is an incurable disease with progressive and irreversible evolution. Due to the involvement of the central nervous system, the prognosis is reserved and eventually fatal. The patient in question was MF, 15-years-old, male, with severe holocranial headache and convulsive crisis with findings of calcifications in the base ganglia bilaterally tomography of the skull.

scholarly journals Post-tonsillectomy pain management in pediatric patients-a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1637
Author(s):  
Santosh Kumar Swain
Keyword(s):  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Hospital Staff ◽  
Risk Profile ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Pediatric Age ◽  
Clinical Issue ◽  
Pediatric Age Group ◽  
Post Operative Pain ◽  
Active Research

Tonsillectomy is a common surgical procedure performed in the pediatric age group. Although tonsillectomy is a safe surgery, it is associated with significant post-operative pain. Analgesia after tonsillectomy is often inadequate. Severe post-tonsillectomy throat pain has been described for more than a decade. Parents often worry for handling the pain of their children in home. Post-tonsillectomy pain is often considered as a long lasting and intense in nature. Post-tonsillectomy pain in children is an important problem which overstrains the patient, family and hospital staff. Post-tonsillectomy pain in children is an important problem which overstrains the patient, family and hospital staff. Regulatory alteration in the analgesic armamentarium, particularly in pediatric patients are making the treatment of post-tonsillectomy pain more difficult. Post-tonsillectomy pain in pediatric patients continues to be highly debated clinical issue and also an area of active research. Post-tonsillectomy pain can result in significant morbidity among pediatric patients. There are several analgesics available; each one has its own risk profile and unique side effects when used in pediatric age group in post-tonsillectomy period. This review article provides an update on recent management of post-tonsillectomy pain in pediatric patients. This article reviews the epidemiology, pathophysiology, impact of post-tonsillectomy pain in children and details of medications used for controlling post-tonsillectomy pain. 

B. MUCOSUS CAPSULATUS (FRIEDLÄNDER) MENINGITIS; RECOVERY OF A THREE-WEEK-OLD INFANT TREATED WITH SULFADIAZINE AND STREPTOMYCIN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
W. A. DANIEL
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Male Infant ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Pediatric Age ◽  
Disease Entity ◽  
Pediatric Age Group ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Physical Findings

B. mucosus capsulatus (Friendländer) meningitis has been a disease entity for approximately 60 years. It occurs chiefly in very young or aged males. The diagnosis in the pediatric age group is especially difficult because of the paucity of symptoms and physical findings referable to the central nervous system or of any primary source of infection. meningitis differs from other types in that the spinal fluid becomes almost gelatinous unless treatment is quickly employed. Less than 50 cases of B. mucosus capsulatus meningitis have been reported, and only five of these have recovered. With the use of streptomycin and sulfadiazine, the mortality rate may be greatly reduced if the cases are diagnosed and treated early in the course of the illness. A case of B. mucosus capsulatus meningitis occurring in a three-week-old male infant who recovered has been presented.

scholarly journals Acute Psychosis in a Child with Severe Dengue

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-275
Author(s):  
Ruchika Bhatnagar ◽  
Premlochan Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Recovery Phase ◽  
Severe Dengue ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Acute Psychosis ◽  
Pediatric Age Group

Dengue fever is emerging as an important cause of acute febrile illness with neuropsychiatric symptoms in adult population especially in endemic areas. Numerous case reports and review articles have already been published in past emphasizing on neurological manifestations in dengue but sufficient data on psychiatric symptoms in pediatric age group is still lacking. Acute psychosis in recovery phase of severe dengue is an uncommon phenomenon, thus rarely reported.

Cavernous Malformations of the Central Nervous System in the Pediatric Age Group

2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Acciarri ◽  
Ercole Galassi ◽  
Marco Giulioni ◽  
Eugenio Pozzati ◽  
Vincenzo Grasso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Pediatric Age ◽  
Cavernous Malformations ◽  
Pediatric Age Group ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals GRANULOMATOSIS WITH POLYANGEITIS: A DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGE IN THE PEDIATRIC AGE GROUP

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANNELYSE DE ARAÚJO PEREIRA ◽  
ALINE MARIA DE OLIVEIRA ROCHA ◽  
JADE DIB FERNANDEZ ◽  
LIANA SOIDO TEIXEIRA SILVA ◽  
MARIA CRISTINA ANDRADE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Group ◽  
Pediatric Age ◽  
Diagnostic Challenge ◽  
Pediatric Age Group

scholarly journals The Epidemiology of Primary Central Nervous System Tumors at the National Neurologic Institute in Saudi Arabia: A Ten-Year Single-Institution Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amna Almutrafi ◽  
Yara Bashawry ◽  
Wafaa AlShakweer ◽  
Musa Al-Harbi ◽  
Abdullah Altwairgi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Cns Tumors ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Pediatric Age ◽  
Pediatric Age Group ◽  
Tumor Entity ◽  
Single Tumor

Objectives. This study is aimed at describing the epidemiological trends of primary CNS tumors in children and adults at the National Neurologic Institute in Saudi Arabia. Methods. A retrospective epidemiological approach was used where data was obtained from the department of pathology registry files and pathology reports. The records of all patients registered from January 2005 to December 2014 with a diagnosis of primary CNS tumor (brain and spinal cord) were selected. Data about sex, age, tumor location, and histologic type were collected. The classification was based on the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, 3rd Edition (ICD-O-3). Results. Nine hundred and ninety-two (992) cases of primary CNS tumors throughout the ten years (2005 to 2014) were reviewed. There were 714 (71.97%) adults and 278 (28.02%) in the pediatric age group. Nonmalignant tumors dominated the adult population (60.08%) while malignant tumors were more frequent in the pediatric population. Gliomas constituted the most common neoplastic category in children and adults. The most common single tumor entity was meningioma (26.99%, ICD-O-3 histology codes 9530/0, 9539/1, and 9530/3). Medulloblastomas (ICD-O-3 histology codes 9470, 9471, and 9474) were the most common single tumor entity in the pediatric age group (26.62%). Conclusions. This is an institution-based, detailed, and descriptive epidemiological study of patients with primary CNS tumors in Saudi Arabia. In contrast to other regional and international studies, the medulloblastomas in our institution are more frequent than pilocytic astrocytomas. Limitations to our study included the referral bias and histology-based methodology.

scholarly journals Morphological Spectrum of Ovarian Teratomas: A 6 Years Experience at a Specialized Diagnostic Institute

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Fatima Khalid
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Teratoma ◽  
Ovarian Teratoma ◽  
Significant Finding ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Diagnostic Challenge ◽  
Radiological Features ◽  
Pediatric Age Group ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
Gross Examination ◽  
Ovarian Teratomas

Introduction: Ovarian teratomas include mature cystic teratoma (MCT), immature teratoma (IT) and monodermal teratoma (MoT). Malignant transformation (MT) can occur in MCT and MoT, which remains a diagnostic challenge. Aims & Objectives: To discuss the morphological spectrum of ovarian teratomas reported during the last six years at our specialized diagnostic institute and determine the frequency of MT in MCT and MoT. Place and duration of study: The study was carried out at Chughtai Institute of Pathology from January 2015 to December 2020. Material & Methods: A retrospective study was performed by retrieving 1018 cases of ovarian teratomas reported in last 6 years. SPSS version 20 was used for data analysis. Results: MCT was most frequent ovarian teratoma with frequency of 95.6% (n=973), 2.26% (n=23) being IT and 2.16% (n=22) being MoT. IT were mostly seen in pediatric age group. MT in benign MCT was seen in 0.72% of MCT (n=7). Squamous cell carcinoma was most frequent malignancy 71.4% (n=5). One case of MoT also showed MT into papillary thyroid carcinoma, classic type, with frequency of MT in Mot being 4.76% (n=1). All MT in MCT had age >30 years which was a significant finding (p <0.001). Conclusion: Ovarian masses in postmenopausal patients with suspicious radiological features, irrespective of lesional size warrant a thorough gross examination, extensive sampling and a careful microscopic evaluation.

Rosai-Dorfman Disease of the Talus in a Child: A Case Report

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erhan Okay ◽  
Yavuz Yıldız ◽  
Tarık Sarı ◽  
Ayse Nur Toksoz Yildirim ◽  
Korhan Ozkan
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Demineralized Bone Matrix ◽  
Bone Matrix ◽  
Gait Pattern ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Pediatric Age ◽  
Diagnostic Challenge ◽  
Pediatric Age Group ◽  
Rosai Dorfman Disease ◽  
Radiological Healing

Background Primary Rosai-Dorfman disease of bone is a rare disorder. Radiologic and clinical evaluation is insufficient in differentiating malignancy from these lesions. Methods We present a talar lesion in a 17-month-old boy who presented with deterioration in gait pattern, limping, pain, and swelling of the left ankle of 4-months' duration. Curettage and demineralized bone matrix grafting were performed. Results At 1 year after surgery, complete clinical and radiological healing was obtained. Conclusions Primary RDD of bone may present a diagnostic challenge. The condition must be included in the differential diagnosis of lytic or lucent lesions of the skeleton. Curettage and grafting provide satisfactory outcomes in talar RDD lesion in the pediatric age group.

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