The simulation of surface fire spread based on Rothermel model in windthrow area of Changbai Mountain (Jilin, China)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hang Yin ◽  
Hui Jin ◽  
Ying Zhao ◽  
Yuguang Fan ◽  
Liwu Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fire Spread ◽  
Changbai Mountain ◽  
Surface Fire

RATES OF SURFACE FIRE SPREAD IN A YOUNG CALABRIAN PINE (Pinus brutia Ten.) PLANTATION

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1475-1480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omer Kucuk ◽  
Ertugrul Bilgili ◽  
Serkan Bulut ◽  
Paulo M. Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Fire Spread ◽  
Surface Fire ◽  
Pinus Brutia ◽  
Calabrian Pine

Using fuel and weather variables to predict the sustainability of surface fire spread in maritime pine stands

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo M. Fernandes ◽  
Hermínio Botelho ◽  
Francisco Rego ◽  
Carlos Loureiro
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Logistic Model ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Maritime Pine ◽  
Fuel Moisture ◽  
Fuel Type ◽  
Weather Variables ◽  
Surface Fire ◽  
Pinus Pinaster Ait ◽  
Fuel Moisture Content

Thresholds for surface fire spread were examined in maritime pine ( Pinus pinaster Ait.) stands in northern Portugal. Fire sustainability was assessed after ignition of 2 m fire lines or in larger burns conducted in 10–15 m wide plots. The experiments were carried out from November to June in three fuel types: litter, litter plus shrubs, and litter with a nonwoody understorey. Moisture content of fine dead fuels, on-site weather variables, and descriptors of the fuel complex all had a highly significant influence on the probability of self-sustaining fire spread. A logistic model based solely on fuel moisture content correctly classified the fire sustainability status of 88% of the observations. Nonetheless, the subjectivity of the moisture of extinction concept was apparent, and further accuracy was achieved by the consecutive addition of fire spread direction (forward or backward), fuel type, and ambient temperature. Fully sustained fire spread, in opposition to marginal burns with broken fire fronts, was similarly dependent on fuel moisture but was affected also by fire spread direction and time since rain. The models can benefit fire research and fire management operations but can be made more practical if integrated in a fire danger rating system.

Relating surface fire spread to landscape structure: An application of FARSITE in a managed forest landscape

2007 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 275-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soung-Ryoul Ryu ◽  
Jiquan Chen ◽  
Daolan Zheng ◽  
Jacob J. Lacroix
Keyword(s):  
Landscape Structure ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Forest Landscape ◽  
Managed Forest ◽  
Surface Fire

Sensitivity of a surface fire spread model and associated fire behaviour fuel models to changes in live fuel moisture

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 503 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Matt Jolly
Keyword(s):  
Fire Spread ◽  
Fuel Moisture ◽  
Fire Behaviour ◽  
Surface Fire ◽  
Fuel Model ◽  
Spread Model ◽  
Fuel Models ◽  
Live Fuel Moisture ◽  
Behaviour Models ◽  
Fire Spread Model

Fire behaviour models are used to assess the potential characteristics of wildland fires such as rates of spread, fireline intensity and flame length. These calculations help support fire management strategies while keeping fireline personnel safe. Live fuel moisture is an important component of fire behaviour models but the sensitivity of existing models to live fuel moisture has not been thoroughly evaluated. The Rothermel surface fire spread model was used to estimate key surface fire behaviour values over a range of live fuel moistures for all 53 standard fuel models. Fire behaviour characteristics are shown to be highly sensitive to live fuel moisture but the response is fuel model dependent. In many cases, small changes in live fuel moisture elicit drastic changes in predicted fire behaviour. These large changes are a result of a combination of the model-calculated live fuel moisture of extinction, the effective wind speed limit and the dynamic load transfer function of some of the fuel models tested. Surface fire spread model sensitivity to live fuel moisture changes is discussed in the context of predicted fire fighter safety zone area because the area of a predicted safety zone may increase by an order of magnitude for a 10% decrease in live fuel moisture depending on the fuel model chosen.

Empirical modelling of surface fire behaviour in maritime pine stands

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo M. Fernandes ◽  
Hermínio S. Botelho ◽  
Francisco C. Rego ◽  
Carlos Loureiro
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Fire Intensity ◽  
Fuel Moisture ◽  
Fire Behaviour ◽  
Spread Rate ◽  
Surface Fire ◽  
Rate Of Spread ◽  
Fuel Moisture Content

An experimental burning program took place in maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) stands in Portugal to increase the understanding of surface fire behaviour under mild weather. The spread rate and flame geometry of the forward and backward sections of a line-ignited fire front were measured in 94 plots 10–15 m wide. Measured head fire rate of spread, flame length and Byram’s fire intensity varied respectively in the intervals of 0.3–13.9 m min–1, 0.1–4.2 m and 30–3527 kW m–1. Fire behaviour was modelled through an empirical approach. Rate of forward fire spread was described as a function of surface wind speed, terrain slope, moisture content of fine dead surface fuel, and fuel height, while back fire spread rate was correlated with fuel moisture content and cover of understorey vegetation. Flame dimensions were related to Byram’s fire intensity but relationships with rate of spread and fine dead surface fuel load and moisture are preferred, particularly for the head fire. The equations are expected to be more reliable when wind speed and slope are less than 8 km h–1 and 15°, and when fuel moisture content is higher than 12%. The results offer a quantitative basis for prescribed fire management.

The effect of fire front width on surface fire behaviour

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 247 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.M. Wotton ◽  
R.S. McAlpine ◽  
M.W. Hobbs
Keyword(s):  
Forest Litter ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Fire Behaviour ◽  
Pine Plantation ◽  
Spread Rate ◽  
Surface Fire ◽  
Flame Radiation ◽  
Surface Fires ◽  
Front Width ◽  
Fire Front

To determine the effect of fire front width on surface fire spread rates, a series of simultaneously ignited experimental fires was carried out in a pine plantation. Fires were ignited in plots with widths ranging from 0.5 m to 10 m and were burned in low wind conditions. Flame lengths were small in all fires, ranging from 20 cm to 60 cm. Since pre-heating of the forest litter from flame radiation is assumed to be an important mechanism in the spread of low intensity, low wind surface fires, it then follows that the width of a flaming front should effect on the heating of the fuel to ignition temperatures. Total flame radiation was also measured at a point 50 cm ahead of the advancing flame front for a number of the fires. Experimental results indicate that a flame radiation measured ahead of the fire stays fairly constant once the flame width is between 2 and 5 m. Theoretical flame radiation calculations confirm this trend. Rates of spread between the 5 and 10 metre width fires also appear to be similar; this indicates that, for the type of fires studied, once flame width is greater than about 2 m, radiation from any extra width of fire front has little effect on spread rate.

scholarly journals Wildland surface fire spread modelling, 1990 - 2007. 1: Physical and quasi-physical models

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew L. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Physical Nature ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Present Series ◽  
Wildland Fires ◽  
Computational Power ◽  
Surface Fire ◽  
Starting Point

In recent years, advances in computational power have led to an increase in attempts to model the behaviour of wildland fires and to simulate their spread across the landscape. The present series of articles endeavours to comprehensively survey and précis all types of surface fire spread models developed during the period 1990–2007, providing a useful starting point for those readers interested in recent modelling activities. The current paper surveys models of a physical or quasi-physical nature. These models are based on the fundamental chemistry and physics, or physics alone, of combustion and fire spread. Other papers in the series review models of an empirical or quasi-empirical nature, and mathematical analogues and simulation models. Many models are extensions or refinements of models developed before 1990. Where this is the case, these models are also discussed but in much less detail.

scholarly journals Modelling and analyzing the surface fire behaviour in Hyrcanian forest of Iran

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 353-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Aghajani ◽  
A. Fallah ◽  
S. Fazlollah Emadian
Keyword(s):  
Forest Floor ◽  
Forest Litter ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Burned Area ◽  
Hyrcanian Forest ◽  
Fire Behaviour ◽  
Surface Fire ◽  
Contour Lines ◽  
Slope Wind ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this study was to assess the forest fire behaviour and investigate the impact of different parameters on the spread of surface fire in the Hyrcanian forest of Iran. Surface fire was simulated using mathematical models in Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 environment during a 30-minute time period. Several parameters that contributed to the speed of surface fire such as slope, wind velocity and litter thickness in the forest floor and various types of forest litter associated with hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.), Persian ironwood (Parrotia persica C.A.M), beech (Fagus orientalis L.) and maple (Acer velutinum L.) were investigated. The results indicated that the maximum burned area was associated with beech litter. Forest surface fire demonstrated similar behaviour for the litter types of beech and Ironwood, whereas in the case of maple and hornbeam litters, the fire spread parallelly and perpendicularly to contour lines, respectively. The burned area increased in an irregular pattern as the forest floor slope gradient was increased. Moreover, the skewed pattern of the burned area for the forest floor composed of maple, beech, ironwood andhornbeam litter was described as high, low, moderate and low, respectively. The fire spread angle in forest floor associated with maple and beech litters changed with litter thickness. Finally, litter thickness had a significant effect on the direction of fire spread and this was more prominent with hornbeam litter.  

Predicting the ignition of crown fuels above a spreading surface fire. Part I: model idealization

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel G. Cruz ◽  
Bret W. Butler ◽  
Martin E. Alexander ◽  
Jason M. Forthofer ◽  
Ronald H. Wakimoto
Keyword(s):  
Particle Temperature ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Management Decision ◽  
Fuel Particle ◽  
Surface Fire ◽  
Heat Transfer Theory ◽  
Crown Fires ◽  
Fuel Particles ◽  
Fire Flame ◽  
In Fire

A model was developed to predict the ignition of forest crown fuels above a surface fire based on heat transfer theory. The crown fuel ignition model (hereafter referred to as CFIM) is based on first principles, integrating: (i) the characteristics of the energy source as defined by surface fire flame front properties; (ii) buoyant plume dynamics; (iii) heat sink as described by the crown fuel particle characteristics; and (iv) energy transfer (gain and losses) to the crown fuels. Fuel particle temperature increase is determined through an energy balance relating heat absorption to fuel particle temperature. The final model output is the temperature of the crown fuel particles, which upon reaching ignition temperature are assumed to ignite. CFIM predicts the ignition of crown fuels but does not determine the onset of crown fire spread per se. The coupling of the CFIM with models determining the rate of propagation of crown fires allows for the prediction of the potential for sustained crowning. CFIM has the potential to be implemented in fire management decision support systems.

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