Competitive Dynamics in Hierarchically Organized Markets: Spatial Duopoly and Demand Asymmetries

1996 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 2021-2040 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Plummer
Keyword(s):  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Price Equilibrium ◽  
Urban Market ◽  
Existence And Stability ◽  
Retail Prices ◽  
Spatial Duopoly ◽  
Spatial Price ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the impact of corporate organizational structure on the configuration of prices, outputs, and profits in spatially extensive markets. In previous research I examined the general and analytical conditions defining both the existence and stability of an equilibrium in hierarchically organized spatial markets dominated by oligopolistic corporations that distribute a commodity directly to consumers through their retail franchises. Here I examine the disequilibrium dynamics resulting from this model. A bilevel decisionmaking process is hypothesized in which corporations vary their delivered prices in response to changes in urban market demand and in which franchises vary their retail prices in response both to changes in the cost of the commodity from their parent corporation and to the pricing strategies pursued by their competitors. The complexity of interactions operating between the two levels of the model and the presence of asymmetrical demand conditions facing duopolistic corporations suggests that it is unlikely that an overall spatial price equilibrium can actually be reached by such disequilibrium price-adjustment strategies.

scholarly journals Consideration of quality change of railway transport maintenance operations in managing costs of goods transport

2018 ◽  
Vol 239 ◽  
pp. 03005
Author(s):  
Lidia Shkurina ◽  
Eugenia Maskaeva ◽  
Stanislav Maskaev
Keyword(s):  
Cost Management ◽  
Rolling Stock ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Railway Transport ◽  
Quality Change ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Financial Result ◽  
Freight Market

the authors reviewed the quality of operational work of railway transport in the cost management system, presented methods for assessing the impact of the quality of rolling stock on the current costs of transportation activities, considered the issues of the impact of the quality of operational work on the formation of freight market demand and of financial result of the transport company - the owner of infrastructure and traction rolling stock, represented methods of assessing financial and economic efficiency of improving the quality of operational work for the company - a participant of the freight market.

scholarly journals Expert poll in complex system projects – scientometric view on the trend of redundancy research

2021 ◽  
Vol 341 ◽  
pp. 00066
Author(s):  
Victor Egorov ◽  
Andrey Rementsov ◽  
Tatyana Egorovа ◽  
Alexander Rementsov
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Preliminary Analysis ◽  
Social Phenomenon ◽  
Complex Vector ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Expert Opinions ◽  
Existence And Stability ◽  
Integral Characteristics ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

When carrying out research works in the economic, political, sociological fields, as well as in the sphere of governance and in management, we widely apply the integral characteristics of a plenty of factors affecting the existence, functioning and further effectiveness of the existence of the object being studied - a social phenomenon, the development and extinction socio-political trends, the existence and stability of specific clusters of economic projects or some large technical projects, etc. Since the influence manifestations of different factors are different, for estimation of their influence complex (vector. To assess the impact, an analysis of expert opinions is carried out, often with multiple redundancy. Such an approach can lead not to an increase in reliability, but to the opposite result, certainly leading to an increase in the cost of preliminary analysis.

scholarly journals Supply Chain Investment in Carbon Emission-Reducing Technology Based on Stochasticity and Low-Carbon Preferences

Complexity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Shan Yu ◽  
Qiang Hou
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Equilibrium Strategy ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Carbon Emission Reduction ◽  
Dynamic Perspective ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Due to excessive greenhouse gas emissions, carbon emission-reducing measures are urgently needed. Important emission-reduction measures mainly include carbon trading and low-carbon cost subsidies. Comprehensive consideration of these two policies is a research hotspot in the field of low-carbon technology investment. Based on this background, this paper considers the impact of consumer low-carbon preferences on market demand and the impact of uncertainty in carbon emission-reduction behaviour. We construct a stochastic differential game model with upstream and downstream enterprises based on cost-sharing coordination under a cost subsidy. From a dynamic perspective, this paper researches the optimal equilibrium strategy and evolution characteristics of the joint emission-reduction mechanism in a supply chain. This paper discusses the sensitivity of the parameters and uses numerical simulation to verify the impact of each parameter on the emission-reduction decision-making activities of stakeholders after introducing the cost subsidy. The results show that a cost subsidy policy can promote carbon emission-reduction investment and supply chain profit. Thus, it is important to strengthen technical cooperation and exchange among enterprises.

scholarly journals Drug price control order: the impact on pharmacoeconomics

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 2220
Author(s):  
Suchi M. Shah ◽  
Anil P. Singh ◽  
Parth K. Vachhani
Keyword(s):  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Drug Price ◽  
Price Control ◽  
Medical Specialties ◽  
Retail Prices ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Control Order ◽  
Microsoft Office ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Background: The objective of the present study was to analyze the prices of metformin, losartan, atorvastatin, paracetamol and aspirin for the doses which are included in the list of Drug Price Control Order (DPCO) 2013.Methods: Current index medical specialties India, 37th year, April-July 2015 issue was used for analysis. The retail prices of the drugs in INR were tabulated in Microsoft Office Excel 2013. The prices of the above listed drugs were compared with prices of DPCO 2013 for the same doses of drugs. The analysis of drugs costing more than the prices listed in the DPCO with the margin of the difference in percentage was carried out.Results: Out of 25 brands of metformin 500 mg tablet, 11 (44%) brands had price higher than listed in DPCO 2013. Similarly, prices for losartan 25 mg and 50 mg tablets, 8 (25%) out of 32 and 11 (31.42%) out of 35 were higher respectively. For atorvastatin 5 mg and 10 mg tablets, 2 (9.52%) out of 21 and 8 (13.55%) out of 59 brands had higher prices. For paracetamol 500 mg tablet, 12 (63.15%) out of 19 brands were priced higher than DPCO list. For aspirin 100 mg tablet and 325 mg tablet, 3 (100%) out of 3 brands and 1 (100%) out of 1 brand had higher prices.Conclusions: Many of the brand formulations have higher prices than the DPCO 2013 issued by government of India. The clinicians prescribing these drugs should be aware of these brand formulations to reduce the cost of the drug therapy.

An Analysis of the Market for Systems Reliability Assurance Services

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (s-1) ◽  
pp. 65-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicky Arnold ◽  
James C. Lampe ◽  
John J. Masselli ◽  
Steve G. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Market Demand ◽  
Accounting Profession ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Assurance Services ◽  
Software Product ◽  
Total Profit ◽  
Standard Report ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

As the accounting profession enters new assurance markets, many decisions as to the best manner in which such services can be provided must be addressed. For instance, the traditional audit/attest-reporting model may not provide adequate information to justify the cost of assurance services in some situations. Alternatively, potential clients may turn to other assurance providers who are willing to provide better quality services and/or more informative assurance reporting. In this study, we examine the impact of a two-tier reporting model on the market demand for assurance services on software product reliability. One tier uses the traditional binary report common with audit/attest services where a standard report notes whether a software product achieves a minimum standard, while the other tier of reporting provides for a graded assessment of multiple levels of quality. The results indicate that when a graded report that differentiates high-quality vendors from moderateor low-quality vendors is available (1) high-quality vendors are willing to pay for the report, (2) buyers are willing to pay a premium for the reduced risk associated with a highquality opinion, and (3) high-quality vendors are able to drive other vendors with inferior products out of the market. When only a binary report is available, the market is more confused and chaotic. Vendors are not able to signal quality clearly; the high-quality vendor is not able to dominate the market; there is less vendor demand for the assurance report; buyers are unable to determine their desired product and make less total profit. These results have several implications for the accounting profession and researchers as they work on the design of new assurance service models.

scholarly journals TIMING DECISIONS OF HOUSING SALES AND DEVELOPMENT BASED ON REAL OPTION THEORY

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Ling Zhang ◽  
Dingyin Shi ◽  
Xin Chang ◽  
Haizhen Wen
Keyword(s):  
Trading Volume ◽  
Real Option ◽  
Price Volatility ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Real Option Theory ◽  
Timing Decisions ◽  
Option Theory ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Based on the real option theory, this paper studies the impact of uncertainty on the timing decisions required in housing development and sales. Data of newly-built houses and corresponding plots in Hangzhou, China, are used for empirical analysis. In order to better reflect the changes in market demand under frequent policy intervention, in addition to the usual price volatility, this paper introduces the volatility of trading volume to measure the uncertainty of China’s real estate market. The results show that the volatility of trading volume has a significant impact on timing decisions. Also, trading volume volatility can better reflect the characteristic of deferred option than can price volatility, especially during the sales phase. This study provides evidence to support Bar-Ilan and Strange’s (1998) research of sequential investment. Because of the existence of the second option, i.e., sales timing, the starts in the first stage are not too sensitive to uncertainty. In the case of the second option, the longer the construction period is, and the lower the cost of the first stage is, the higher will be the probability of triggering the start. In addition, the characteristics of market risk aversion are obvious in the study area, especially in the suburban area.

scholarly journals Logistics Space: A Literature Review from the Sustainability Perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meiling He ◽  
Jiaren Shen ◽  
Xiaohui Wu ◽  
Jianqiang Luo
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Urban Core ◽  
Rational Allocation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The acceleration of economic globalization and integration has led to a dramatic increase in the flow of goods worldwide and changes in the spatial location of logistics facilities. The location of logistics facilities affects not only the cost and efficiency of cargo transportation activities, but also the rational allocation of logistics resources. Recently, the two major perspectives of logistics space research—cluster (the concentration of logistics facilities and functions in geography) and sprawl (movement of facilities from the urban core to peripheral places) have received extensive attention from academia and policy makers. The evolution of logistics space is influenced by land prices, traffic accessibility, market demand, agglomeration advantages and government policies. The purpose of this study is to present a literature review of logistics space, including data sources, research methods as well as research theories, and to study the impact of logistics space from the perspective of sustainable development. The research results provide some reference for logistics space researchers and logistics facility planners, and play a role in formulating new logistics development strategies and promoting the sustainable development of logistics.

Demonstrating Nutrient Cost Gradients: A Brooklyn Case Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 244-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Karp ◽  
Gary Wong ◽  
Marguerite Orsi
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Caloric Density ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Introduction: Foods dense in micronutrients are generally more expensive than those with higher energy content. These cost-differentials may put low-income families at risk of diminished micronutrient intake. Objectives: We sought to determine differences in the cost for iron, folate, and choline in foods available for purchase in a low-income community when assessed for energy content and serving size. Methods: Sixty-nine foods listed in the menu plans provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) for low-income families were considered, in 10 domains. The cost and micronutrient content for-energy and per-serving of these foods were determined for the three micronutrients. Exact Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for comparisons of energy costs; Spearman rho tests for comparisons of micronutrient content. Ninety families were interviewed in a pediatric clinic to assess the impact of food cost on food selection. Results: Significant differences between domains were shown for energy density with both cost-for-energy (p < 0.001) and cost-per-serving (p < 0.05) comparisons. All three micronutrient contents were significantly correlated with cost-for-energy (p < 0.01). Both iron and choline contents were significantly correlated with cost-per-serving (p < 0.05). Of the 90 families, 38 (42 %) worried about food costs; 40 (44 %) had chosen foods of high caloric density in response to that fear, and 29 of 40 families experiencing both worry and making such food selection. Conclusion: Adjustments to USDA meal plans using cost-for-energy analysis showed differentials for both energy and micronutrients. These differentials were reduced using cost-per-serving analysis, but were not eliminated. A substantial proportion of low-income families are vulnerable to micronutrient deficiencies.

TRANSFER FİYATLAMA UYGULAMASININ İŞLETME PERFORMANSINA ETKİSİ VE VERGİSEL AÇIDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
Serdar KUZU
Keyword(s):  
Business Performance ◽  
Transfer Pricing ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Tax Legislation ◽  
International Transactions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The size of international trade continues to extend rapidly from day to day as a result of the globalization process. This situation causes an increase in the economic activities of businesses in the trading area. One of the main objectives of the cost system applied in businesses is to be able to monitor the competitors and the changes that can be occured as a result of the developments in the sector. Thus, making cost accounting that is proper according to IAS / IFRS and tax legislation has become one of the strategic targets of the companies in most countries. In this respect, businesses should form their cost and pricing systems according to new regulations. Transfer pricing practice is usefull in setting the most proper price for goods that are subject to the transaction, in evaluating the performance of the responsibility centers of business, and in determining if the inter-departmental pricing system is consistent with targets of the business. The taxing powers of different countries and also the taxing powers of different institutions in a country did not overlap. Because of this reason, bringing new regulations to the tax system has become essential. The transfer pricing practice that has been incorporated into the Turkish Tax System is one of the these regulations. The transfer pricing practice which includes national and international transactions has been included in the Corporate Tax Law and Income Tax Law. The aim of this study is to analyse the impact of goods and services transfer that will occur between departments of businesses on the responsibility center and business performance, and also the impact of transfer pricing practice on the business performance on the basis of tax-related matters. As a result of the study, it can be said that transfer pricing practice has an impact on business performance in terms of both price and tax-related matters.

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