Characteristics of permanent deformation rate of warm mix asphalt with additives variation (BNA-R and zeolite)

In the asphalt foaming process, the foaming water content (FWC) controls the formation and characteristics of water bubbles. These water bubbles are expected to be expelled from the foamed warm mix asphalt (WMA) during mixing and compaction. However, foaming water may not be completely expelled, rather some of the microbubbles may be trapped in the foamed WMA even after compaction. These microbubbles, or undissipated water, can diffuse over time and cause damage to the foamed WMA. To this end, this study has determined the effects of foaming on the fatigue, moisture damage, and permanent deformation characteristics of foamed WMA. Foamed asphalt and mixtures were designed with varying FWCs and they were tested using linear amplitude sweep, multiple stress creep recovery, four-point flexural beam, and Hamburg wheel tracking tests. Primarily, asphalt foaming dynamics were assessed with a laser-based non-contact method. A simplified viscoelastic continuum damage concept and a three-phase permanent deformation model were used for damage evaluation. The study reveals that foaming softens the binder, which results in slightly higher rutting and moisture susceptibility, though an equivalent or slightly improved fatigue characteristic compared with the regular hot mix asphalt.

Download Full-text

Performance of Virginia’s Early Foamed Warm Mix Asphalt Mixtures

Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board ◽

10.1177/0361198118787960 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2672 (28) ◽

pp. 178-189 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Stacey D. Diefenderfer

Keyword(s):

Dynamic Modulus ◽

Permanent Deformation ◽

Warm Mix Asphalt ◽

Department Of Transportation ◽

High Dynamic ◽

Repeated Load ◽

And Performance ◽

Virginia Department ◽

Performance Grading ◽

Air Void

The Virginia Department of Transportation began allowing the use of warm mix asphalt (WMA) in 2008. Although several WMA technologies were investigated prior to implementation, foamed WMA was not. This study evaluated the properties and performance of foamed WMA placed during the initial implementation of the technology to determine whether the technology had performed as expected. Six mixtures produced using plant foaming technologies and placed between 2008 and 2010 were identified and subjected to field coring and laboratory testing. Coring was performed in 2014, resulting in pavement ages from 4 to 6 years. Three comparable hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures were cored at 5 years for comparison. Cores were evaluated for air-void contents and permeability and were subjected to dynamic modulus, repeated load permanent deformation, and overlay testing. In addition, binder was extracted and recovered for performance grading. Similar properties were found for the WMA and HMA mixtures. One WMA mixture had high dynamic modulus and binder stiffness, but overlay testing did not indicate any tendency for premature cracking. All binders had aged between two and three performance grades above that specified at construction. WMA binders and one HMA binder aged two grades higher, and the remaining two HMA binders aged three grades higher, indicating a likely influence on aging of the reduced temperatures at which the early foamed mixtures were typically produced. Overall results indicated that foamed WMA and HMA mixtures should be expected to perform similarly.

Download Full-text

Design of a Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) with Addition of Recycled Rubber for the Reduction of Permanent Deformation

Proceedings of the 6th Brazilian Technology Symposium (BTSym’20) - Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies ◽

10.1007/978-3-030-75680-2_74 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 670-678

Author(s):

Lucero Sandoval ◽

Luis Marceliano ◽

Manuel Silvera ◽

Fernando Campos

Keyword(s):

Permanent Deformation ◽

Warm Mix Asphalt ◽

Recycled Rubber

Download Full-text

Evaluation of the Performance of a Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) Considering Aged and Unaged Specimens

Coatings ◽

10.3390/coatings10121241 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1241

Author(s):

Giuseppe Piccone ◽

Giuseppe Loprencipe ◽

Arminda Almeida ◽

Nicola Fiore

Keyword(s):

Fatigue Behavior ◽

Permanent Deformation ◽

Road Construction ◽

Warm Mix Asphalt ◽

Environmental Aspects ◽

Bituminous Mixtures ◽

Water Sensitivity ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

High Level

In the last decades, all technology production sectors reached a high level of development, without neglecting the attention to environmental aspects and safeguarding energy resources. Moreover, in the sector of pavement industry, some alternatives of bituminous mixtures were proposed to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions. One of these is the warm mix asphalt (WMA), a mixture produced and compacted at lower temperatures compared to traditional hot mix asphalt (HMA) (about 40 °C less), to allow a reduction of emissions into the atmosphere and the costs. Other operative benefits concern the health of workers during the whole road construction process, the reduction of distances to which the mixture can be transported, and therefore also the positioning of the plants. However, it is not all benefits, since reduced production temperatures can bring short- and long-term water sensitivity issues, which could threaten the pavement performance. This paper evaluated the performance (water sensitivity, stiffness, fatigue, and permanent deformation) of a WMA produced using a warm mix fabrication bitumen and compared it with an HMA tested in parallel. In general, except for the resistance to permanent deformation, the WMA presented performances comparable to HMA. Regarding the fatigue behavior of asphalt mixtures, the WMA was less affected by ageing conditions, despite it showing lower performance than HMA.

Download Full-text

Using Modified Creep and Recovery Tests to Evaluate the Foam-Based Warm Mix Asphalt Contained Nano Hydrated Lime

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.646.90 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 646 ◽

pp. 90-96 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Aboelkasim Diab ◽

Zhan Ping You ◽

Hai Nian Wang

Keyword(s):

Permanent Deformation ◽

Asphalt Binder ◽

Hydrated Lime ◽

Warm Mix Asphalt ◽

Asphalt Binders ◽

Particle Sizes ◽

Normal Dose ◽

Creep And Recovery ◽

Stress Levels ◽

Recoverable Compliance

Two Nano Hydrated Lime (NHL) materials with particle sizes of 50 nm and 100 nm were used in this study to investigate to the effect of NHL modification on the creep and recovery of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) binders foamed using Advera® with respective to rutting. The NHL was added to the asphalt binder at ratios of 20%, 10%, and 5% by weight of the asphalt binder. The creep and recovery tests were performed at three different stress levels, 3Pa (creep for 100 sec. and 600 sec. recovery), 10Pa (creep for 20 sec. and 600 sec. recovery), and 50Pa (creep for 1 sec and 300 sec. recovery). The tests were performed at a temperature of 58oC. The results were also compared with the Regular Hydrated Lime (RHL) results. The overall results reveal that the neat asphalt binders foamed using advera® showed larger permanent deformation (rutting) potential compared to the binder modified with RHL and NHL foamed using Advera®. As the NHL dose increases, the non-recoverable compliance decreases (rutting decreases). It was also concluded that the application of the RHL with the normal dose (20% by weight of binder) can be replaced by adding 5% (by weight of binder) of 50 nm NHL with respective to rutting.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of Warm Rubberized Stone Mastic Asphalt Mixtures through the Marshall and Gyratory Compactors

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13020265 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 265

Author(s):

Juan Gallego ◽

Ana María Rodríguez-Alloza ◽

Leticia Saiz-Rodríguez

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Mechanical Behaviour ◽

Permanent Deformation ◽

Warm Mix Asphalt ◽

Asphalt Mixtures ◽

Reflective Cracking ◽

Mastic Asphalt ◽

Water Sensitivity ◽

Stone Mastic Asphalt

Stone mastic asphalt (SMA) mixtures exhibit excellent behaviour; they are highly resistant to reflective cracking and permanent deformation, as well as providing the wearing surface with an optimal texture. However, the production and compaction temperatures are similar to conventional mixtures, which means that there is a significant consumption of energy, as well as greenhouse gas emissions. Warm mix asphalt (WMA) technology, which has been developed over the last few years, might allow lower temperatures without compromising the mechanical behaviour of the mixtures. Also, over the last few decades, rubberized asphalt has proved to be effective in improving the performance and being environmentally suitable, but it requires higher production temperatures than conventional mixtures. In this study, several tests were performed to evaluate the effect of a chemical WMA additive on the compactability and water sensitivity of rubberized SMA mixtures with both the Marshall and the gyratory compactor. The investigation has shown that the gyratory compactor is more suitable for studying compactability and the water sensitivity of rubberized SMA with WMA additives.

Download Full-text

Application of WMA Technology to Bituminous Base Course Mixes

The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering ◽

10.7250/bjrbe.2018-13.403 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 94-103 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rajan Choudhary ◽

Asho Julaganti ◽

Abhinay Kumar ◽

Dipak Arjun Ugale

Keyword(s):

Hot Mix Asphalt ◽

Permanent Deformation ◽

Warm Mix Asphalt ◽

Strength Ratio ◽

Test Results ◽

Base Course ◽

Marshall Stability ◽

Rheological Test ◽

Stability Results ◽

Different Doses

Warm Mix Asphalt, due to lower mixing and compaction temperatures, provides some engineering benefits over conventional Hot Mix Asphalt. In this study, an attempt is made to assess the viability of using Warm Mix Asphalt technology in bituminous base courses. An organic wax-based Warm Mix Asphalt additive was used in this study to produce Dense Bituminous Macadam, a commonly used bituminous base course mix in India. Experimental variables included three additive contents and four mixing temperatures. Rheological properties of binder modified with different doses of additive were examined. In all, twelve Warm Mix Asphalt Dense Bituminous Macadam mix types were prepared, evaluated and compared with Hot Mix Asphalt Dense Bituminous Macadam (control) mix. Rheological test results showed the addition of wax-based additive improved stiffness and resistance against permanent deformation of the base binder. Tensile Strength Ratio and retained Marshall Stability results indicated that Warm Mix Asphalt Dense Bituminous Macadam mixes were resistant to moisture-induced damage.

Download Full-text

Use of mix asphalts with reduced compaction temperature and addition of zeolites in real conditions

Budownictwo i Architektura ◽

10.24358/bud-arch_16_151_13 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 123-132

Author(s):

Wojciech Franus ◽

Agnieszka Woszuk

Keyword(s):

Natural Zeolite ◽

Laboratory Tests ◽

Permanent Deformation ◽

Warm Mix Asphalt ◽

Binder Content ◽

Temperature Decrease ◽

Stiffness Modulus ◽

Compaction Temperature

The aim of this study is to evaluate the possibility of decreasing the mix asphalt compaction temperature through zeolites use, based on pavement analysis of the trial section (of road). The article contains results of laboratory tests and analysis of samples from trial section (of road)for AC 16 W 35/50 with addition of a natural zeolite – clinoptilolite. The amount of dosed zeolite material was 1% with regard to the mineral mix mass and 0,4% – with additional clinoptilolite infusion withm water. Basing on laboratory tests, it was proved that it is possible to decrease the compaction temperature of warm mix asphalt (WMA) with zeolite addition by 30ºC (from 145ºC to 115ºC). Compaction temperature decrease of 20– 40ºC was obtained during incorporation of the mix in the trial section (of road). The MMA analysis of this section (of road)included: soluble binder content, compactibility, resistance to permanent deformation and stiffness modulus using a IT-CY method.

Download Full-text

Performance Evaluation of Plant Produced Warm Mix Asphalt

Journal of Engineering ◽

10.31026/j.eng.2018.05.10 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 24 (5) ◽

pp. 145 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Amjad H. Albayati

Keyword(s):

Portland Cement ◽

Asphalt Concrete ◽

New Technology ◽

Permanent Deformation ◽

Performance Testing ◽

Hydrated Lime ◽

Warm Mix Asphalt ◽

Load Test ◽

Concrete Mixtures ◽

Limestone Dust

Warm mix asphalt (WMA) is relatively a new technology which enables the production and compaction of asphalt concrete mixtures at temperatures 15-40 °C lower than that of traditional hot mix asphalt HMA. In the present work, six asphalt concrete mixtures were produced in the mix plant (1 ton each) in six different batches. Half of these mixes were WMA and the other half were HMA. Three types of fillers (limestone dust, Portland cement and hydrated lime) were used for each type of mix. Samples were then taken from these patches and transferred to lab for performance testing which includes: Marshall characteristics, moisture susceptibility (indirect tension test), resilient modulus, permanent deformation (axial repeated load test) and fatigue characteristics (third point flexural beam test). The obtained results indicated that the performance of WMA is enhanced when using the hydrated lime as filler in comparison with the limestone dust and Portland cement fillers. Better fatigue life was obtained for WMA using hydrated lime filler in comparison with HMA. Regardless the filler type, the Marshall properties of WMA satisfy the requirement of local specification, other properties of WMA were relatively lower than the HMA.

Download Full-text