Spatial Distribution of Bargaining Power: Binding Arbitration in Connecticut School Districts

1983 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Finch ◽  
T W Nagel
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
School Districts ◽  
Bargaining Power ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Negotiation Process ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Board Of Education ◽  
Teacher Union ◽  
Contract Renewal

Traditionally, negotiations in Connecticut concerning teacher contract renewal are conducted at the local level between members of the district board of education and members of the district teacher union. However, with the adoption in Connecticut of ‘issue last offer’ binding arbitration, there has been an acceleration in the use of professional bargaining representatives, including attorneys and Statewide union agents. The proliferation of professional representatives, together with the introduction of professional arbitrators, helps explain many of the phenomena associated with the early years of this new procedure: namely, an initial increase in the proportion of school districts going to arbitration rather than settling during an earlier negotiation phase; an upsurge in the standardization of collective agreements at the expense of innovation and situational responsiveness; and, more important, a loss in the local ‘flavor’ of the negotiation process. This paper will critically examine the implications of these trends both for the political nature of educational dispute resolution in Connecticut and for the spatial distribution of bargaining power.

School Desegregation and Resegregation in the Upper South: An Introduction and Overview

2021 ◽  
pp. 000276422110332
Author(s):  
Toby L. Parcel ◽  
Roslyn A. Mickelson
Keyword(s):  
School Districts ◽  
School Choice ◽  
School Desegregation ◽  
Board Of Education ◽  
The Social ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Upper South ◽  
Opinion Polls

Despite strong progress toward school desegregation in the late 20th century, many locations in the Upper South have recently experienced school resegregation. The articles in this issue investigate similarities and differences across this region in attitudes underlying these developments. Individual papers treat factors including resident location within and across school districts, as well as the role of school choice. Papers also advocate for combining the results of case studies and opinion polls in elucidating these dynamics. The issue concludes with a look forward regarding the social and political forces that will contribute to whether or not the Supreme Court’s mandate, based on Brown v. Board of Education, will be realized by its 100th anniversary in 2054.

Under the Law: Segregation and secession

2019 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 74-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Underwood
Keyword(s):  
School Districts ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Board Of Education ◽  
School Segregation ◽  
Racial Isolation ◽  
Predominately White ◽  
Diverse Student ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Law ◽  
Student Bodies

Although Brown v. Board of Education was supposed to end the practice of school segregation, the current legal and cultural landscape makes it difficult for schools to remain diverse in the face of continued and growing racial isolation of U.S. neighborhoods. In fact, some predominately White communities are creating their own school districts, intentionally separating themselves from districts with more diverse student bodies. Julie Underwood explains where the law stands today and discusses the secession movement in Gardendale, Ala.

Women and Post-Independence African Politics

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gretchen Bauer ◽  
Akosua Darkwah ◽  
Donna Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Early Years ◽  
African Women ◽  
Political Transitions ◽  
Women's Associations ◽  
Structural Adjustment Programs ◽  
Institutional Infrastructure ◽  
Political Roles ◽  
Political Office

Building upon their participation in anti-colonial struggles across Africa in the mid-20th century, African women have taken on many political roles in the post-independence period. While military rule and single-party rule precluded access to elected office in many countries in the early years after independence, female combatants fought alongside their male counterparts in ongoing struggles for national liberation in other parts of Africa, especially southern Africa, into the 1980s and 1990s. In many countries, national gender machineries established in the 1970s provided an institutional infrastructure for pursuing women’s rights even if they were often not fully implemented. State feminism, articulated through First Ladyism and state-led national women’s associations, sought to co-opt women’s struggles for political gain. In some instances, it did ameliorate women’s economic hardships and promote political participation. Women’s mobilization in the 1980s, in part a response to the severe impact of structural adjustment programs on devastated African economies, led to local-level organizing and eventually to a focus on women’s access to political office. Since the political transitions that swept the continent beginning in the early 1990s, women have accessed political office in all three branches of government in unprecedented numbers just as new forms of mobilization have emerged around issues like the rights of sexual minorities.

The Toronto Board of Education's Benchmarks in Mathematics

1992 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 51-55
Author(s):  
John L. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Schools ◽  
School Districts ◽  
Secondary Schools ◽  
Board Of Education ◽  
Achievement In Mathematics

Today, most school districts are increasingly being held accountable for the quality of their programs. The Toronto Board of Education, which has 114 elementary schools with approximately 41,000 students and 39 secondary schools with approximately 30,000 students, is no exception. In May 1987, the board mandated the development of s tandards for students' achievement in mathematics and language at the end of grades 3, 6, 8, and 10. Until this time no systemwide testing or standards had existed. Guidelines had been established for evaluating students and reporting to parents, but schools and teachers were left to work out their own procedures.

scholarly journals Healthy eating in the early years

2016 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 992-1002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Goldsborough ◽  
Catherine Homer ◽  
Rebecca Atchinson ◽  
Margo E. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Healthy Eating ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Health And Development ◽  
Food Provision ◽  
The Uk

Purpose – A nutritious diet is critical to the health and development of pre-school children. Children in the UK consume much food outside the home yet day-care food provision is unregulated, and informed by disparate and conflicting dietary guidelines. Factors affecting nursery food provision have been much studied, but less is known about food provision in the child-minder setting. The purpose of this paper is to examine factors influencing child-minders’ food provision. Design/methodology/approach – Qualitative methods were employed, combining participant observation with semi-structured interviews. Participants were selected via purposive and convenience sampling. Eight child-minders from an English borough were interviewed. Findings – The food provided by child-minders was not consistent with dietary guidelines for young children, following menu plans was reported to be difficult, and knowledge about healthy eating guidelines for young children was various. Child-minders reported limited time for food preparation, and problems catering for fussy children. Some child-minders obtained support through an informal peer network group. Only one child-minder reported availing of professional nutritional advice on healthy food provision. Communication with parents about food was considered important, although there was some evidence of discord between providers and parents in dietary objectives. Research limitations/implications – The study was small in size and regionally based. Due to the local nature of the study, it is not possible to make generalisations to the wider national context. Corroboration of the findings is necessary in a larger study. Practical implications – Child-minders have a pivotal role to play in the nutritional health and development of young children, and whilst their interest in provision of nutritious food was great, outside support was lacking. Support should include provision of one clear set of authoritative guidelines, practical guidance that accommodates the realities of providing food in the child-minder setting, investment to strengthen support structures at local level and the development of network groups. Originality/value – Whilst the factors underpinning food provision in nurseries have been examined in various regions of the UK, little attention has been given to child-minder settings. The current study addresses this gap.

scholarly journals A joint spatial marked point process model for dengue and severe dengue in Medellin, Colombia.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mabel Carabali ◽  
Alexandra M. Schmidt ◽  
Berta N. Restrepo ◽  
Jay S. Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Marked Point ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Marked Point Process ◽  
Severe Dengue ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dengue Control

The spatial distribution of surveillance-reported dengue cases and severity are usually analyzed separately, assuming independence between the spatial distribution of non-severe and severe cases. Given the availability of data for the individual geo-location of surveillance-notified dengue cases, we conducted a cross-sectional study to model non-severe and severe dengue simultaneously, identifying the spatial patterns of dengue distribution, using individual and area level covariates within a hierarchical Bayesian model. Results showed that age and socioeconomic status were associated with dengue presence, and there was evidence of clustering for overall cases but not for severity. Our findings inform decision making to address the preparedness or implementation of dengue control strategies at the local level.

scholarly journals India

2021 ◽  
pp. 157-179
Author(s):  
Hai-Anh H. Dang ◽  
Peter Lanjouw
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Local Level ◽  
National Level ◽  
Early Years ◽  
First Century ◽  
Inequality Of Opportunity ◽  
Education Outcomes ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Village ◽  
Horizontal Inequalities

India in the early years of the twenty-first century achieved per capita growth rates that were historically unprecedented. Poverty reduction also accelerated. There is concern, however, that this growth was accompanied by a rise in inequality. In this chapter, we report on a research project that examines inequality trends and dynamics at the all-India level over three decades up to 2011/12 and contrasts these with evidence at the level of the village or the urban block. We further unpack inequality to explore dynamics in terms of the movement of people within the income distribution over time. The assessment of mobility is informed both by evidence at the very local level, and by aggregate, national-level trends. The study attempts, further, to assess horizontal inequalities into a measure of inequality of opportunity as captured by inter-generational mobility in education outcomes.

Hydro-hegemony and international water law: laying claims to water rights

Water Policy ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 10 (S2) ◽  
pp. 89-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marwa Daoudy
Keyword(s):  
Bargaining Power ◽  
Negotiation Process ◽  
Water Law ◽  
International Rivers ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
Bargaining Position ◽  
Prior Notification ◽  
International Water Law ◽  
International Water

This paper addresses hydro-hegemony from the perspective of International Water Law, by examining the role of law in upstream/downstream negotiations. It is built on the understanding that International Water Law constitutes an element of power relations, asserting that it is a source of structural and bargaining power. The first section of the paper discusses main principles that have emerged, and their establishment as terms of reference for water cooperation. In the second part, competing claims are analysed to see how co-riparians in the Euphrates and Tigris basins have provided deliberately conflicting interpretations over “International rivers”, “equitable and reasonable utilization”, “no harm”, “prior notification” and “consultation” to derive negotiating positions and influence from International Water Law. Conclusions point to the understanding of water law as a structural variable, impacting on the actors’ constraints and options and enhancing the structural power of the non-hegemonic riparians. International Water Law appears to operate as well as process-related variable which influences the process and outcome of water negotiations. As a source of bargaining power, legal principles increase the legitimacy of downstream riparians and enhances their bargaining position in the negotiation process.

scholarly journals The Influence of Power and Individualism-Collectivism on Negotiation Initiation

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 673-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Volkema ◽  
Ilias Kapoutsis ◽  
Ana Bon ◽  
José Ricardo Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Business Process ◽  
Bargaining Power ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Negotiation Process ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Situational Factor ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Initiation Process ◽  
Relative Bargaining Power ◽  
Practical Implications

Abstract Negotiation is an essential business process, with the initiation of a negotiation likely to affect how the process unfolds. Despite the fact that opportunities are often lost when one or more parties fail to initiate, initiation has until recently been overlooked in negotiation process models and research. This paper reports findings from a study that examines the effects situational/contextual factors and culture have on the initiation process (engaging a prospective counterpart, making a request, and optimizing that request), focusing specifically on relative bargaining power (a situational factor) and individualism-collectivism. Higher bargaining power was found to increase the likelihood of initiation intentionality in general as well as the requesting and optimizing phases more specifically. In addition, individualism/collectivism was also found to affect initiation, with individualists more likely than collectivists to initiate a negotiation. Further, this effect was enhanced when individualists had high relative bargaining power. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed, with suggestions for future research.

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