The Urban Network and Economic Reform in Vietnam

1995 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 793-808 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Economic Reform ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Ho Chi Minh City ◽  
Urban Network ◽  
Capitalist Economy ◽  
Opening Up

Since the mid-1970s, Vietnam experienced a period of transition to socialism, before bringing in economic reforms which led to the gradual dismantling of the subsidised system of planning and the opening up of the country to the global capitalist economy. Economic reform and renovation has important implications for the urban areas of Vietnam. The emergence of markets and the abandonment of many restrictions on travel resulted in a freeing up of the urbanisation process during the 1980s and early 1990s. These processes are considered, and the implications for Vietnam's largest urban area, Ho Chi Minh City, are examined. The likely impact of Vietnam's long-term socioeconomic strategy on the urban network in the remainder of the decade is considered.

scholarly journals Water Woes in Zimbabwe’s Urban Areas in the Middist Of Plenty: 2000 -Present

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enock C. Makwara
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Service Failure ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Recent Outbreak

Zimbabwe’s urban areas are choking under the weight of over-crowdedness amidstdilapidated infrastructure that is characterised by constant service failure. The water andsewer systems of the country’s major urban centres are on the verge of collapse, thusputting millions of people in danger of consuming contaminated water, including thatfrom underground sources. Waste management and water supply problems manifestthemselves as challenges bedevilling many an urban area in the country. The quality andquantity of water supplied in Zimbabwe’s urban centres has plummeted in recent yearsand has assumed crisis proportions owing to the difficult economic situation and otherchallenges faced by the country. The situation is desperate and dire, as is evidenced by thepoor quality of delivered water, severe water rationing and the outbreak of water-bornediseases in the urban areas dotted across the country. The situation demands and dictatesthat solutions be proffered as a matter of urgency.The recent outbreak of epidemics hasbeen blamed on lack of access to safe water and poor sanitation, two crucial factors incontrolling the spread of diseases. An overly bureaucratic environment, where decisionsand processes take longer, makes life complicated for poor urban residents. Such ascenario motivated the researchers to examine the problem with a view to suggest waysand means of intervening to mitigate and resolve the problem. It emerged from thefindings that the problem is multifaceted in nature, hence a whole range of measures needto be adopted if a long-term solution is to be provided.

Cordaid’s Post-Disaster Shelter Strategy in Haiti: Linking Relief and Development

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 77-85
Author(s):  
Harmen Janse ◽  
Kees van der Flier
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Comparative Case Study ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Post Disaster

Haiti was struck by a heavy earthquake in 2010 and international aid poured into the country. News reports in 2011 were not very positive about the results of post-disaster reconstruction: “The relief efforts are only putting Haiti on life-support instead of evolving into the next stage of development”. One of the non-governmental organisations (NGOs) involved in Haiti was Cordaid, implementing a ‘transitional shelter strategy’ to support the transformation of neigh-bourhoods from a state of life-support into a state of self-sustaining development. The strategy was implemented in both a rural and an urban area. The main feature of the strategy was the provision of structures that could be adapted from simple shelters to permanent houses. Since the results of the strategy were mixed and ambiguous, a comparative case study was conducted to evaluate the shelter strategy in both areas. The objective was to draw lessons about what has to be taken into account when formulating future urban shelter strategies. The case study is discussed in this article. The main finding from the case study is that producing the intended number of shelters within the financial and time budgets that were set (efficiency), was more difficult in the urban area than in the rural area. But the conditions for linking relief and development (effectiveness) are more favourable in the urban context. NGOs may achieve long-term (effective) results in the urban context when a lower efficiency can be justified. That is why NGOs need to engage in a debate about the extent to which they are able to focus on long-term shelter or housing strategies. The important element in the debate is communication with the donors who are often focused on short-term relief measures. However urban areas cannot be rebuilt with only short-term interventions. The link between relief and development has to be made by a process-orientated approach focusing on capacities of local participants.

scholarly journals Measuring and Predicting Long-Term Land Cover Changes in the Functional Urban Area of Budapest

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 3331
Author(s):  
József Lennert ◽  
Jenő Zsolt Farkas ◽  
András Donát Kovács ◽  
András Molnár ◽  
Rita Módos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Land Cover Changes ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Nature And Society

The loss of farmland to urban use in peri-urban areas is a global phenomenon. Urban sprawl generates a decline in the availability of productive agricultural land around cities, causing versatile conflicts between nature and society and threatening the sustainability of urban agglomerations. This study aimed to uncover the spatial pattern of long-term (80 years) land cover changes in the functional urban area of Budapest, with special attention to the conversion of agricultural land. The paper is based on a unique methodology utilizing various data sources such as military-surveyed topographic maps from the 1950s, the CLC 90 from 1990, and the Urban Atlas from 2012. In addition, the multilayer perceptron (MLP) method was used to model land cover changes through 2040. The research findings showed that land conversion and the shrinkage of productive agricultural land around Budapest significantly intensified after the collapse of communism. The conversion of arable land to artificial surfaces increased, and by now, the traditional metropolitan food supply area around Budapest has nearly disappeared. The extent of forests and grasslands increased in the postsocialist period due to national afforestation programs and the demand of new suburbanites for recreational space. Urban sprawl and the conversion of agricultural land should be an essential issue during the upcoming E.U. Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) reforms.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF GLOBAL URBAN TEMPERATURE TRENDS AND URBANIZATION IMPACTS

2018 ◽  
Vol XLII-3 ◽  
pp. 757-763
Author(s):  
K. I. Lee ◽  
J. Ryu ◽  
S. W. Jeon
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Urban Climate ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Temperature Trends ◽  
Standard Values

Due to urbanization, urban areas are shrinking green spaces and increasing concrete, asphalt pavement. So urban climates are different from non-urban areas. In addition, long-term macroscopic studies of urban climate change are becoming more important as global urbanization affects global warming. To do this, it is necessary to analyze the effect of urbanization on the temporal change in urban temperature with the same temperature data and standards for urban areas around the world.<br> In this study, time series analysis was performed with the maximum, minimum, mean and standard values of surface temperature during the from 1980 to 2010 and analyzed the effect of urbanization through linear regression analysis with variables (population, night light, NDVI, urban area).<br> As a result, the minimum value of the surface temperature of the urban area reflects an increase by a rate of 0.28K&amp;thinsp;decade<sup>-1</sup> over the past 31 years, the maximum value reflects an increase by a rate of 0.372K&amp;thinsp;decade<sup>-1</sup>, the mean value reflects an increase by a rate of 0.208 decade<sup>-1</sup>, and the standard deviation reflects a decrease by rate of 0.023K&amp;thinsp;decade<sup>-1</sup>. And the change of surface temperature in urban areas is affected by urbanization related to land cover such as decrease of greenery and increase of pavement area, but socioeconomic variables are less influential than NDVI in this study.<br> This study are expected to provide an approach to future research and policy-planning for urban temperature change and urbanization impacts.

scholarly journals Effect of lockdown on wastewater characteristics: a comparison of two large urban areas

2020 ◽  
Vol 82 (12) ◽  
pp. 2813-2822
Author(s):  
Marie-Noëlle Pons ◽  
Pauline Louis ◽  
Davide Vignati
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Suspended Solids ◽  
Noticeable Effect ◽  
Kjeldahl Nitrogen

Abstract The effect of the lockdown imposed to limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in France between March 14 and May 11, 2020 on the wastewater characteristics of two large urban areas (with between 250,000 and 300,000 inhabitants) was studied. The number of outward and inward daily commuters was extracted from national census databases related to the population and their commuting habits. For urban area A, with the larger number of daily inward commuters (110,000, compared to 53,000 for B), lockdown was observed to have an effect on the monthly load averages of chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total suspended solids and total phosphorus, all of which decreased (confidence level of 95%). This decrease, which varied between 20% and 40% and reached 45% for COD, can be related to the cessation of catering and activities such as hairdressing, which generate large amounts of graywater. The ammonium loads, due to the use of toilets before leaving for work and after returning from work, remained constant. In the case of urban area B, lockdown had no noticeable effect. More data would be necessary in the long term to analyze the effect of changes in the balance between ammonia and carbon sources on the operation of wastewater treatment plants.

Rent dynamics in France between 1970 and 2013

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-148
Author(s):  
Alexis Pourcelot ◽  
Alain Coën ◽  
Richard Malle ◽  
Arnaud Simon
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Housing Policy ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Turning Points ◽  
Hedonic Model ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Market Rent ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Housing Research

Purpose The purpose of this study is to highlight the determinants of market rents and to build a hedonic market rent index for each urban area and rental sector in France for the period 1970–2013. The authors also analyse the market rent dynamics over this period, with a special attention to the turning points in the French housing policy. Design/methodology/approach For this purpose, the authors implement a hedonic model, called stratified time dummy variable, using the Box–Cox transformation as a functional form. Findings The contribution of this study to the housing research is threefold: First, the study improves our understanding of the French’s rental submarket specificities and their valuation. It sheds new light on the determinants of rents. Second, this study builds a hedonic market rent index over the period 1970–2013 for each geographical and sectoral segment (Paris urban area, urban areas of more and less than 100,000 inhabitants and private and public rental sectors). Third, this study explains rent dynamics focusing on the turning points in the French housing policy. Originality/value Finally, the authors provide the first long-term market rent index in France by submarket (geographical and sectoral). In the case of the French market, no long-term market rent exists. The only long series available is an indexed rent.

Impact of urban areas' drainage system on the quality of water bodies and mitigation strategies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Mazzarotto ◽  
Paolo Salandin
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Porous Media ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Sewer System ◽  
Combined Sewer ◽  
Receiving Water

&lt;p&gt;Diffuse urban pollution is a significant factor in compromising receiving water and groundwater standards required by the EU Water Framework Directive. Many studies (e.g., Ashley et al., 2005; McGrane, 2016) show that changes in the built environment and climatic forces contribute to the increase of combined sewer system overflows and of stormwater directly conveyed to nearby water bodies. These discharges are responsible for receiving water contamination, as a result of high concentrations of pathogens, BOD, suspended solids (SS), hydrocarbons, heavy metals and nutrients, thus being a significant source of water bodies&amp;#8217; pollution.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;To mitigate/eliminate pathogens and BOD contamination sources, the combined drainage system is usually split into separated sanitary sewer and stormwater systems, although difficulties related to economic and technical feasibility may be relevant. Nevertheless, this solution does not solve completely pollution due to SS, hydrocarbons, heavy metals from urban areas runoff and nutrients from rural drainage.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) deal with stormwater at source, helping infiltration and storage of water, increasing groundwater recharge, and reducing peak flood and volume in the drainage system. Moreover, filtration processes through porous media may reduce pollutants driven by first flush, usually controlled by stormwater tanks and sewer system spillways. However, clogging phenomenon limits drainage efficiency in the long-term, making sometimes porous media itself a source of contamination.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the following, a PhD project focusing on the urban area of Treviso is illustrated. Treviso is crossed by the river Sile, one of the longest (95 km) European wellspring rivers, part of a protected area. The Sile river is polluted by discharges from both the existing combined sewer system and rural drainages.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;While responsible agricultural practices will be promoted to mitigate the pollution originating from rural areas, a project aims to separate the combined system, developing a new pipe network for sanitary wastewater. When properly applied in the present drainage system devoted to the stormwater control only, SuDS solutions are able to mitigate pollution coming from wash-off and reduce flood peaks.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Discharge measurement stations will be realised on the Sile river upstream and downstream the Treviso town, to quantify drainage system outflows of the urban area during rainfall events and in dry conditions. Sampling for qualitative analysis will give a measure of the pollutants&amp;#8217; concentration.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;SuDS solutions, e.g. porous pavements, infiltration trenches and vegetated swales, will be tested with laboratory equipment (6&amp;#215;2 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) capable of considering the runoff and underground drainage in a fully controlled environment subjected to a prescribed rainfall intensity. By this way it will be possible to analyse the main physical processes and assess the SuDS solutions&amp;#8217; efficiency both in the short and long-term, using advanced mathematical models for the interpretation of results.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;If the laboratory model will provide satisfactory results, a full-scale test will be developed on an experimental site in Treviso town. The installed qualitative and quantitative monitoring system will allow to determine the effectiveness of the solutions adopted.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Inequalities between peri-urban and urban areas in urbanization process of Ho Chi Minh city: an urban political-ecology perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-67
Author(s):  
Tran Tu Van Anh ◽  
Nguyen Minh Doi ◽  
Dao Vu Bich Diem ◽  
Quan Minh Quoc Binh ◽  
Nguyen Ngoc Dan Thanh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Political Ecology ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Cultural Preservation ◽  
Ho Chi Minh City ◽  
Urban Political Ecology ◽  
Doi Moi ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
Research Findings

Thanks to the implementation of Vietnam’s economic renovation or ‘Doi Moi’ policy since 1986, Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) urban has grown quickly. However, this also leads to an increase in inequality. Its peri-urban area, which undergoes higher level of urbanization than urban area, faces more problems such as land use change, inadequate development process, unequal allocation of services and investment, and ignorance of environmental protection and cultural preservation. These impacts show inequality in standards of living between residents of the two areas. Using the framework of the Peri-Urban Political-Ecology, this paper aims to depict a general picture of the situation and analyse the causes of social inequalities between these two areas in terms of economy, public services, and environment through “everyday practices” (i.e. events, problems, stories, etc.). The paper uses HCMC’s statistical data in 2015-2017 periods and research findings from previous studies. The results shows that the main causes in inequalities between these two areas are the inevitability of urban metabolism and the unequal power interaction among the state, society and market.

The Status of Livelihood Vulnerability and Its CopingCapacities of Urban Squatters in Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal

Patan Pragya ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-32
Author(s):  
Chhabi Ram Baral
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Methods ◽  
The Status

Urban poverty is one of multidimensional issue in Nepal. Increasing immigration from the outer parts of Kathmandu due to rural poverty, unemployment and weak security of the lives and the properties are core causes pushing people into urban areas. In this context how squatter urban area people sustain their livelihoods is major concern. The objectives of the study are to find out livelihood assets and capacities squatters coping with their livelihood vulnerability in adverse situation. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are applied for data collection. It is found that squatters social security is weak, victimized by severe health problems earning is not regular with lack of physical facilities and overall livelihood is critical. This study helps to understand what the changes that have occurred in livelihood patterns and how poor people survive in urban area.

(China's Long-Term Economic Reform: Perspectives and Implications)

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pyeong Seob Yang ◽  
Su Yeob Na ◽  
Soojoong Nam ◽  
Sang Hun Lee ◽  
Ho Lim Yoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Reform
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