Community context and perceived risk: perceptions of active shooter risk in Pennsylvania

AbstractLock-in is defined as the tendency to continue with an inefficient decision or project proposal. The front-end phase is critical to project success, yet most studies have focused on lock-in in the implementation phase. Moreover, little is known about the way in which decision-makers perceive the risk of lock-in. In this paper we identify determinants of lock-in in the front-end phase and we reveal decision-makers’ perceptions of risk of lock-in. Our findings show that risk attitudes towards lock-in vary with the level of risk aversion. However, this is not sufficiently acute to drive the level of regret needed to avoid lock-in. This implies that decision-makers do not accurately assess the risk of lock-in and as such their risk perceptions are a mediating factor in the formation of lock-in. Based on escalation of commitment, path dependency, and prospect theory, the main contribution lies in providing a more comprehensive understanding of lock-in in the front-end phase.

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How beliefs about weight malleability and risk perceptions for obesity influence parents’ information seeking and feeding

Journal of Health Psychology ◽

10.1177/13591053211061412 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 135910532110614

Author(s):

Charlotte J Hagerman ◽

Rebecca A Ferrer ◽

Susan Persky

Keyword(s):

Information Seeking ◽

Perceived Risk ◽

Genetic Information ◽

Risk Perceptions ◽

Implicit Theories ◽

Risk Information ◽

Junk Food ◽

Obesity Risk ◽

Child Feeding

This study surveyed 185 parents to determine whether their perceived risk of their child developing obesity and their implicit theories about the malleability of weight independently and/or interactively predict their child-feeding and pursuit of child-related obesity risk information. Higher risk perceptions were associated with healthier feeding intentions and more information seeking. More incremental (malleable) beliefs predicted healthier feeding intentions and greater pursuit of environmental, but not genetic, information. Contrary to hypotheses, the influence of implicit theories and risk perceptions were primarily independent; however, more incremental beliefs predicted less “junk food” feeding among only parents with lower perceived risk.

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THE EFFECT OF WEB VENDOR TRUST ON TURKISH ONLINE SHOPPERS BUYING BEHAVIOR

Australian Journal of Business and Management Research ◽

10.52283/nswrca.ajbmr.20110106a09 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 01 (06) ◽

pp. 87-96

Author(s):

Tolon Metehan ◽

Zengin Asude Yasemin

Keyword(s):

Customer Loyalty ◽

Perceived Risk ◽

Risk Perceptions ◽

Online Shopping ◽

Point Of View ◽

Purchase Behavior ◽

Buying Behavior ◽

Online Purchase ◽

Online Shoppers ◽

Virtual Platform

Firms’ primary objectives are gaining profit and providing continuity. During the recent years virtual platforms are the most popular and strategic way to achieve these objectives. According to this, firms try find different markets to improve their market share as well as their profits. From this point of view increase in sales at virtual platform depends on customers’ trust upon total online system in the related market. In order to create customer loyalty at virtual platform, firms must build trust between firm and customer. For this purpose, it is of strategic importance for e-commerce to create trust among their customers. At this point, firms have to determine trust and perceived risk related to online shopping. Especially firms which want to operate in internet have to analyze trust dimensions and risk perceptions of customers in related online shopping. In this study, the effect of the trust and perceived risk of Turkish customers over online purchase behavior/online shopping has been presented empirically.

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“If He Has it, We Know What to Do”: Parent Perspectives on Familial Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder

Journal of Pediatric Psychology ◽

10.1093/jpepsy/jsz076 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 121-130 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Katherine E MacDuffie ◽

Lauren Turner-Brown ◽

Annette M Estes ◽

Benjamin S Wilfond ◽

Stephen R Dager ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽

Perceived Risk ◽

Risk Perceptions ◽

Familial Risk ◽

Predictive Testing ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Spectrum Disorder ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Brain And Behavior ◽

Familial Disorders

Abstract Objective Predictive testing for familial disorders can guide healthcare and reproductive decisions. Familial disorders with onset in childhood (e.g., autism spectrum disorder [ASD]) are promising targets for presymptomatic prediction; however, little is known about parent perceptions of risk to their children in the presymptomatic period. The current study examined risk perceptions in parents of infants at high familial risk for ASD enrolled in a longitudinal study of brain and behavior development. Methods Semistructured interviews were conducted with 37 parents of high-risk infants during the presymptomatic window (3–15 months) that precedes an ASD diagnosis. Infants were identified as high familial risk due to having an older sibling with ASD. Parent interview responses were coded and interpreted to distill emerging themes. Results The majority of parents were aware of the increased risk of ASD for their infants, and risk perceptions were influenced by comparisons to their older child with ASD. Parents reported a variety of negative emotions in response to perceived risk, including worry, fear, and sadness, and described impacts of perceived risk on their behavior: increased vigilance to emerging symptoms, altered reproductive and healthcare decisions, and seeking ongoing assessment through research. Conclusions Parents of children at high familial risk for childhood-onset disorders like ASD face a period of challenging uncertainty during early development. In anticipation of a future in which presymptomatic testing for ASD is made available, it is important to understand how parents react to and cope with the elevated—but still highly uncertain—risk conveyed by family history.

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COVID-19: the relationship between perceptions of risk and behaviours during lockdown

10.31219/osf.io/dwjvy ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Richard Douglas Brown ◽

Lynne Coventry ◽

Gillian V Pepper

Keyword(s):

Mortality Risk ◽

Perceived Risk ◽

Risk Perceptions ◽

Health Behaviours ◽

Unintended Consequences ◽

Perceptions Of Risk ◽

Extrinsic Mortality ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

The Uk ◽

Threat To Life

Background Understanding COVID-19 risk perceptions and their impact on behaviour can improve the effectiveness of public health strategies in the future. Prior evidence suggests that, when people perceive uncontrollable risks to their health, they are less likely to make efforts to protect their health in those ways which they can control (e.g. through diet, exercise, and limiting alcohol intake). It is therefore important to understand the extent to which the threat of COVID-19 is perceived to be an uncontrollable risk, and to assess whether this perceived risk is associated with differences in health behaviour. MethodsWe surveyed a nationally representative sample of 496 participants, shortly after the peak of the pandemic in the UK. We collected data to assess people’s perceptions of COVID-19-related risk, and how these perceptions were associated with behaviours. We examined self-reported adherence to behaviours recommended by the UK Government and National Health Service to prevent the spread of the virus, as well as more general health behaviours. We predicted that increased perceived extrinsic mortality risk (the portion of a person’s mortality risk which they perceive to be uncontrollable) would disincentivise healthy behaviour. ResultsPerceived threat to life was found to be the most consistent predictor of reported adherence to measures designed to prevent the spread of infection. Perceived extrinsic mortality risk was found to have increased due to the pandemic, and was also associated with lower reported adherence to Government advice on diet and physical activity, as well as smoking. ConclusionsOur findings suggest that promoting a message that highlights threat to life may be effective in raising levels of adherence to measures of infection control, but may also have unintended consequences, leading to a reduction in health-promoting behaviours. We suggest that messages that highlight threat to life should be accompanied by statements of efficacy, and that messages evoking feelings of concern for others may also be effective in promoting compliance with anti-infection measures.

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Perceptions of risk in pregnancy with chronic disease: A systematic review and thematic synthesis

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0254956 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (7) ◽

pp. e0254956

Author(s):

Elizabeth R. Ralston ◽

Priscilla Smith ◽

Joseph Chilcot ◽

Sergio A. Silverio ◽

Kate Bramham

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Chronic Disease ◽

Chronic Diseases ◽

Perceived Risk ◽

Risk Perceptions ◽

Grey Literature ◽

Pregnancy Risk ◽

Thematic Synthesis ◽

Increased Risk ◽

In Pregnancy

Background Women with chronic disease are at increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Pregnancies which pose higher risk, often require increased medical supervision and intervention. How women perceive their pregnancy risk and its impact on health behaviour is poorly understood. The aim of this systematic review of qualitative literature is to evaluate risk perceptions of pregnancy in women with chronic disease. Methods Eleven electronic databases including grey literature were systematically searched for qualitative studies published in English which reported on pregnancy, risk perception and chronic disease. Full texts were reviewed by two researchers, independently. Quality was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Qualitative checklist and data were synthesised using a thematic synthesis approach. The analysis used all text under the findings or results section from each included paper as data. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO. Results Eight studies were included in the review. Three themes with sub-themes were constructed from the analysis including: Information Synthesis (Sub-themes: Risk to Self and Risk to Baby), Psychosocial Factors (Sub-themes: Emotional Response, Self-efficacy, Healthcare Relationship), and Impact on Behaviour (Sub-themes: Perceived Risk and Objective Risk). Themes fitted within an overarching concept of Balancing Act. The themes together inter-relate to understand how women with chronic disease perceive their risk in pregnancy. Conclusions Women’s pregnancy-related behaviour and engagement with healthcare services appear to be influenced by their perception of pregnancy risk. Women with chronic disease have risk perceptions which are highly individualised. Assessment and communication of women’s pregnancy risk should consider their own understanding and perception of risk. Different chronic diseases introduce diverse pregnancy risks and further research is needed to understand women’s risk perceptions in specific chronic diseases.

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Perceived Risk of Mosquito-Borne Arboviruses in the Continental United States

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10121562 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1562

Author(s):

Saul Lozano ◽

Jonathan Day ◽

Lilyana Ortega ◽

Maggie Silver ◽

Roxanne Connelly

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Risk Perception ◽

Vector Control ◽

News Media ◽

Perceived Risk ◽

Risk Perceptions ◽

The United States ◽

Transmission Risk ◽

Accurate Information ◽

Use Of Resources

The United States experienced local transmission of West Nile Virus (WNV) for the first time in 1999, and Zika Virus (ZIKV) in 2016. These introductions captured the public’s attention in varying degrees. The research presented here analyzes the disproportional perception of ZIKV risk compared to WNV transmission risk, by the public and vector control personnel. The risk perception of vector control was measured through purposive sampled interviews (24 interviews in 13 states; May 2020–June 2021), while the public’s perception was estimated from news publications (January 2000–December 2020), and Google searches (January 2004–December 2020). Over time, we observed a decrease in the frequency of press reporting and Google searches of both viruses with decreasing annual peaks in the summer. The highest peak of ZIKV news, and searches, surpassed that of WNV. We observed clear differences in the contents of the headlines for both viruses. We propose that the main reason in risk perception differences between the viruses were psychological. Zika infections (mosquito-borne and sexually transmitted) can result in devastating symptoms in fetuses and newborns, observations that frequently appeared in ZIKV-related headlines. Our results highlight the likely influence the news media has on risk perception and the need for public health agencies to play active roles in the conversation, helping disseminate timely and accurate information. Understanding the factors that shape risk perceptions of vector-borne diseases will hopefully lead to better use of resources by providing better guidance.

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Perceived Risk of Co-Occurrent Substance Abuse

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/18.03.pr0.115c13z2 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 115 (1) ◽

pp. 26-27

Author(s):

James B. Hittner ◽

Margaret A. Warner

Keyword(s):

Substance Abuse ◽

Negative Correlation ◽

Perceived Risk ◽

Risk Perceptions ◽

Strong Negative Correlation ◽

Perceptions Of Risk

A strong negative correlation between perceptions of risk for co-occurrent substance abuse and the variability associated with those risk perceptions was found in two independent samples.

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Humor styles, risk perceptions, and risky behavioral choices in college students

Humor - International Journal of Humor Research ◽

10.1515/humor-2013-0033 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Arnie Cann ◽

Adam T. Cann

Keyword(s):

College Students ◽

Perceived Risk ◽

Risk Perceptions ◽

Health Problems ◽

Humor Styles ◽

Sense Of Humor ◽

One Dimensional ◽

Personal Quality ◽

Behavioral Choices ◽

Potential Impact

AbstractSense of humor has been identified as a possible factor that leads to riskier behavioral choices, which could, in turn, contribute to health problems and reduced longevity. In previous studies, sense of humor was viewed as a one-dimensional, positive personal quality: the potential impact of maladaptive styles of humor was not acknowledged. The current study assesses both adaptive and maladaptive humor styles and relates them to perceived risk, and to the performance of risky behavior. The results do not support the suggestion that a sense of humor – when considered as a cheerful, carefree, and optimistic orientation – is related to assessments of risk or risky choices. Although humor

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Communicating Health Risks to the Public

Przegląd Organizacji ◽

10.33141/po.2021.01.05 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 39-44

Author(s):

James Leonhardt ◽

Robin Keller ◽

Ronald Lembke

Keyword(s):

Health Risks ◽

Perceived Risk ◽

Risk Perceptions ◽

Future Research ◽

The Public ◽

Probabilistic Information ◽

Multiple Risk ◽

Numeric Formats ◽

Probability Information ◽

Potential Tool

Health risks, such as the probability of experiencing a side effect from a medication, are typically communicated numerically. However, presenting risks in strictly numeric formats is problematic considering that the public often experiences difficulty in comprehending strictly numeric probabilities. To help overcome this problem, Leonhardt and Keller (2018) tested the efficacy of using pictographs to visually present probabilistic information to health consumers. They found that the addition of pictographs alongside numeric probability information increased probability comprehension and lessened the perceived risk of a multiple risk health option. Here, we review relevant work on probability format and build on the general evaluability theory to posit why pictographs may result in lower risk perceptions of multiple risk options. We discuss current limitations in our understanding of how the public perceives multiple risk options, and we highlight opportunities for future research. For instance, we introduce Quick Response (QR) codes as a potential tool to help consumers view health risks in multiple formats on the Internet.

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