Public Policy and Population Distribution: Developing Appropriate Indicators of Settlement Patterns

10.1068/c9826 ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Coombes ◽  
Simon Raybould
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Settlement Patterns ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Alternative Form ◽  
Specific Context ◽  
Local Government Finance ◽  
Policy Concern ◽  
Introductory Discussion ◽  
Statistical Indicators

In this paper we are concerned with the measurement of aspects of population distribution, or settlement patterns, and the use of these measures in public-policy contexts in particular. More specifically, we query the adequacy of the population-density indicator, which is widely used in statistical formulae such as those by which the British government allocates funding to English local authorities. Our approach is to work through a series of topics, starting with an introductory discussion of the ideas raised by analyses of population distribution, and followed by a section on issues involved in the measurement of settlement patterns. In the third section, we outline the types of public-policy concern which call for statistical indicators of settlement patterns, and then present a set of guidelines for measurements which will be of value in the specific context of British local-government finance-allocation systems. In the next three sections, these guidelines are used to assess the appropriateness of settlement-pattern indicators which are already in use in such systems, in each case moving on to outline an alternative form of measurement designed in the light of weaknesses of current indicators. In the penultimate section, we provide an empirical assessment of the new measures developed here, then in the final section we briefly review the appropriateness of the approach that has been adopted.

Insanity Plea: National Survey of Frequency and Success

1985 ◽  
Vol 13 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 101-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Pasewark ◽  
Hugh McGinley
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Success Rate ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Insanity Plea ◽  
Policy Concern

The 50 states were surveyed to determine the operative insanity rule and frequency and success of the insanity plea. Reflecting the dearth of information regarding this important public policy concern, only a limited number of jurisdictions could provide statistics on the plea's frequency and success. Among these, incidence of the plea was generally low, while its success rate was quite variable.

11. Illegality

2020 ◽  
pp. 405-434
Author(s):  
Jack Beatson ◽  
Andrew Burrows ◽  
John Cartwright
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Common Law ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
The Common ◽  
Restraint Of Trade

This chapter considers what counts as illegality and the effect of illegality on a contract (and consequent restitution). The approach of the Courts to illegality has been transformed for the better, and simplified, by the Supreme Court in Patel v Mirza in 2016. Illegal conduct, tainting a contract, can vary widely from serious crimes (eg murder) to relatively minor crimes (eg breach of licensing requirements) through to civil wrongs and to conduct that does not comprise a wrong but is contrary to public policy. As regards the effect of illegality, where a statute does not deal with this, the common law approach is now to apply a range of factors. A final section of the chapter examines contracts in restraint of trade.

Blindness and limits: Sophokles and the logic of myth

1980 ◽  
Vol 100 ◽  
pp. 22-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. A. Buxton
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Specific Context ◽  
Dramatic Technique ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Dramatic Voice ◽  
The Way

To generalize about Aischylos is difficult; to generalize about Euripides is almost impossible; but to generalize about Sophokles is both possible and potentially rewarding. With Sophokles—or, rather, with the Sophokles of the seven fully extant tragedies—we can sense a mood, a use of language, and a style of play-making (‘dramatic technique’) which are largely shared by all seven works. Of these characteristics it is surely the mood which contains the quintessence of Sophoklean tragedy. My aim in the first section of this paper will be to open the way to an appreciation of that mood by following up one of the most important motifs in Sophokles: blindness. In the second section the scope of the enquiry will be widened: I shall show that, in using the blindness motif, Sophokles was drawing on a theme which was fundamental to a large number of mythical narratives told by Greeks from the time of Homer to that of Pausanias, and beyond. In the final section we shall return to Sophokles, placing him this time not against the background of the whole Greek mythical tradition but rather within the specific context of the fifth century B.C., and attempting to overhear the individual dramatic ‘voice’ used by him as he explored the implications of blindness.

Population Distribution as a Factor in the Costs of Fire Services

1994 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Coombes ◽  
M Charlton
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Geographic Information System ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Settlement Patterns ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Local Area ◽  
Fire Service ◽  
Funding Formula ◽  
Fire Services ◽  
Government Department

The funding of local authorities in England is done through a formula-based system which seeks to compensate authorities for having to meet higher levels of demand, and/or for facing higher levels of cost, because of the particular conditions of their local area. Differences in the population distribution of areas can affect levels of demand and also the costs of supplying services. The authors begin by questioning whether the measures of population density and sparsity in the current formulae adequately represent the effects of the settlement patterns of an area on service costs in particular. To illustrate the issue, the effects of population distribution on fire services are examined in detail. The differences in principle between the basis of the funding formula for fire services and the criteria by which the detailed activities of fire services are scrutinised by a different government department are discussed. Using a geographic information system, the authors show that the information which underlies the detailed scrutiny of each fire service could also be used to assess the effect of settlement patterns on service costs.

Feminisation and Schooling: Re-Masculinisation, Gendered Reflexivity and Boyness

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Haywood ◽  
Liviu Popoviciu ◽  
Máirtín Mac An Ghaill
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Specific Context ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Labour Process ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Masculinity Crisis

Across media and academic accounts in western societies there is much talk of an implosion of the modernist gender order. One way of capturing this shift is through the deployment of the concept of feminisation and an accompanying masculinity crisis. This paper draws upon empirical work in a specific context, that of the contemporary English schooling of boys. We critically explore the different meanings ascribed to the notion of feminisation. In exploring the changing labour process of teaching, we pose the suggestion of its remasculinisation. Having considered this broader picture, we focus on the meanings that circulate through teaching and more specifically address the question through a consideration of the disconnection of gendered styles from sexed bodies. In the final section this leads to the exploration of the putative ‘crisis of boys' by addressing the dynamic cultural inter connections between the categories of age and gender.

Methodological Steps in the Development of Multivariate Indexes for Urban and Regional Policy Analysis

1994 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 1297-1316 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Coombes ◽  
C Wong
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Practice Guidelines ◽  
Regional Policy ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Regional Policies ◽  
Best Practice Guidelines ◽  
Policy Debates ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
The Common ◽  
Statistical Indicators

Urban and regional policies are increasingly targeted by area. The common feature of this drive towards the targeting of public policy is the need for improved information on the candidate areas and better methodologies to aid the prioritisation process. The pressure for more and better information is also increased by recent academic and policy debates around the importance of identifying the distinctiveness of individual regions and localities in terms of their strengths and weaknesses. In this paper, four basic steps for a well-founded targeting analysis are identified. There is a need: to clarify the concept to be measured; to specify the key issues by which the concept is to be represented; to identify adequate statistical indicators covering those issues; and to create an overall index to summarise the information. In the penultimate section of the paper it is emphasised that there are numerous ways to produce a multivariate index and that the choice between them is not simple but will greatly affect the results obtained. Although it is stressed that different options will be more appropriate for different purposes, some ‘best-practice’ guidelines are identified.

scholarly journals Neighbourhood planning: national strategy for ‘bottom up’ governance

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Bogusz
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Local People ◽  
Alternative Form ◽  
Citizen Engagement ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Planning Policy ◽  
Planning Decisions ◽  
Output Legitimacy

Purpose The paper aims to consider whether Neighbourhood Panning provides the appropriate output legitimacy for citizen engagement in the planning process. The Localism Act 2011 transformed the planning process by shifting decision-making powers away from the local institutions and transferring them to local people. Neighbourhood planning has created a new dynamic in planning by using “bottom up” governance processes which enables local people to shape the area where they live. Local referenda are used to inject output legitimacy in to neighbourhood planning, and this planning self-determination can be considered as “spatial sovereignty”, whereby the recipients of the planning decisions are also the primary stakeholders that have shaped planning policy. Design/methodology/approach This paper will examine how Localism, as an evolving concept of local governance, is enfranchising local communities to take control of planning and development in their area. The paper will draw upon the experience of the revised planning methodology introduced by the Localism Act 2011 and consider its impact on the delivery of broader public policy objectives contained within the National Planning Policy Framework. Findings Localism provides an alternative form of citizen engagement and democratic legitimation for planning decisions which transcends the traditional forms of participatory democracy, and recognises that other paths of democratic law-making are possible. Originality/value The paper argues that neighbourhood planning has created a paradigm whereby local planning preferences, as an expression of spatial sovereignty, do not necessarily align with the broader public policy objective to build homes in the right places.

scholarly journals The Political Economy of Prevention

2013 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Gough
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Climate Change Policy ◽  
Political Order ◽  
The Political ◽  
Change Policy ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Environmental

Prevention in public policy is much discussed but rarely theorized. This article begins with a theoretical framework for reflecting on the political economy of prevention in advanced capitalist economies that integrates the analysis of preventive policies across the social, environmental and economic domains. The next two sections survey prevention initiatives in social policy and climate change policy, respectively. These mainly focus on the last three decades and are based mainly on UK evidence. The article then considers the relative absence of prevention in contemporary economic policy and management: today's neo-liberal economic and political order powerfully constrains preventive public policy. The final section outlines an alternative social political economy that prioritizes preventive and precautionary policy making.

Meaningful Work and Freedom

2019 ◽  
pp. 50-72
Author(s):  
Keith Breen
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
Meaningful Work ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Individual Freedom ◽  
Human Flourishing ◽  
Work Arrangements ◽  
The Third ◽  
Policy Concern ◽  
Working Practices

One value invoked in arguments for taking meaningful work seriously as an ethical aspiration, and for rearranging our working practices to accommodate this aspiration, is that of individual freedom. This appeal typically takes three forms. The first, drawing from an Aristotelian ideal of human flourishing, appeals to freedom conceived as self-realization. The second centers on freedom understood in the sense of personal autonomy or self-determination. The third appeals to freedom conceived as non-domination, which is deemed a precondition for enjoying self-realization and self-determination in work. These freedom-based claims for institutionalizing and maintaining meaningful work are compelling both in normative and empirical terms. Moreover, they are in no way undermined by counterclaims to the effect that meaningful work is not an appropriate public policy concern or that the ideals of self-realization and autonomy can be harnessed to legitimize exploitative work arrangements.

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