scholarly journals Introducing a global planetary ecosystem accounting in the wake of the Amazon Forest fires

Author(s):  
Zaheer Allam ◽  
David S. Jones ◽  
Can Biyik

AbstractSince the 19th century, rapid urbanisation coupled with a demographic boom has increased pressures on the global exploitation of natural resources leading to an array of issues at planetary scale. Even though there have been significant ecologically driven human policy efforts, with frameworks addressing ecosystem accounting and management, such are principally constricted at sub-global levels; being regionally focussed, and hence lacking both cohesivity and accountability. Resource management viewed through this lens leads to a number of geopolitical factors as demonstrated recently with the Amazon Forest fires. This incident witnessed calls from numerous countries calling for rapid remediation even though their own policies are harbingers of equally damaging the environments through other means. This disparity in resource accounting and management on a planetary scale is apparent from diverse local and regional groups and needs to be addressed in order to sustain a truly sustainable and liveable ecosystem and their failures in realising a viable ecosystem accounting system. This perspective paper explores this theme and proposes a ‘Global Planetary Ecosystem Accounting’ system based on the principle that ecologically sensitive areas benefiting the global ecosystem need to be economically weighted and its preservation equated to a revenue-generating activity.

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-38
Author(s):  
Adolfo Henrique Coutinho e Silva ◽  
Amaury José Rezende ◽  
Flávia Zóboli Dalmácio ◽  
José Paulo Cosenza

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to provide a general narrative of the accounting practices of the company Boris Frères & Co. Ltd., popularly known as “Casa Boris,” which played an important role in the trade practices in Brazil's history in the late 19th century. To accomplish this objective, the authors reviewed and summarized the company's account books, accounting records, and other documents from 1882 to 1896, focusing on the usefulness of the accounting practices adopted and identifying the economic and legal factors that influenced its accounting system at the time. The findings constitute important records of Brazil's accounting history in the 19th century and provide evidence concerning the levels of development and adequacy of the accounting practices adopted by Brazilian commercial firms in the period. JEL Classifications: F13; M10; N00; N76.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Wilkie

People have been visiting and living in the Victorian Grampians, also known as Gariwerd, for thousands of generations. They have both witnessed and caused vast environmental transformations in and around the ranges. Gariwerd: An Environmental History of the Grampians explores the geological and ecological significance of the mountains and combines research from across disciplines to tell the story of how humans and the environment have interacted, and how the ways people have thought about the environments of the ranges have changed through time. In this new account, historian Benjamin Wilkie examines how Djab wurrung and Jardwadjali people and their ancestors lived in and around the mountains, how they managed the land and natural resources, and what kinds of archaeological evidence they have left behind over the past 20 000 years. He explores the history of European colonisation in the area from the middle of the 19th century and considers the effects of this on both the first people of Gariwerd and the environments of the ranges and their surrounding plains in western Victoria. The book covers the rise of science, industry and tourism in the mountains, and traces the eventual declaration of the Grampians National Park in 1984. Finally, it examines more recent debates about the past, present and future of the park, including over its significant Indigenous history and heritage.


Author(s):  
Bashir B. Bulatov ◽  
Medzhid Sh. Huseynov

The article examines the great work of Russian scientists in Dagestan since the middle of the 19th century. Despite the military actions taking place in the North Caucasus, scientists conducted exploration work of oil fields and other productive forces here. During this period, Professor and then Academician G. Abikh wrote scientific works on the natural resources of Dagestan. Subsequently, his discoveries were confirmed by the most prominent scientists. In the article, we note the great work carried out by professors D. V. Golubyatnikov, K. P. Kalitsky and other scientists in the investigation of the oil-bearing regions of Dagestan. As a result of their activities, the “Dagestanskiye Ogni” plant appeared, new oil regions in the Republic.


of the information given to the shareholders, precautions to take for upward appraisal of capital assets, choice of an investment, and dividend policy. In order to raise enough capital for its business, the Company had to inform a growing number of shareholders, which soon became inconsistent with the managers’ freedom to deal with ac­ counting information according to their own needs. The resoultion of this problem led to the distinction between standard­ ized financial accounting for external and management account­ ing for internal use. As it became more and more efficient and advanced, the accounting system led to its own splitting. CONCLUSION Compared to most of the firms, Saint-Gobain had to face very early (in the first half of the 19th century) the problems raised by the setting up of a management accounting system. However, it was not until 1820, 155 years after its creation, that it adopted double entry bookkeeping which included the calculation of costs. This evolution is mainly due to the spreading of the Industrial Revolution in France, which was responsible for the abolition of privileges and the growth of competition in the field of glass pro­ duction. During the period 1820-1880, the cost accounting system had been gradually improved, without any regular outside coercion, according to the needs of the management alone. This leads to two conclusions and two research questions. In 1880, the accounting system facilitated the reckoning of full costs with methods and procedures that are still in use (alloca­ tion of the overhead with the use of activity center accounts, up-to-date transfer pricing methods, analysis of the relationship be­ tween depreciation, dividends and investments, etc ). This full cost method is now over one hundred years old. The development and the mastering of that cost accounting system were absolutely necessary to start the next stage, that is to say the use of those costs to prepare estimates of costs and investments. That stage took place over four decades (1890 to 1930) and led to real budget control towards the end of the Second World War. It should be recognized that the accounting systems of a given period can be very different from one another, which is particu­ larly true in the 19th century, therefore research should look at the variables on which the accounting system of each firm depends. Among the internal ones, the size of the firm, the culture of its

2014 ◽  
pp. 267-267

2015 ◽  
Vol 75 (4 suppl 2) ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
M. F. Nunes ◽  
J. A. S. Figueiredo ◽  
A. L. C. Rocha

This article presents an analysis of the process of industrialization and urbanization of the Sinos Valley in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, starting from the establishment of leather goods and footwear manufacturing in the region during the 19th century when tanneries and factories producing footwear and/or components for footwear began to appear, and with special attention to aspects related to the environmental impact on the Sinos river hydrographic basin. The article is based on both bibliographic and documentary research and also draws on biographical narratives of workers with links to the leather goods and footwear industry obtained using ethnographic method. It was found that contemporary environmental conflicts emerge from within a memory of work and an environmental memory in which the factories, the unplanned urbanization, and the utilization of water and other natural resources form a chain of significance. Significance that precludes any form of fragmented analysis that isolates any of these aspects from the others: the economic, socio-historic, cultural, political, or the environmental.


2015 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Rolf Guttesen

The rules for payment of tithe varied in the 19th century in the Faeroe Islands. Concerning wool tithe, there are some issues, never dealt with before, to be examined, as the tithe was paid for each slaughtered lamb, but the tithe was paid in wool. The problem is that the lambs and older sheep were slaughtered in autumn, while the wool was removed from the older sheep (not the lambs) in May and June. Therefore, the collection of wool could not wait for the slaughter in autumn. How was this problem resolved in practical terms, and how was the collection organized? There was an ‘on account’ system that is described in this article. Another accounting system was practiced when it came to the young of the Manx Shearwater, called <em>lírar </em>in Faeroese. The material base of this tithe consisted of a limited number of units that could not be divided further into smaller units. Therefore, it was necessary over time to keep records of the distributed tithe and the arrears so that the three recipients, king, clergyman and church, could have their rightful share.


Author(s):  
Ana Rita Faria

Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la organización contable de Júdice Fialho, una de las mayores empresas de la industria de conservas de pescado de Portugal, entre finales del sigo XIX y la primera mitad del siglo XX. También pretende confrontar la organización contable existente en la empresa con los modelos divulgados en la literatura contable portuguesa publicada en el mismo período.<br />La justificación para su realización reside en la escasez de estudios basados en el análisis de registros contables originales y en la disponibilidad, en el Archivo Histórico del Museo Municipal de Portimâo (Algarve), de documentación contable relativa a esta gran empresa.<br />El estudio concluye que, en ausencia de un conjunto de reglas y principios contables comunes a todas las empresas, Júdice Fialho procuró adoptar, considerando la diversidad de soluciones contables divulgadas en la literatura de la especialidad, la más adecuada a sus características y necesidades reales. La contabilidad de la empresa está organizada para proporcionar información sobre los resultados particulares de cada segmento de la organización (fábrica, sección, oficina, depósito) y no sobre las ganancias o las pérdidas de la venta de diversos productos. El estudio también concluye que, durante el período analizado, la contabilidad de la empresa no sufrió alteraciones significativas. La constitución de una sociedad general en 1938, cuatro años después de la muerte de su fundador, podría haber sido un factor de cambio, pero tal cosa no sucedió.<br /><br /><br />This study examines the accounting records of one of the most important companies in Portuguese canned-fish industry –Júdice Fialho– during the period between the ends of the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century. <br />It aims at comparing the company’s accounting system with the standards and models shown in the Portuguese accounting literature published at the time.<br />The shortage of articles on the evolution of accounting practices in Portugal, namely studies based on the analysis of surviving business records of firms, justifies this study.<br />The study concludes that, in the absence of a set of accounting principles and procedures available to all enterprises, the management of Júdice Fialho sought to adopt, from within the varied material available at the time, those accounting techniques which were most relevant to their business operations and actual needs at that time. During the period under examination, the company’s accounting records did not suffer significant changes. The formation as a partnership in 1938, four years after the death of its founder, could have acted has a stimulus for change, but that didn’t happen.<br /><br /><br />Este estudo tem por objectivo analisar a organização contabilística de uma das maiores empresas da indústria de conservas de peixe portuguesa, a Júdice Fialho, entre o final do século XIX e a primeira metade do século XX. Pretende ainda confrontar a organização contabilística existente na empresa com os modelos divulgados na literatura contabilística portuguesa publicada no mesmo período.<br />A justificação para a sua realização residiu na escassez de estudos baseados na análise de registos contabilísticos originais e na disponibilidade, no Arquivo Histórico do Museu Municipal de Portimão (Algarve), de documentação contabilística relativa a esta grande empresa. <br />O estudo conclui que, na ausência de um conjunto de regras e princípios de Contabilidade comuns as todas as empresas, a Júdice Fialho procurou adoptar, considerando a diversidade de soluções contabilísticas divulgadas na literatura da especialidade, a mais adequada às suas características e necessidades reais. A contabilidade da empresa está organizada para fornecer informação sobre os resultados particulares de cada segmento organizacional (fábrica, secção, oficina, depósito, …) e não sobre os lucros ou prejuízos obtidos na venda dos diversos produtos. O estudo conclui ainda que, durante o período analisado, a contabilidade da empresa não sofreu alterações significativas. A constituição da sociedade em nome colectivo, em 1938, quatro anos após a morte do seu fundador, poderia ter constituído um factor de mudança, mas tal não aconteceu.<br />


Kavkazologiya ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 44-62
Author(s):  
I.H. TKHAMOKOVA ◽  

The article dwells upon the reasons, process, and consequences of the Khakuchi forced migration to Turkey and the Kuban region after the end of the Caucasian War. The Khakuchi was a small group of the Adyghes, who lived in mountains not far from the Black Sea in the middle of the 19th century. The forced migration of the group started in spring 1864 and took several years. The resettlement was a result of numerous military expeditions, aul and food reserve destruction. Only after that, most of the Khakuchi migrated to Turkey, and a smaller part resettled to the Kuban region. However, several small groups continued hiding in the mountains. Due to persistence and resilience, skillful use of the mountain landscape and natural resources, the Khakuchi managed to avoid mass eviction, some of them still remained in their homeland. Small groups of the captured Khakuchi settled in Cossack villages between Novorossiysk and Tuapse, as well as in military districts near the rivers Psezuapse, Ashe, and Kudepsta. The highlanders had to teach the peculiarities of farming in local conditions to the new residents of the Northwest Caucasus. Later, the Khakuchi who had earlier been resettled to the Kuban region began to return as well. Contemporary Black Sea Shapsugs are mostly descendants of the Khakuchi.


Author(s):  
Farish A Noor

This keynote speech was delivered at the International Conference on Interdisciplinary and Strategic Studies (ICRIS) on August 12, 2021. It explains the concept of colonial-capitalism and highlights the importance of understanding the underlying logic of capitalism behind the praxis of colonialism. From the middle to late stages of colonialism over the past 500 years, the underlying logic of colonial conquest continued to evolve. Initially, it was the Crusades that prompted the Europeans to start their exploration but then it was the conflicts and competition among the European powers themselves that galvanised their desire to conquer the world. This speech also illustrates how colonial-capitalism has changed our view of nature and our human relationship with the natural world, which in turn has influenced how we manage our natural resources. It concludes by reflecting on how we are still living in the long shadow of the 19th century and why the struggle for mental liberation continues until today.


Author(s):  
Francois-Xavier De Mevius ◽  
Iván Albarracin

Since the beginning of the 19th century, the Bolivian economy has been highly dependent on the production of natural resources, and therefore its economy has been very vulnerable to external shocks. The document analyzes if the boom in the gas sector occurred in recent years could lead to the "Dutch disease" and describes the possible policies that could be applied in case of evidence of it. Analyzing the main macroeconomic indicators and exploring the evolution of the different economic sectors, we find evidence that Bolivia would not be facing a "Dutch disease", but that Bolivia is likely to face the symptoms of this economic phenomenon in the future.


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