Forgotten Obstacles, Neglected Forces: Explaining the Origins of Hong Kong Public Housing

1989 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Smart
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Public Housing ◽  
Affordable Housing ◽  
The State ◽  
Public Welfare ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Property Development ◽  
The Third ◽  
Labour Power

There are three explanations in the literature for Hong Kong embarking upon the state provision of housing in 1954. One explanation sees this provision as an inevitable response to the inability of the private sector to provide affordable housing for the influx of immigrants after 1945. The second interprets it as support for the property development industry, rather than for public welfare. The third explanation traces the intervention to the need to reproduce labour power, All three explanations may be criticized for faulty reasoning and for misinterpreting the historical background of the involvement. An argument is made for more attention to the autonomy, although limited, of the state and to the actual and potential resistance of squatters in producing the outcome of squatter resettlement and not just squatter clearance.

Housing Policies in Hong Kong

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (01) ◽  
pp. 110-124
Author(s):  
Tai Wei LIM
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Public Housing ◽  
Land Development ◽  
Chief Executive ◽  
Approval Process ◽  
Housing Policies ◽  
The Law

Hong Kong Chief Executive Carrie Lam presented her housing policies at the 2019 annual address in broad strokes, including using ordinances to resume undeveloped land in accordance with the law. The Hong Kong government could use its regulatory power as disincentives for private development of land given the highly bureaucratic, time-consuming and expensive land development approval process. The Hong Kong government would also work jointly with private sector landlords to potentially develop public housing and profit-driven projects, which would then be negotiated based on the Hong Kong government’s terms and conditions.

The Warring States Period: Historical Background

2020 ◽  
pp. 579-594
Author(s):  
Yuri Pines
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Warring States Period ◽  
Territorial Expansion ◽  
Warring States ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
Subsequent Rise ◽  
Inter State

This chapter starts with introducing major textual, archeological, and paleographical sources for the history of the Warring States period. It then focuses on the inter-state dynamics following the de facto dissolution of the state of Jin in 453 bce and up to the Qin unification of 221 bce. In particular, the chapter explores the rise and fall of the state of Wei as the major hegemonic power in the end of the fifth and the first half of the fourth centuries bce; the subsequent rise of Qin and attempts to block it through formation of anti-Qin alliances; and, finally, the collapse of these alliances and the acceleration of Qin’s territorial expansion in the third century bce.

scholarly journals Collaborative Governance for Affordable Housing in Toronto and Melbourne

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Carolyn Whitzman ◽  
Katrina Raynor ◽  
Louise Frost
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Collaborative Governance ◽  
Policy Formation ◽  
The State ◽  
Shared Understanding ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
Partnership Approach

Policy formation and implementation have largely shifted from a top-down government-led process, to a collaborative governance approach characterised by complex and opaque partnerships, weakly steered by the state.  We use 36 interviews, undertaken in Toronto and Melbourne between 2015 and 2018, to assess procedural accountability in these two cities: the extent to which policy outputs developed through a partnership approach are fair, transparent, rational, and intentional.  We find that both cities fail the basics of procedural accountability, and that there is little shared understanding amongst key partners – local and provincial/state policymakers, non-profit and private sector housing providers, and philanthropic and private sector finance providers – about the definition and missing quantum of affordable housing, let alone a sense of how to move forward.

PROBLEMS OF LARGE-SCALE HOUSING CONSTRUCTION IN RUSSIA

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 10-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktor P. GENERALOV ◽  
Elena M. GENERALOVA
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Public Housing ◽  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Housing Construction ◽  
General Strategy ◽  
Regulatory Documents ◽  
Stage Development

In this article stage-by-stage development of large-scale housing in the territory of Russia before 1990 and stagnation in the last ten years caused by absence of general strategy of living environment amenities is viewed. Problems of elaboration of affordable housing new standards are explored, existing regulatory documents are analyzed. In that context Hong Kong experience in large-scale public housing is given as an example.

scholarly journals VOLUNTARIADO, ASSOCIATIVISMO E TURISMO:UM DEBATE A PARTIR DAS ORGANIZAÇÕES NO TERRENO

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Filipa Canavarro Morais ◽  
Andreia Antunes Moura
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Third Sector ◽  
The State ◽  
Volunteer Tourism ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Third Sector

RESUMOA sociedade contemporânea debate-se com novos problemas sociais que necessitam de respostas diferentes e inovadoras. Assim, pretendeu-se compreender como aqueles que estão no terreno veem o papel da sociedade civil face ao Estado e mercado, a importância do terceiro setor, do associativismo e do voluntariado em Portugal e, especificamente, o turismo de voluntariado. Os resultados demonstram que há cada vez maior dinamismo da sociedade civil para colmatar problemas sociais a que o Estado ou setor privado não conseguem atender, e que o turismo de voluntariado tem vindo a despertar interesse e reconhecimento enquanto oportunidade de futuro.Palavras-chave: Voluntariado. Associativismo. Turismo. Ação Solidária. ABSTRACTContemporary society is struggling with new social problems that need different and innovative answers. Thus, it was intended to understand how those in the field see the role of civil society vis-à-vis the state and the market, the importance of the third sector, associations and volunteering in Portugal and, specifically, volunteer tourism. The results show that there is a growing dynamism of civil society in addressing social problems to wich the state or private sector cannot give an answer, and that volunteer tourism has been arousing interest and recognition as an opportunity for the future.Keywords: Volunteering. Associativism. Tourism. Solidarity Action.

scholarly journals Public Housing in the Global Cities: Hong Kong and Singapore at the Crossroads

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anutosh Das
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Public Housing ◽  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Housing Affordability ◽  
Housing System ◽  
Global Cities ◽  
Political Crises ◽  
The Government

Affordable Housing, the basic human necessity has now become a critical problem in global cities with direct impacts on people's well-being. While a well-functioning housing market may augment the economic efficiency and productivity of a city, it may trigger housing affordability issues leading crucial economic and political crises side by side if not handled properly. In global cities e.g. Singapore and Hong Kong where affordable housing for all has become one of the greatest concerns of the Government, this issue can be tackled capably by the provision of public housing. In Singapore, nearly 90% of the total population lives in public housing including public rental and subsidized ownership, whereas the figure tally only about 45% in Hong Kong. Hence this study is an effort to scrutinizing the key drivers of success in affordable public housing through following a qualitative case study based research methodological approach to present successful experience and insight from different socio-economic and geo-political context. As a major intervention, this research has clinched that, housing affordability should be backed up by demand-side policies aiming to help occupants and proprietors to grow financial capacity e.g. subsidized rental and subsidized ownership can be an integral part of the public housing system to improve housing affordability.

A “Versailles of Trade”

2021 ◽  
pp. 25-40
Author(s):  
Susan E. Schopp
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
The State ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Chinese Market ◽  
The Third ◽  
China Trade ◽  
European Trade ◽  
Open Trade ◽  
India And China

Chapter 2 examines the French East India Company model of Sino-European trade, with a particular emphasis on the features that distinguish it from the two other major models, the English and the Dutch. In France, not merchants but the state itself gave birth to the French East Company, once memorably described as a “Versailles of trade,” and the state continued to play a dominant role in the Company’s operations, exerting the power of approval over the Company’s decisions and issuing the edicts that established its policies. But the lure of private trade, and in particular, the appeal of the Chinese market, played a major role in hastening the demise of the company model, which from the mid-1700s was seen as increasingly obsolete in view of contemporary attitudes and conditions. The creation of the third French East India Company in 1785 after a fifteen-year period of private (open) trade was followed in 1790 by France’s opening her East India and China trade once more to the private sector, and this time it was definitive; the French East Company was permanently abolished in 1793, and for the rest of the Canton era, trade remained open.

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