A “Versailles of Trade”

2021 ◽  
pp. 25-40
Author(s):  
Susan E. Schopp
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
The State ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Chinese Market ◽  
The Third ◽  
China Trade ◽  
European Trade ◽  
Open Trade ◽  
India And China

Chapter 2 examines the French East India Company model of Sino-European trade, with a particular emphasis on the features that distinguish it from the two other major models, the English and the Dutch. In France, not merchants but the state itself gave birth to the French East Company, once memorably described as a “Versailles of trade,” and the state continued to play a dominant role in the Company’s operations, exerting the power of approval over the Company’s decisions and issuing the edicts that established its policies. But the lure of private trade, and in particular, the appeal of the Chinese market, played a major role in hastening the demise of the company model, which from the mid-1700s was seen as increasingly obsolete in view of contemporary attitudes and conditions. The creation of the third French East India Company in 1785 after a fifteen-year period of private (open) trade was followed in 1790 by France’s opening her East India and China trade once more to the private sector, and this time it was definitive; the French East Company was permanently abolished in 1793, and for the rest of the Canton era, trade remained open.

scholarly journals VOLUNTARIADO, ASSOCIATIVISMO E TURISMO:UM DEBATE A PARTIR DAS ORGANIZAÇÕES NO TERRENO

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Filipa Canavarro Morais ◽  
Andreia Antunes Moura
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Third Sector ◽  
The State ◽  
Volunteer Tourism ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Third Sector

RESUMOA sociedade contemporânea debate-se com novos problemas sociais que necessitam de respostas diferentes e inovadoras. Assim, pretendeu-se compreender como aqueles que estão no terreno veem o papel da sociedade civil face ao Estado e mercado, a importância do terceiro setor, do associativismo e do voluntariado em Portugal e, especificamente, o turismo de voluntariado. Os resultados demonstram que há cada vez maior dinamismo da sociedade civil para colmatar problemas sociais a que o Estado ou setor privado não conseguem atender, e que o turismo de voluntariado tem vindo a despertar interesse e reconhecimento enquanto oportunidade de futuro.Palavras-chave: Voluntariado. Associativismo. Turismo. Ação Solidária. ABSTRACTContemporary society is struggling with new social problems that need different and innovative answers. Thus, it was intended to understand how those in the field see the role of civil society vis-à-vis the state and the market, the importance of the third sector, associations and volunteering in Portugal and, specifically, volunteer tourism. The results show that there is a growing dynamism of civil society in addressing social problems to wich the state or private sector cannot give an answer, and that volunteer tourism has been arousing interest and recognition as an opportunity for the future.Keywords: Volunteering. Associativism. Tourism. Solidarity Action.

scholarly journals Illicit Tramadol Tablets Traded in Kuwait during 2016 – 2017; Their Analysis by GC/MS and Classification

2020 ◽  
pp. 82-88
Author(s):  
N. A. Al-Abkal ◽  
Metwally E. Kh ◽  
S. R. Alezzbawy ◽  
Y. OrabiKh ◽  
Sh. H. Alshammari
Keyword(s):  
Common Type ◽  
The State ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Medical Group ◽  
The Third ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
The State Of Kuwait ◽  
Silicic Acids ◽  
India And China

Aim: To determine the quality and quantity of tramadol traded in the State of Kuwait and its classification. Study Design: Collected samples of tramadol tablets seized in Kuwait during 2016 & 2017 and a pure tramadol standard, all have been analyzed in the Forensic Laboratories. Place and Duration of Study: All analyses were conducted during 2016–2017 in the Forensic Laboratories of the General Department of Criminal Evidences – Ministry of Interior – State of Kuwait. Methodology: A total of fifty samples of non-pure tramadol tablets seized in Kuwait during the year 2016 & 2017 and one pure standard, all have been analyzed by using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Results: The fifty collected samples of tramadol could be classified into three groups: The first (Red) group is recorded in 42 samples (84 % of samples) with concentration range between 0.1 mg/ml and 1.1 mg/ml; it has a red color known as (strawberry) which is a street name; it is mixed with carboxylic and silicic acids, the second (White)group is detected in 3 samples, with two different concentrations: One sample has 0.3 mg/ml and the other two samples have 0.4 mg/ml; it is mixed with acidic substances and newly identified venlafaxine and the third (Medical) group is recorded in 5 samples as a pharmaceutical drug with different colors and shapes, one of them was detected as acetaminophen, and hence deleted, while the concentrations recorded for all four tablets are 0.2 mg/ml; it is mixed with acidic substances and venlafaxine. Conclusion: The main types of tramadol frequently traded in the State of Kuwait, can be divided into the following three groups: First Red Group includes red tablets which represent the most common type traded from Egypt, India and China according to the statistics of United Nations 2013(18), with purity range from 60% to 201%. The Second White Group includes all white tablets which are much less traded than the red tablets, with purity range from 58% to 123% and the Third Medical Group includes adulterated medical tablets which have purity range as 26%.

Conclusion

2021 ◽  
pp. 133-134
Author(s):  
Susan E. Schopp
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
East India Company ◽  
French Experience ◽  
European Trade ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
French Model ◽  
Canton System

France was a key participant in the Canton Trade, although she has not received sufficient attention in its scholarship. Early to enter the trade, she continued, with occasional interruptions, to the end of the Canton System in 1842, and her vessels made over 265 voyages to China. The French model of Sino-European trade was distinctive, both in the structure and governance of the French East India Company and in the role of the private sector, and the nation’s contributions to, and influences on, the trade were both significant and diverse, not limited to the strictly commercial. A knowledge of the French experience is essential to a thorough understanding of the Canton Trade, as well as to an appreciation of the cultural, political, economic, and other factors that shaped each nation’s response.

Between State and Market: The Non-Profit Workforce in a Changing Local Environment

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Bowlby ◽  
Sally Lloyd Evans
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Third Sector ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
The State ◽  
Unpaid Work ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
The Third ◽  
State And Market ◽  
Work Family

This article explores some impacts of relationships between the third sector, the state and the market on the non-profit sector workforce in Reading, England. We argue that: the growth of state influence has brought forth paid and unpaid workers to represent the sector to the state; in most non-profit organisations paid workers create the conditions for unpaid work. For a minority the opposite is true; labour in the non-profit sector is influenced by competition from the private sector for workers and ‘clients’; workers’ paid work, family commitments and market services limit volunteering, especially for what we term ‘lifestage’ volunteers.

The State and Religion: Iran, India and China

1958 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rushton Coulborn
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Case ◽  
The State ◽  
Caste System ◽  
Religious Organization ◽  
Christian Church ◽  
The Third ◽  
Main Form ◽  
Full Development ◽  
Proper Functions ◽  
India And China

In the three societies considered in this essay, there are three quite different kinds of relation of religion to the state. In Iran, there came to be a church and, consequently, a church-state relationship. In India, there was the oddest of all embodiments of religion, one which was entirely sui generis. China had a dead minimum of religious organization distinct from the organization of state. It would not be true to say that there were never any ecclesiastical institutions in China, but they were non-existent during much of China's history and, during most of the time when they did exist, they were marginal to the society's main form. The outward observances of religion in China were always conducted chiefly by state personages as a part of their proper functions. China offers, in fact, an extreme case of possible relations between religion and government, a case at the opposite end of the spectrum from the end where Strayer finds those relations in Europe. Indian ecclesiastical institutions are, of course, to be found in the caste system. Through the caste system the Brahmans have exerted their immense authority. The origin of caste remains a matter of dispute and its relation with and effect upon the state remain obscure. The Iranian church came to be a solid and very formidable body, offering a most instructive comparison with the Christian church in Europe. But the Iranian church did not begin to emerge until the Parthian period, reaching its full development in the Sassanian era, from the third to the seventh centuries A.D.

An account of some books, lately publish'd; videl. - Relations of divers curious voyages, by Mons. Thevenot, the third tome, in French; A discourse about the causes of the inundation of the Nile, in French, by Monseiur dela Chambre; De principiis et ratiocinatione geometrarum, contra fastum professorum geometriæ; authore Thoma Hobbes; & King Salomons poutraiture of old age; by John Smith, M.D

1665 ◽  
Vol 1 (14) ◽  
pp. 248-254
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
The State ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Dutch East India Company ◽  
East Indies ◽  
The Third ◽  
Chinese Author ◽  
State Of Affairs

Relations of divers curious voyages, by Mons. Thevenot, the third tome, in French. This Book contains chiefly, the ambassie of the Dutch into China, translated out of the Dutch manuscript: A geographical description of China, translated out of a Chinese author by Martinius: and the account, which the directors of the Dutch East-India Company made to the States General, touching the state of affairs in the East-Indies, when their late fleet parted from thence.

Forgotten Obstacles, Neglected Forces: Explaining the Origins of Hong Kong Public Housing

1989 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Smart
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Public Housing ◽  
Affordable Housing ◽  
The State ◽  
Public Welfare ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Property Development ◽  
The Third ◽  
Labour Power

There are three explanations in the literature for Hong Kong embarking upon the state provision of housing in 1954. One explanation sees this provision as an inevitable response to the inability of the private sector to provide affordable housing for the influx of immigrants after 1945. The second interprets it as support for the property development industry, rather than for public welfare. The third explanation traces the intervention to the need to reproduce labour power, All three explanations may be criticized for faulty reasoning and for misinterpreting the historical background of the involvement. An argument is made for more attention to the autonomy, although limited, of the state and to the actual and potential resistance of squatters in producing the outcome of squatter resettlement and not just squatter clearance.

State-led Financialization in China: The Case of the Government-guided Investment Fund

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Fenghua Pan ◽  
Fangzhu Zhang ◽  
Fulong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
The State ◽  
Investment Fund ◽  
Promotion Policies ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The Government

Abstract China is witnessing a growing trend towards financialization by the state. Drawing on the concept of state-led financialization, this study is the first to explore how the government-guided investment fund (GGIF) has evolved and spread throughout the country. The promotion policies and practices of the central government have laid the key foundation for the development of GGIFs, while local governments have quickly adopted this new financial tool, resulting in its widespread take up. State-owned enterprises are heavily involved in the operation of GGIFs, indicating that this market-oriented tool has largely failed to attract capital from the private sector. This study shows that state-led financialization in China has strengthened rather than weakened the influence of the state in the economy, which is not the case in most Western economies. However, the limitations and risks of the GGIF are also related to the dominant role of the state in GGIF operations.

scholarly journals THE THEORY ON THE STATE OF THE CHOSŎN RULING ELITES: HOW DID THEY PERCEIVE THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THEMSELVES AND THE STATE?

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 107-126
Author(s):  
Min Jung LEE
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
The State ◽  
Ruling Class ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
Choson Dynasty ◽  
The Third ◽  
Ruling Elites ◽  
Joseon Dynasty ◽  
The Relationship

This paper argues that it is necessary to analyze the identity of the ruling elite in the Chosŏn Dynasty through the nobles munbŏl 문벌(門閥) using the ideological methodology. The identity of the ruling elite in the Joseon Dynasty should be considered in relation to the state. In the first part of this paper, we review the existing studies on the relationship between the ruling elite and the state in Korea. The first group gives a view that the ruling class has autonomy from the state and has an identity outside the country. The second group of the studies shows that the ruling autonomous governments have encroached on the private sector. The third group are studies showing that the ruling class of the Chosŏn Dynasty structurally could not escape the domination of the state. Each of these studies pointed out important points in characterizing the ruling elites of the Chosŏn dynasty, yet they had some limitations because they lacked an ideological consideration of what their identity is fundamentally from. The second part of the paper presents how to overcome these limitations by insisting that the identity of the ruling class should be examined in relation to the state at that time through the issue of civilization.

Health Informatics Education in the Third World

1989 ◽  
Vol 28 (04) ◽  
pp. 270-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Rienhoff
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Health Informatics ◽  
Third World ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Collaboration Network ◽  
Educational Tools ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Third World

Abstract:The state of the art is summarized showing many efforts but only few results which can serve as demonstration examples for developing countries. Education in health informatics in developing countries is still mainly dealing with the type of health informatics known from the industrialized world. Educational tools or curricula geared to the matter of development are rarely to be found. Some WHO activities suggest that it is time for a collaboration network to derive tools and curricula within the next decade.

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