A cross-national comparative study of orphan drug policies in the United States, the European Union, and Japan: Towards a made-in-China orphan drug policy

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bao-cheng Liu ◽  
Lin He ◽  
Guang He ◽  
Yun He
2021 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 715-721

In July, the United States, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the European Union (EU), and other allies attributed a variety of malicious cyber activities, including the Microsoft Exchange hack, to China. This joint attribution builds on commitments made in June summits with NATO, the G7, the EU, and the United Kingdom, and is consistent with the Biden administration's multilateral approach to confronting cybersecurity threats and China more generally. Still, critics question whether the administration's efforts will succeed in altering the behavior of states that pose cybersecurity threats to the United States.


2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-23
Author(s):  
Len Kageler

The subject of burn-out has received a great deal of popular and academic attention, as the issue is a common problem and experience in both the United States and European Union context. This paper, after a representative literature review, presents and analyzes findings about burnout among youth workers. In Fall 2006 a survey on youth ministry burn out was conducted by the author in the United States, with an N of 155. The identical survey was conducted in 2008 among youth workers in the European Union, with an eventual N of 98. This research will be of interest not only to youth ministry practitioners, but those who teach youth workers as well.


Author(s):  
Lisa Heinzerling

This article discusses three strands of environmental law scholarship. First, the nearly simultaneous passage of the major environmental laws meant that legislators often had no time to react to the experience under one law before enacting another; thus several mistakes were made in the early environmental laws, and many of these mistakes were repeated from one statute to the next. A large strand of legal scholarship on the environment has taken critical aim at these early mistakes. To this day, environmental law scholars focus much of their attention on issues of statutory design. Secondly, environmental law came of age during a period of great flux in the relationships between the legislature, the executive, and the courts. Finally, environmental law has come of age during a period in which opinions about ‘vertical’ institutional design — what in the United States comes under the umbrella of ‘federalism’ and what in the European Union comes under the umbrella of ‘subsidiarity’ — have changed quite substantially.


2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. A124
Author(s):  
R.D. Almutairi ◽  
A.A. Alghamdi ◽  
D.F. Felemban ◽  
E. Seoane-Vazquez ◽  
R. Rodriguez-Monguio ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 2492-2500
Author(s):  
Sadiq Basha G ◽  
Srinivasan R

Orphan medicines are pharmaceutical drugs or vaccines supposed to deal with, preventing or diagnose of a rare disease (viz., ailment, Huntington's disease, syndrome, etc.). The meaning of rare sicknesses varies throughout some jurisdictions, however, generally contemplates the ailment of occurrence, severity, and life of alternate healing options. An uncommon ailment isn't worldwide and depends on the rules and guidelines officially adopted and approved via each region or U.S.A. The Orphan Drug Act, 1983 (ODA) has been recognized and adopted in numerous nations, international (United States of America (USA) and European Union (EU).) in the preceding 35 years, and has effectively advanced R and D ventures to widen new pharmaceuticals for the remedy of rare sickness. The rate of occurrences of such diseases were outpaced at an extra pace than the speed with which medicines are researched and developed to treat rare diseases. One of the main reasons is that the pharmaceutical industry is not interested in researching the enhancement of orphan medicines since they no longer have a significant large market. Despite the multiple incentives provided by the orphan drug act, this is the current reality. However, in this article, we've tried to concentrate on the current regulatory framework, current concepts of rare disease, regulatory challenges for rare disease drug development, and orphan drug approval in the United States & the European Union.


2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 97--115
Author(s):  
Sylwia Pangsy-Kania

From “Made in China” to “Created in China” – China’s way to innovation supremacy China is not only a country of cheap production (“Made in China”). China is becoming more and more innovative, as evidenced by its growing position in the annual Global Innovation Index (GII) ranking. Over the past decade, China has become an emerging superpower while the economic position of the United States and the European Union has weakened. The purpose of this article is to answer the question of whether the US innovation supremacy becoming the past. The role of China is growing as a result of departing from “Made in China” and illegally obtained technological solutions in favor of innovation and technologically advanced production “Created in China.” Huawei is one of the most innovative companies in the world. The analysis is carried out in the context of the significance of the Thucydides trap in the technological war between the United States and China and the location of changes in the innovativeness of both countries in the aspect of the Kondratiev cycle. Additionally, China may come out stronger from the pandemic that has changed the whole world.


Author(s):  
Attarid Awadh Abdulhameed

Ukrainia Remains of huge importance to Russian Strategy because of its Strategic importance. For being a privileged Postion in new Eurasia, without its existence there would be no logical resons for eastward Expansion by European Powers.  As well as in Connection with the progress of Ukrainian is no less important for the USA (VSD, NDI, CIA, or pentagon) and the European Union with all organs, and this is announced by John Kerry. There has always ben Russian Fear and Fear of any move by NATO or USA in the area that it poses a threat to  Russians national Security and its independent role and in funence  on its forces especially the Navy Forces. There for, the Crisis manyement was not Zero sum game, there are gains and offset losses, but Russia does not accept this and want a Zero Sun game because the USA. And European exteance is a Foot hold in Regin Which Russian sees as a threat to its national security and want to monopolize control in the strategic Qirim.


2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-79
Author(s):  
Nargiza Sodikova ◽  
◽  
◽  

Important aspects of French foreign policy and national interests in the modern time,France's position in international security and the specifics of foreign affairs with the United States and the European Union are revealed in this article


2016 ◽  
pp. 26-46
Author(s):  
Marcin Jan Flotyński

The global financial crisis in 2007–2009 began a period of high volatility on the financial markets. Specifically, it caused an increased amplitude of fluctuations of the level of gross domestic products, the level of investment and consumption and exchange rates in particular countries. To address the adverse market circumstances, governments and central banks took actions in order to bolster the weakening global economy. The aim of this article is to present the anti-crisis actions in the United States and selected member states of the European Union, including Poland, and an assessment of their efficiency. The analysis conducted indicates that generally the actions taken in the United States in response to the crisis were faster and more adequate to the existing circumstances than in the European Union.


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