Inequalities between peri-urban and urban areas in urbanization process of Ho Chi Minh city: an urban political-ecology perspective

Thanks to the implementation of Vietnam’s economic renovation or ‘Doi Moi’ policy since 1986, Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) urban has grown quickly. However, this also leads to an increase in inequality. Its peri-urban area, which undergoes higher level of urbanization than urban area, faces more problems such as land use change, inadequate development process, unequal allocation of services and investment, and ignorance of environmental protection and cultural preservation. These impacts show inequality in standards of living between residents of the two areas. Using the framework of the Peri-Urban Political-Ecology, this paper aims to depict a general picture of the situation and analyse the causes of social inequalities between these two areas in terms of economy, public services, and environment through “everyday practices” (i.e. events, problems, stories, etc.). The paper uses HCMC’s statistical data in 2015-2017 periods and research findings from previous studies. The results shows that the main causes in inequalities between these two areas are the inevitability of urban metabolism and the unequal power interaction among the state, society and market.

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The Urban Network and Economic Reform in Vietnam

Environment and Planning A Economy and Space ◽

10.1068/a270793 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 27 (5) ◽

pp. 793-808 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

D Forbes

Keyword(s):

Urban Area ◽

Economic Reform ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Economic Reforms ◽

Ho Chi Minh City ◽

Urban Network ◽

Capitalist Economy ◽

Opening Up

Since the mid-1970s, Vietnam experienced a period of transition to socialism, before bringing in economic reforms which led to the gradual dismantling of the subsidised system of planning and the opening up of the country to the global capitalist economy. Economic reform and renovation has important implications for the urban areas of Vietnam. The emergence of markets and the abandonment of many restrictions on travel resulted in a freeing up of the urbanisation process during the 1980s and early 1990s. These processes are considered, and the implications for Vietnam's largest urban area, Ho Chi Minh City, are examined. The likely impact of Vietnam's long-term socioeconomic strategy on the urban network in the remainder of the decade is considered.

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Measuring and Predicting Long-Term Land Cover Changes in the Functional Urban Area of Budapest

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12083331 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 3331

Author(s):

József Lennert ◽

Jenő Zsolt Farkas ◽

András Donát Kovács ◽

András Molnár ◽

Rita Módos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Land Cover ◽

Urban Area ◽

Urban Sprawl ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Arable Land ◽

Land Cover Changes ◽

Research Findings ◽

Nature And Society

The loss of farmland to urban use in peri-urban areas is a global phenomenon. Urban sprawl generates a decline in the availability of productive agricultural land around cities, causing versatile conflicts between nature and society and threatening the sustainability of urban agglomerations. This study aimed to uncover the spatial pattern of long-term (80 years) land cover changes in the functional urban area of Budapest, with special attention to the conversion of agricultural land. The paper is based on a unique methodology utilizing various data sources such as military-surveyed topographic maps from the 1950s, the CLC 90 from 1990, and the Urban Atlas from 2012. In addition, the multilayer perceptron (MLP) method was used to model land cover changes through 2040. The research findings showed that land conversion and the shrinkage of productive agricultural land around Budapest significantly intensified after the collapse of communism. The conversion of arable land to artificial surfaces increased, and by now, the traditional metropolitan food supply area around Budapest has nearly disappeared. The extent of forests and grasslands increased in the postsocialist period due to national afforestation programs and the demand of new suburbanites for recreational space. Urban sprawl and the conversion of agricultural land should be an essential issue during the upcoming E.U. Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) reforms.

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Riverine Culture in Urban Context: Spatial ethnographic of urban floating kampung in Tumok Manggis, Sambas City, West Kalimantan

Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal ◽

10.21834/e-bpj.v2i5.666 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (5) ◽

pp. 247

Author(s):

Mira Sophia Lubis ◽

Triatno J. Hardjoko ◽

Dalhar Susanto

Keyword(s):

Political Ecology ◽

Publishing House ◽

Urban Context ◽

Urban Political Ecology ◽

Ecological Processes ◽

West Kalimantan ◽

The Past ◽

Research Findings ◽

International Publishing ◽

Open Access Article

Waterfront might be conceived as an entry to places where urbanity evolves. The physical process arises from the socio-political and economic development of its society. It entails a complex social and ecological processes constantly occur and how they interfere with each other. This paper analyses the ethnography of place in Tumok, a traditional floating kampung in Sambas, in the perspective of socio-ecology. This study is in an initial part of an ongoing Ph.D research on the urban political ecology of river settlements. Up to this stage, research findings have shown that becoming such a part of the past riverine culture in the context of present land-oriented urban culture has raised a new insight about how to view the urban waterfront.Keywords: riverine culture; socio-ecological process; spatial ethnography; urban kampung ISSN: 2398-4287© 2017. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, UniversitiTeknologi MARA, Malaysia.

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Water and the political ecology of urban metabolism: the case of Mexico City

Journal of Political Ecology ◽

10.2458/v22i1.21080 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 98 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Gian Carlo Delgado-Ramos

Keyword(s):

Political Ecology ◽

Mexico City ◽

Urban Space ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Current Trend ◽

Urban Metabolism ◽

General Description ◽

Urban Political Ecology ◽

Ecological Features ◽

Water Energy Nexus

Today, 52% of the world's population live in urban areas and this number is expected to rise to 64-69% by 2050. Cities consume most of the world's energy and materials, and are responsible of about three quarters of direct and indirect GHG emissions. Consumption patterns, however, are asymmetrical among cities and citizens. Urban metabolism, or the analysis of energy and material flows and stocks (infrastructure) that shape settlements, allows the identification not only of the dimensions of these flows and stocks, but also their main technical and socio-ecological features. These can also be evaluated from an urban political ecology perspective, that is, in terms of power relationships that define who gets access to, or control over, natural resources and other components of urban space. This article opens with a general introduction to urbanization trends, followed by a presentation of urban metabolism and urban political ecology approaches as useful analytical tools for assessing the access, management and usufruct of water in Mexico City's Metropolitan Area. A general description of the hydropolitan region of study is then offered in order to analyze urban water flows and their socioecological implications for the water-energy nexus and climate. The article concludes with a call for a paradigm change in order to transform urban settlements towards more livable, sustainable and equitable ones; a process that demands not only paying attention to the form but also to the function of urban territories within capitalist productive relationships. In this context the design and execution of public policies needed for transforming the current trend of constructing, operating, managing, and living in cities must be proactive, imaginative, and based on an integral metabolic planning that allows the adjustment of planning and policy tools to overarching contextual changes and to historical trends and socially desirable futures. Specific recommendations include the bottom-up management of water infrastructure and the guarantee of human rights to water, sanitation and a healthy environment; these are components of the 'right to the city.'Key words: urban metabolism, water, water-energy nexus, climate change, urban political ecology, Mexico City

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Re-Naturing the City: Linking Urban Political Ecology and Cultural Ecosystem Services

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13041786 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 1786

Author(s):

Antonella Pietta ◽

Marco Tononi

Keyword(s):

Ecosystem Services ◽

Political Ecology ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Environmental Planning ◽

Local Population ◽

Urban Landscapes ◽

Cultural Ecosystem Services ◽

Degraded Land ◽

Urban Political Ecology ◽

The City

In the last few decades European industrial cities have experienced major transformations which have implied the need to rethink the role of nature. Re-naturing the city, reconnecting urban planning and nature and enhancing sustainability, means taking into account ecosystems and biodiversity through a social approach to nature which reconsiders nature as a social product and re-examines city–nature relationships, the way Urban Political Ecology (UPE) suggests. This paper focuses on the Brescia Quarry Park, a suburban space that until just a few years ago was characterized by mining activities. This area has now been transformed into a re-naturalized area and is projected to become one of Europe’s largest re-naturalized protected urban areas. These transformations are signs of a profound change in the urban metabolism. In fact, the community has struggled for many years for the recognition of the value of the area in ecological and cultural terms. Therefore, an approach was adopted based on Urban Political Ecology, which is useful to study how the socio–natural relationships change and how an exploited and degraded land can become a relevant natural area from the local community’s point of view. This approach also allowed us to study conflicts due to unequal power relations and strategies developed by the community to reduce these conflicts. Particular interest was given to the participatory processes which have driven these transformations and to the role played by the different actors involved through top-down and bottom-up approaches. So, we decided to combine UPE and participatory action research—PAR and create a participatory map of the Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) in the Park. Attention was given to understanding the practices of the stakeholders and benefits for the community. This involvement allowed us to represent the complexity of the re-naturalized urban landscape which was analyzed through the changes in natural, urban and rural features that emerged. During the process, the interaction between citizens and experts was fundamental in co-producing an analysis of the placemaking of urban landscapes and in revealing the socio–ecological interactions of the stakeholders with these places. The results of the mapping process represent a first step towards promoting sustainable environmental planning and management based on the involvement and empowerment of the local population.

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Theorizing Public Participation and Local Governance in Urban Resilience: Reflections on the “Provincializing Urban Political Ecology” Thesis

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su122410307 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (24) ◽

pp. 10307

Author(s):

Chihsin Chiu

Keyword(s):

Public Participation ◽

Political Ecology ◽

Social Inequalities ◽

Local Governance ◽

Urban Environments ◽

Urban Resilience ◽

Urban Political Ecology ◽

Governmental Organizations ◽

Non Governmental Organizations ◽

Corporate Elites

Urban political ecology (UPE) infuses Marxism with poststructuralism and constructivism to explore the dialectic relationship between nature and society in urban environments as well as the economic aspect of an urban socioecological system. Nevertheless, the literature on southern urbanism has urged UPE to become more “provincialized” to reflect the diffuse forms of power and everyday governance influencing the planning of cities in the Global South. This article reviews and reflects on this wave of debates raised by critics who have positioned postcolonial thinking as an alternative to Marxist political economy, in which UPE is rooted. It also identifies those works that might help provincialize UPE differently. Without rejecting the Marxism, another set of approaches draws influence from the strategic-relational approach (SRA) to examine environmental issues in ways that destabilize conventionally economic determinist UPE. In addition to involving corporate elites and city officials, a UPE framework incorporating the SRA is capable of bringing the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), community leaders, and environmentalists in everyday governance to the front. The article contends that the latter framework adds weight on public participation and local governance in different geopolitical contexts without losing sight of the social inequalities caused by state-led or privatized programs in the quest for urban resilience.

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The Status of Livelihood Vulnerability and Its CopingCapacities of Urban Squatters in Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal

Patan Pragya ◽

10.3126/pragya.v5i1.30433 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 19-32

Author(s):

Chhabi Ram Baral

Keyword(s):

Data Collection ◽

Urban Area ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Quantitative Methods ◽

Urban Poverty ◽

Rural Poverty ◽

Poor People ◽

Qualitative And Quantitative ◽

Qualitative And Quantitative Methods ◽

The Status

Urban poverty is one of multidimensional issue in Nepal. Increasing immigration from the outer parts of Kathmandu due to rural poverty, unemployment and weak security of the lives and the properties are core causes pushing people into urban areas. In this context how squatter urban area people sustain their livelihoods is major concern. The objectives of the study are to find out livelihood assets and capacities squatters coping with their livelihood vulnerability in adverse situation. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are applied for data collection. It is found that squatters social security is weak, victimized by severe health problems earning is not regular with lack of physical facilities and overall livelihood is critical. This study helps to understand what the changes that have occurred in livelihood patterns and how poor people survive in urban area.

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Digital Entrepreneurship for Rural Youth: Entrepreneurial Process

11th GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES - Global Conference on Business and Social Sciences Proceeding ◽

10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2020.11(77) ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 76-76

Author(s):

Wawan Dhewanto ◽

Salma Azzahra ◽

Vania NR Rhommadhonni ◽

Fera Yunita

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Industrial Revolution ◽

Social Inequalities ◽

Rural Youth ◽

Young Generation ◽

Entrepreneurial Process ◽

Depth Study ◽

United Nation ◽

Digital Entrepreneurship

The young generation has a very important role as the nation's next generation, so it needs special attention to make them strong and independent figures. The young age phase is also a determining gate for the future after completing education (United Nation, 2013). Unfortunately, in Indonesia the number of young unemployed reaches 22.48% (Central Bureau of Statistics, 2018). Under these conditions, one of the efforts that can be done to reduce the unemployment rate is through an entrepreneurial program (Fatoki, 2014). This is a challenge for all parties because Rahmatiah et al (2019) states that currently the young generation of Indonesia is still difficult to become entrepreneurs. Moreover, competition in the 4.0 industrial revolution era is getting tougher. For entrepreneurs in rural areas, the challenges faced are greater than those who live in urban areas (Azzahra & Dhewanto, 2017), however by utilizing digital technology and becoming digital entrepreneurs, rural residents are able to compete, minimize social inequalities and accelerate economic growth (Ratten, 2018 ). Only a few young people have the talent and interest to run a business (Ceptureanu & Ceptueanu, 2015). Therefore an in-depth study of the interests and entrepreneurial processes for rural youth to become a digital entrepreneur is needed. This research was conducted in order to have young digital entrepreneurs who came from rural areas to be able to compete in this 4.0 industry era. Thus, the research questions in this study are: (1). Why does rural youth want to be a digital entrepreneur? How is the entrepreneurial process of rural youth to become digital entrepreneurs? Keywords: Digital Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurial Process, Rural Youth

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The Wood Quality of Small-Leaved Lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) Trees in an Urban Area: A Pilot Study

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12040420 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 420

Author(s):

Benas Šilinskas ◽

Aistė Povilaitienė ◽

Gintautas Urbaitis ◽

Marius Aleinikovas ◽

Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė

Keyword(s):

Urban Area ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Wood Quality ◽

Wood Products ◽

Urban Trees ◽

Measuring System ◽

Forest Site ◽

Tilia Cordata ◽

Mean Values ◽

Wood Development

This study performed a pilot evaluation of the wood quality—defined by a single parameter: dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEdyn, N mm−2)—of small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) trees in urban areas. A search of the literature revealed few studies which examined the specifics of tree wood development in urban areas. Little is known about the potential of wood from urban trees wood of their suitability for the timber industry. In this study, an acoustic velocity measuring system was used for wood quality assessment of small-leaved lime trees. The MOEdyn parameter was evaluated for small-leaved lime trees growing in two urban locations (along the streets, and in an urban park), with an additional sample of forest sites taken as the control. MOEdyn was also assessed for small-leaved lime trees visually assigned to different health classes. The obtained mean values of MOEdyn of 90–120-year old small-leaved lime trees in urban areas ranged between 2492.2 and 2715.8 N mm−2. For younger trees, the values of MOEdyn were lower in the urban areas than in the forest site. Otherwise, the results of the study showed that the small-leaved lime wood samples were of relatively good quality, even if the tree was classified as moderately damaged (which could cause a potential risk to the community). Two alternatives for urban tree management can be envisaged: (1) old trees could be left to grow to maintain the sustainability of an urban area until their natural death, or (2) the wood from selected moderately damaged trees could be used to create wood products, ensuring long-term carbon retention.

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Semantic segmentation of PolSAR image data using advanced deep learning model

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-94422-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Rajat Garg ◽

Anil Kumar ◽

Nikunj Bansal ◽

Manish Prateek ◽

Shashi Kumar

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Remote Sensing ◽

Deep Learning ◽

Urban Area ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Learning Algorithms ◽

Semantic Segmentation ◽

Learning Model ◽

Machine Learning Algorithms ◽

Deep Learning Model

AbstractUrban area mapping is an important application of remote sensing which aims at both estimation and change in land cover under the urban area. A major challenge being faced while analyzing Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) based remote sensing data is that there is a lot of similarity between highly vegetated urban areas and oriented urban targets with that of actual vegetation. This similarity between some urban areas and vegetation leads to misclassification of the urban area into forest cover. The present work is a precursor study for the dual-frequency L and S-band NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) mission and aims at minimizing the misclassification of such highly vegetated and oriented urban targets into vegetation class with the help of deep learning. In this study, three machine learning algorithms Random Forest (RF), K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) have been implemented along with a deep learning model DeepLabv3+ for semantic segmentation of Polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) data. It is a general perception that a large dataset is required for the successful implementation of any deep learning model but in the field of SAR based remote sensing, a major issue is the unavailability of a large benchmark labeled dataset for the implementation of deep learning algorithms from scratch. In current work, it has been shown that a pre-trained deep learning model DeepLabv3+ outperforms the machine learning algorithms for land use and land cover (LULC) classification task even with a small dataset using transfer learning. The highest pixel accuracy of 87.78% and overall pixel accuracy of 85.65% have been achieved with DeepLabv3+ and Random Forest performs best among the machine learning algorithms with overall pixel accuracy of 77.91% while SVM and KNN trail with an overall accuracy of 77.01% and 76.47% respectively. The highest precision of 0.9228 is recorded for the urban class for semantic segmentation task with DeepLabv3+ while machine learning algorithms SVM and RF gave comparable results with a precision of 0.8977 and 0.8958 respectively.

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