Continuous Estimation of CO2 Production during Exercise

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (04/05) ◽  
pp. 368-371
Author(s):  
R. Soma ◽  
Y. Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Infusion Rate ◽  
Feedback System ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Cycle Exercise ◽  
Continuous Estimation ◽  
Breath Measurement ◽  
13Co2 Enrichment

Abstract.A new method was developed for continuous isotopic estimation of human whole body CO2 rate of appearance (Ra) during non-steady state exercise. The technique consisted of a breath-by-breath measurement of 13CO2 enrichment (E) and a real-time fuzzy logic feedback system which controlled NaH13CO3 infusion rate to achieve an isotopic steady state. Ra was estimated from the isotope infusion rate and body 13CO2 enrichment which was equal to E at the isotopic steady state. During a non-steady state incremental cycle exercise (5 w/min or 10 w/min), NaH13CO3 infusion rate was successfully increased by the action of feedback controller so as to keep E constant.

Measurement of leucine metabolism in man from a primed, continuous infusion of L-[1-3C]leucine

1980 ◽  
Vol 238 (5) ◽  
pp. E473-E479 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Matthews ◽  
K. J. Motil ◽  
D. K. Rohrbaugh ◽  
J. F. Burke ◽  
V. R. Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Continuous Infusion ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Priming Dose ◽  
Leucine Metabolism ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
13Co2 Enrichment

Leucine metabolism in vivo can be determined from a primed, continuous infusion of L-[1-13C]leucine by measuring, at isotopic steady state, plasm [-13C]leucine enrichment, expired 13CO2 enrichment, and CO2 production rate. With an appropriate priming dose of L-[1-13C]leucine and NaH13CO3, isotopic steady state is reached in less than 2 h, and the infusion is completed in 4 h. The method can determine rates of leucine turnover, oxidation, and incorporation into protein with typical relative uncertainties of 2, 10, and 4%, respectively. The method requires no more than 1 ml of blood and uses stable isotope rather than radioisotope techniques. Thus, the method is applicable to studies of human beings of all ages. L-[1-13C]leucine may be infused with a second amino acid labeled with 15N for simultaneous determination of the kinetics of two amino acids.

Nitrogen sparing by 2-ketoisocaproate in parenterally fed rats

1990 ◽  
Vol 259 (5) ◽  
pp. E633-E638 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Yagi ◽  
D. E. Matthews ◽  
M. Walser
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Parenteral Nutrition ◽  
Total Parenteral Nutrition ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Leucine Incorporation ◽  
Total Rate ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
14Co2 Production ◽  
13Co2 Enrichment

In rats receiving total parenteral nutrition with or without sodium 2-ketoisocaproate (KIC; 2.48 g.kg-1.day-1), L-[1-13C]leucine and [1–14C]KIC were constantly infused for 6 h. CO2 production, 14CO2 production, 13CO2 enrichment, urinary urea nitrogen (N) plus ammonia N and total urinary N were measured. Whole body protein synthesis (S) was calculated in non-KIC-infused rats and also in unfed rats infused with [1–14C]leucine from fractional oxidation of labeled leucine (1-F), where F is fractional utilization for protein synthesis, and urea N plus ammonia N excretion (C) as S = C x F/(1-F). Addition of KIC caused a significant reduction in N excretion and a significant improvement in N balance. Fractional oxidation of labeled KIC increased, whereas fractional utilization of labeled KIC for protein synthesis decreased, but the extent of incorporation of infused KIC into newly synthesized protein (as leucine) amounted to at least 40% of the total rate of leucine incorporation into newly synthesized whole body protein. We conclude that addition of KIC spares N in parenterally fed rats and becomes a major source of leucine for protein synthesis.

STABILISASI TEGANGAN KELUARAN BUCK CONVERTER DENGAN METODE FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER

JURNAL ELTEK ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Oktriza Melfazen
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Rise Time ◽  
Fuzzy Logic Controller ◽  
Buck Converter ◽  
Settling Time

Buck converter idealnya mempunyai keluaran yang stabil, pemanfaatandaya rendah, mudah untuk diatur, antarmuka yang mudah dengan pirantiyang lain, ketahanan yang lebih tinggi terhadap perubahan kondisi alam.Beberapa teknik dikembangkan untuk memenuhi parameter buckconverter. Solusi paling logis untuk digunakan pada sistem ini adalahmetode kontrol digital.Penelitian ini menelaah uji performansi terhadap stabilitas tegangankeluaran buck converter yang dikontrol dengan Logika Fuzzy metodeMamdani. Rangkaian sistem terdiri dari sumber tegangan DC variable,sensor tegangan dan Buck Converter dengan beban resistif sebagaimasukan, mikrokontroler ATMega 8535 sebagai subsistem kontroldengan metode logika fuzzy dan LCD sebagai penampil keluaran.Dengan fungsi keanggotaan error, delta error dan keanggotaan keluaranmasing-masing sebanyak 5 bagian serta metode defuzzifikasi center ofgrafity (COG), didapat hasil rerata error 0,29% pada variable masukan18V–20V dan setpoint keluaran 15V, rise time (tr) = 0,14s ; settling time(ts) = 3,4s ; maximum over shoot (%OS) = 2,6 dan error steady state(ess) = 0,3.

Cyclic Breathing Simulations in Large Scale Models of the Lung Airway From the Oronasal Opening to the Terminal Bronchioles

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Keith Walters ◽  
Greg W. Burgreen ◽  
Robert L. Hester ◽  
David S. Thompson ◽  
David M. Lavallee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Cfd Simulations ◽  
Reduced Order ◽  
Scale Models ◽  
Steady State Simulation ◽  
Conducting Zone

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed for unsteady periodic breathing conditions, using large-scale models of the human lung airway. The computational domain included fully coupled representations of the orotracheal region and large conducting zone up to generation four (G4) obtained from patient-specific CT data, and the small conducting zone (to G16) obtained from a stochastically generated airway tree with statistically realistic geometrical characteristics. A reduced-order geometry was used, in which several airway branches in each generation were truncated, and only select flow paths were retained to G16. The inlet and outlet flow boundaries corresponded to the oronasal opening (superior), the inlet/outlet planes in terminal bronchioles (distal), and the unresolved airway boundaries arising from the truncation procedure (intermediate). The cyclic flow was specified according to the predicted ventilation patterns for a healthy adult male at three different activity levels, supplied by the whole-body modeling software HumMod. The CFD simulations were performed using Ansys FLUENT. The mass flow distribution at the distal boundaries was prescribed using a previously documented methodology, in which the percentage of the total flow for each boundary was first determined from a steady-state simulation with an applied flow rate equal to the average during the inhalation phase of the breathing cycle. The distal pressure boundary conditions for the steady-state simulation were set using a stochastic coupling procedure to ensure physiologically realistic flow conditions. The results show that: 1) physiologically realistic flow is obtained in the model, in terms of cyclic mass conservation and approximately uniform pressure distribution in the distal airways; 2) the predicted alveolar pressure is in good agreement with previously documented values; and 3) the use of reduced-order geometry modeling allows accurate and efficient simulation of large-scale breathing lung flow, provided care is taken to use a physiologically realistic geometry and to properly address the unsteady boundary conditions.

Application of a Fuzzy Logic Controller for Speed Control on a Small-Scale Turbojet Engine

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serdar Üşenmez ◽  
Sinan Ekinci ◽  
Oğuz Uzol ◽  
İlkay Yavrucuk
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Transient Response ◽  
Fuzzy Logic Controller ◽  
Electronic Control Unit ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Fuel Pump ◽  
Fuel Flow ◽  
Turbojet Engine

Having a small-scale turbojet engine operate at a desired speed with minimum steady state error, while maintaining good transient response is crucial in many applications, such as UAVs, and requires precise control of the fuel flow. In this paper, first the mathematical model of a Small-Scale Turbojet Engine (SSTE) is obtained using system identification tests, and then based on this model, a classical PI controller is designed. Afterwards, to improve on the transient response and steady state performance of this classical controller, a Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) is designed. The design process for the FLC employs logical deduction based on knowledge of the engine behavior and iterative tuning in the light of software- and hardware-in-the-loop simulations. The classical and fuzzy logic controllers are both implemented on an in-house, embedded Electronic Control Unit (ECU) running in real time. This ECU is an integrated device carrying a microcontroller based board, a fuel pump, fuel line valves, speed sensor and exhaust gas temperature sensor inputs, and starter motor and glow plug driver outputs. It mainly functions by receiving a speed reference value via its serial communication interface. Based on this reference, a voltage is calculated and applied to the fuel pump in order to regulate the fuel flow into the engine, thereby bringing the engine speed to the desired value. Pre-defined procedures for starting and stopping the engine are also automatically performed by the ECU. Further, it connects to a computer running an in-house comprehensive Graphical User Interface (GUI) software for operating, monitoring, configuration and diagnostics purposes. The designed controllers are used to drive a generic SSTE. Reference inputs consisting of step, ramp and chirp profiles are applied to the controllers. The engine response using both controllers are recorded and inspected. The results show that the FLC exhibits a comparable performance to the classical controller, with possible opportunities to improve this performance.

scholarly journals Evaluasi Performa Fuzzy Logic Controller untuk mengatur kecepatan Motor DC Penguatan Terpisah

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-110
Author(s):  
Muhammad Aditya Ardiansyah ◽  
Renny Rakhmawati ◽  
Hendik Eko Hadi Suharyanto ◽  
Era Purwanto
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Fuzzy Logic Controller ◽  
Dc Motor ◽  
Boost Converter ◽  
Voltage Source ◽  
Single Output ◽  
Multiple Input ◽  
State Error

Beragamnya metode yang ditawarkan oleh fuzzy logic kontroller membuat sebagaian orang meneliti mengenai perbedaan metode inferensi yang digunakan oleh fuzzy logic controller. Sejauh ini terdapat tiga metode fuzzy logic kontroller yang telah dikembangkan yaitu Mamdani, Sugono dan Sukamoto. Pada jurnal ini penggunaan fuzzy logic kontroller akan dievaluasi dengan menggunakan motor dc penguat terpisah sebagai beban untuk melakukan pengaturan kecepatan motor dc. Pada paper ini tujuan utamanya adalah dapat mengendalikan kecepatan dari motor DC Penguatan Terpisah dengan mengatur tegangan jangkar dari motor tersebut. DC motor merupakan salah satu jenis motor memiliki banyak aplikasi dan memiliki kemudahan untuk mengatur kecepatan pada motor tersebut. Logika fuzzy yang digunakan pada studi ini adalah inferensi sugeno dimana dengan konfigurasi Multiple Input Single Output (MiSo). Dimana input berupa error dan perubahan error dan output berupa duty cycle dikarenakan yang dikendalikan oleh logika fuzzy adalah Boost Converter selaku controlled voltage source. Target pada jurnal ini adalah dari kecilnya nilai steady – state error dan minimnya osilasi sehingga mampu membuat sistem lebih stabil. Pada studi ini, Hasil pengujian dilakukan dengan menggunakan Simulink by Matlab dengan Hasil pengujian berupa error rata rata sebesar 5.36%.

scholarly journals Rancang Bangun Farming Box Dengan Pengaturan Suhu Menggunakan Fuzzy Logic Controller

ELKHA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Riza Agung Firmansyah ◽  
Dani Junianto
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Temperature Control ◽  
Fuzzy Logic Controller ◽  
Pulse Width Modulation ◽  
Data Feedback ◽  
Shipping Containers ◽  
Fan Speed ◽  
State Error

Implementation of control systems has been carried out in many fields of science. One of it applications is in the agriculture fields. In this research we implemented a control system on farming in a box. Farming in a box is a system that uses old shipping containers for the purpose of growing plants in any environment. Inside shipping containers is fully assembled hydroponic pipe with air temperature control. In this research was built a little farming box from acryclic to imitate a shipping container. Main focus of this research is design an air temperature control using fuzzy logic controller. Fuzzy logic controller was choosen because many existing farming box use on off controller. In some application, fuzzy logic controller has better performance than on off controller. Farming box temperature is controlled by blowing cool air using an electric fan. In this case, cool air is produced by cold side of peltier. Electric fan speed is controlled by pulse width modulation signal (PWM) that generated from microcontroller. Air temperature data feedback is obtained from DHT 11 sensor that installed in a acrylic box. Sensor is physically connected with microcontroller and Fuzzy logic controller is embedded in microcontroller as an algorithm. Fuzzy logic controller was design with error temperature and error difference as an input, and duty cycle of PWM signal as output. Fuzzy logic controller system performs to reduce the temperature from 31,6 ° C to set poin 28° C in 71 seconds. Steady state error obtained by 1.28% and better than uncontrolled system that obtain steady state error 7,14%.

Ventilatory and blood acid-base adjustments to a decrease in body temperature from 30 to 10YC in black racer snakes Coluber constrictor

1996 ◽  
Vol 199 (4) ◽  
pp. 815-823
Author(s):  
J Stinner ◽  
M Grguric ◽  
S Beaty
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Bicarbonate Concentration ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Slow Increase ◽  
Coluber Constrictor ◽  
Steady State Levels ◽  
Time Required

There is increasing evidence that many amphibian and reptilian species use relatively slow ion-exchange mechanisms in addition to ventilation to adjust pH as body temperature changes. Large changes in blood bicarbonate concentration with changes in temperature have previously been reported for the snake Coluber constrictor. The purpose of the present study was to determine the ventilatory and pH adjustments associated with the increase in CO2 stores when the snakes are cooled. Body temperature was lowered from 30 to 10 °C within 4 h, at which time measurements of inspired minute ventilation (V.air), O2 consumption (VO2) and CO2 production (V.CO2) were started and continued for 56 h. The decrease in temperature produced a transient fall in the respiratory exchange ratio (V.CO2/VO2) to 0.2-0.3 and a steady-state value of 0.65±0.14 (mean ± s.d., N=7) was not achieved until about 35 h. There were concomitant transient reductions in V.air and V.air/V.O2. However, V.air/V.CO2 initially increased, with a corresponding reduction in arterial PCO2 (PaCO2) and increase in arterial pH. By 35 h, V.air/V.CO2 had decreased and PaCO2 had increased to steady-state levels, but pH decreased very little because of a gradual increase in bicarbonate concentration. We conclude that the drop in temperature imposed a metabolic acidosis for approximately 35 h because of the time required to increase bicarbonate concentration, and that the acidosis was compensated for by an elevated V.air/V.CO2. Steady-state breathing and acid-base status were not achieved until the relatively slow increase in CO2 stores had been completed.

Ventilatory control during exercise with peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation: hypoxia vs. domperidone

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 2438-2446 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Schaefer ◽  
G. S. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Dopamine D2 Receptor ◽  
D2 Receptor ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Peripheral Chemoreceptor ◽  
Arterial Pco2 ◽  
Ventilatory Responses ◽  
Response To Exercise ◽  
Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Made In

Hypoxia potentiates the ventilatory response to exercise, eliciting a greater decrease in arterial PCO2 (PaCO2) from rest to exercise than in normoxia. The mechanism of this hypoxia-exercise interaction requires intact carotid chemoreceptors. To determine whether carotid chemoreceptor stimulation alone is sufficient to elicit the mechanism without whole body hypoxia, ventilatory responses to treadmill exercise were compared in goats during hyperoxic control conditions, moderate hypoxia (PaO2 = 38-44 Torr), and peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation with the peripheral dopamine D2-receptor antagonist, domperidone (Dom; 0.5 mg/kg iv). Measurements with Dom were made in both hyperoxia (Dom) and hypoxia (Dom/hypoxia). Finally, ventilatory responses to inspired CO2 at rest were compared in each experimental condition because enhanced CO2 chemoreception might be expected to blunt the PaCO2 decrease during exercise. At rest, PaCO2 decreased from control with Dom (-5.0 +/- 0.9 Torr), hypoxia (-4.1 +/- 0.5 Torr), and Dom/hypoxia (-11.1 +/- 1.2 Torr). The PaCO2 decrease from rest to exercise was not significantly different between control (-1.7 +/- 0.6 Torr) and Dom (-1.4 +/- 0.8 Torr) but was significantly greater in hypoxia (-4.3 +/- 0.7 Torr) and Dom/hypoxia (-3.5 +/- 0.9 Torr). The slope of the ventilation vs. CO2 production relationship in exercise increased with Dom (16%), hypoxia (18%), and Dom/hypoxia (68%). Ventilatory responses to inspired CO2 at rest increased from control to Dom (236%) and Dom/hypoxia (295%) and increased in four of five goats in hypoxia (mean 317%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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