Interrelationships between dietary ractopamine,energy intake, and sex in pigs

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 565 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Dunshea ◽  
P. J. Eason ◽  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
R. H. King
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Crossbred Pigs ◽  
Daily Gain

A major constraint to protein deposition in the pig is energy intake. Ractopamine (RAC) isa b-agonist which has been shown to increase protein deposition under both ad libitum and restrictive feeding regimes. To assess the interactions between energy intake, sex, and dietary RAC, 104 crossbred pigs (52 boars and 52 gilts) were used in a slaughter-balance experiment conducted over the growth phase of 60-90 kg liveweight. To obtain initial body composition, 4 pigs of each sex were slaughtered at 60 kg. The remaining 96 pigs were allocated to a 2 6 2 factorial experiment. The respective factors were sex (boar or gilt), dietary digestible energy (DE) intake (21·2, 24·7, 28·2, 32·7, 36·7MJ DE/day and ad libitum), and dietary RAC (0 and 20 mg/kg of ractopamine.HCl). Average daily gain increased with DE intake and was faster for boars than gilts. Dietary RAC increased averagedaily gain in both boars and gilts independent of DE intake. Neither dietary RAC nor sex had any effect on ad libitum feed intakes while effects on feed : gain ratio reciprocated growth rates. Protein deposition increased with DE intake and was higher in boars than in gilts. Although protein deposition was increased by dietary RAC in both boars and gilts across the range of DE intakes investigated,ad libitum feed intakes were necessary to maximise protein deposition. Fat deposition increased with DE intake and was greater in gilts than in boars. Whereas dietary RAC had no effect on the rateof fat deposition or backfat depths, the fat content of the empty body was lower due to increased protein deposition and lower fat : protein ratio. Dietary RAC improves growth performance and carcass composition in both boars and gilts independent of DE intake. However, ad libitum feed intakes maybe necessary if responses are to be maximised.

Ractopamine increases glucose turnover without affecting lipogenesis in the pig

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Dunshea ◽  
B. J. Leur ◽  
A. J. Tilbrook ◽  
R. H. King
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Glucose Turnover ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Protein ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Crossbred Pigs ◽  
Daily Gain

The β-agonist ractopamine (RAC) promotes protein deposition with little effect on fat deposition in the pig. The present study was conducted to assess whether the lack of effect on fat deposition was due to a lack of effect of ractopamine on lipogenesis. Twenty crossbred pigs (initial liveweight 80 kg) surgically prepared with cephalic vein catheters were used in a 2×2 factorial experiment with the respective factors being sex (boar or gilt) and dietary RAC (0 or 20 mg/kg of ractopamine.HCl). Pigs were offered 3·0 kg/day of their respective diets for 24 days. On Day 4 and 23 of the experiment, pigs were injected with [U- 14C]-glucose and serial blood samples taken to determine glucose turnover. Adipose tissue biopsies were taken 240 min after injection of labelled glucose and lipogenesis was estimated from the incorporation of 14C into adipose tissue lipid. Dietary RAC increased average daily gain (P < 0·050), and average growth rate was greater in boars than in gilts (P < 0·050). Dietary RAC increased glucose turnover by 24%, presumably to support the increased skeletal muscle protein deposition that occurs during dietary RAC treatment. There was no effect of dietary RAC on the rate of lipogenesis in adipose tissue, which is consistent with the lack of effect of dietary RAC on the rate of fat deposition. β-agonist, adipose tissue.

The effects of environmental temperature and method of feeding on the performance and carcass composition of bacon pigs

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Holme ◽  
W. E. Coey
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feeding Method ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

A trial designed to investigate the effects of two environmental temperatures, three feeding regimes and the interactions between them is described. A temperature of 72° F. was better than one of 54° F. for bacon pigs between 40 lb. and 200 lb. weight. The higher temperature resulted in faster growth, more efficient feed conversion and increased length of carcass. Other carcass characteristics were not significantly altered. Ad libitum feeding resulted in faster growth and fatter carcasses than restricted feeding, but did not have a significant effect on efficiency of feed conversion. When feed intake was restricted, feeding pigs once daily or twice daily resulted in similar performance and carcass composition.There was a significant interaction between environmental temperature and feeding method for average daily gain in that pigs fed ad libitum grew faster at the low temperature and pigs fed restricted amounts of feed grew faster at the high temperature. No other interaction reached significant levels.

THE INFLUENCE OF BREED ON THE EFFICIENCY OF GROWTH AND MUSCLE DEPOSITION IN BULLS AND HEIFERS

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.D.M. JONES ◽  
M.A. PRICE ◽  
R.T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Beef Production ◽  
Constant Amount ◽  
Constant Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Daily Gain

Two breeds (Hereford (HE), and Dairy Synthetic (DY)), and two sexes (bulls and heifers) were compared for various measures of efficiency in beef production. DY animals had greater (P < 0.001) birthweights, and greater weaning weights (P < 0.001) than HE animals. At weaning, 16 animals of each breed-sex combination were grouped four to a pen and fed a high-concentrate cereal diet ad libitum to one of two slaughter weights (485 kg, 575 kg). Average daily gain and liveweight gained per 100 MJ dietary energy (DE) was greater (P < 0.05) for DY bulls than HE bulls. Average daily gain, but not liveweight gained per 100 MJ DE was greater (P < 0.05) for DY heifers than HE heifers. There were no differences (P < 0.05) in muscle gain per unit of liveweight among breed-sex combinations. At a constant liveweight DY bulls produced significantly (P < 0.05) more muscle than HE bulls, and DY heifers, significantly more (P < 0.05) than HE heifers. Muscle gain per 100 MJ DE was highest for DY bulls and lowest for DY heifers. For a constant amount of feed energy (23 241 MJ DE) DY bulls produced 20.1 kg (16%) more muscle than HE heifers. The overall results thus indicate that breed and sex cause important differences in the amount of carcass muscle produced for a constant energy intake.

Effect of energy intake on performance, nutrient and tissue gain and protein and energy utilization in growing boars

1995 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Quiniou ◽  
J. Noblet ◽  
J. van Milgen ◽  
J.-Y. Dourmad
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Balance Technique ◽  
Protein And Energy Utilization ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Daily Gain

AbstractTwenty crossbred (Large Wliite × Piétrain) boars were used to investigate the effect of energy intake (0·71, 0·80, 0·90, 1·00 ad libitum) and body weight (BW) on growth performance, and rates of protein (PD) and lipid (LD) deposition between 40 and 100 kg BW. Daily crude protein intake was kept constant. Total PD and LD were measured according to the comparative slaughter technique (CST) during total experiment and according to nitrogen and energy balance technique at 45, 65, 80 and 94 kg mean BW. Average daily gain increased linearly with metabolizable energy (ME) intake (+36 g/MJ ME) whereas food conversion ratio was not affected by energy level (28·0 M] ME per kg BW gain). Daily PD increased from 126 to 171 g/day, and LD from 70 to 187 glday between 0·71 ad libitum and ad libitum ME intake. Maintenance ME requirement was constant when expressed per kg BW'60 (992 kJ/day). PD varied with ME intake above maintenance (MEp) according to a linear-plateau relationship. The slope decreased with BW (+11·5 g/MJ MEp at 65 kg BW and +9·0 g/MJ MEp at 94 kg BW). LD was linearly related to MEp (+16 g/M} MEp). The LD: PD ratio in marginal empty BW gain was constant within BW class, but increased from 1/5 to 1/9 between 65 and 94 kg BW.

Relationship between energy intake and growth performance and body composition in pigs selected for low backfat thickness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Liu ◽  
Christopher J Brewster ◽  
Samantha Gilmour ◽  
David J Henman ◽  
Robert J Smits ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Deposition Rate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Ad Libitum

Abstract Genetic selection of pigs over recent decades has sought to reduce carcass fat content to meet consumer demands for lean meat in many countries (e.g.: Australia). Due to the impacts of genetic changes, it is unknown whether the carcass fat measures are still responsive to energy intake. Thus, the present experiment aimed to quantify the relationship between tissue composition and dietary energy intake in finisher pigs selected for low carcass backfat. Intact male and female pigs (n=56 for each sex; PrimegroGenetics, Corowa, NSW, Australia) were fed seven different amounts of an amino acid adequate wheat-based diet containing 14.3 MJ digestible energy (DE)/kg to provide the following daily DE intakes- 25.8, 29.0, 32.6, 35.3, 38.5, 41.5 and 44.2 (ad libitum) MJ DE/d for males, and 25.8, 28.9, 32.0, 35.6, 38.3, 40.9 and 44.5 (ad libitum) MJ DE/d for females between 60 kg and 108 kg live weight. Body composition of anaesthetised pigs was measured using the Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) method when individual pigs reached 108 kg, and protein, fat and ash deposition rates were calculated. Pigs were slaughtered on the 2nd day post-DXA scan for carcass backfat measurement. The results showed that the carcass backfat thickness (standardized at 83.7 kg carcass) increased by 0.125 mm for every MJ increase in daily DE intake in male pigs (P = 0.004; R2 = 0.130), but carcass backfat of female pigs (standardized at 85.1 kg carcass) was not responsive to daily DE intake. Whole-body fat composition and fat deposition rate increased linearly (both P &lt; 0.01) in male pigs but quadratically (both P &lt; 0.01) in female pigs in response to DE intake. Every MJ increase of daily DE intake increased the rate of daily protein deposition by 3.8 g in intact male pigs (P &lt; 0.001; R2 = 0.781) and by 2.5 g in female pigs (P &lt; 0.001; R2 = 0.643). In conclusion, the selection for low backfat thickness over the last two decades has altered the response of fat deposition and backfat thickness to energy intake, particularly in female pigs. Despite this change, the linear relationship between DE intake and protein deposition rate was maintained in these modern genetics.

Estimation of sire with feeding regime interaction in pigs

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. D. Cameron ◽  
M. K. Curran ◽  
R. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Large White ◽  
Feeding Regime ◽  
Weighted Analysis ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Residual Variances ◽  
Daily Gain

ABSTRACTThe interaction of sire with feeding regime (ad libitum and restricted) was assessed in the first stage of a selection experiment. There were 79 sires (59 Large White (Edinburgh) and 20 British Landrace (Wye)) with 1549 progeny (745 at Edinburgh and 804 at Wye) in the study. Progeny within each litter were allocated at random to each feeding regime. Pigs started test at 30 (± 3) kg and finished test at 85 (± 5) kg for ad libitum fed pigs or after 84 days on test for restricted fed pigs. All pigs were individually penned. At the end of test, food intake, weight off test and ultrasonic backfat depths were recorded. Variance components were estimated using restricted maximum likelihood and a weighted analysis took account of the different residual variances between feeding regimes, within each breed.There were differences in some genetic parameters due to feeding regime within breeds. No evidence of a sire with feeding regime interaction for average daily gain or food conversion ratio was detected in Large White pigs (genetic correlations between ad libitum and restricted feeding were 1·21 (s.e. 0·17) and 0·89 (s.e. 0·19) respectively). Similar conclusions could not be made for the sample of British Landrace pigs due to the large standard errors of the genetic correlation estimates. For ultrasonic backfat depths, the negative estimates of sire variances under restricted feeding prevent calculation of the genetic correlations and conclusions to be made about the sire with feeding regime interaction.

Effects of plane of nutrition, diethylstilboestrol implantation and slaughter weight on the performance of Israeli-Friesian intact male cattle

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Levy ◽  
Z. Holzer ◽  
Y. Folman
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Slaughter Weight ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Dressing Percentage ◽  
Daily Gain

SummaryThe effects of two levels of energy intake, ad libitum and 80% of ad libitum, of diethylstilboestrol implantation and no such treatment, and of two slaughter weights (‘450’ and ‘490’ kg), on the performance of Israeli-Friesian intact male cattle were studied.Average daily gain was 1130 g and 959 g and daily carcass gain was 630 g and 553 g for animals on ad libitum and 80% of ad libitum energy intake, respectively. Average daily gain was 1038 g and 944 g and daily carcass gain was 595 g and 562 g, for diethylstilboestrol-treated and untreated animals, respectively. Slaughter weight had little effect on rate of gain.The differences in conversion ratio of ME into live weight between treatments were small. Diethylstilboestrol-treated animals were slightly more efficient.The non-implanted animals on the restricted plane of nutrition and which had been slaughtered at ‘490’ kg had a significantly higher dressing percentage, a higher percentage of fat trim and less bone than animals slaughtered at ‘450’ kg body weight on both levels of nutrition.Among the diethylstilboestrol-implanted male calves, however, the animals fed at 80% of ad libitum feed and killed at ‘450’ or ‘490’ kg live weight had significantly more fat trim in the carcass and less bone than the animals fed ad libitum.

Amino acid and energy interactions in growing pigs. 3. Effects of sex and live weight and cereal on the responses to dietary lysine concentration when fed ad libitum or to a restricted food scale on diets based on wheat or barley

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. Giles ◽  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
E. Belinda Dettmann ◽  
R. F. Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Lysine Concentration ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Daily Gain

ABSTRACTThe responses of growing pigs to dietary lysine as influenced by sex (male and female) and cereal (barley and wheat) were investigated in an 8 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment involving 128 pigs. The basal barley-soya bean (13·4 MJ digestible energy (DE) per kg) and wheat-soya bean (14·1 MJ DE per kg) diets were offered ad libitum from 20 to 50 kg live weight. The eight dietary lysine concentrations were 70 to 140 g/kg in increments of 1·0 g/kg. The experiment was repeated with pigs given food according to a restricted scale. Performance in both experiments was assessed by multiple regression analysis based on data from successive 10-kg live-weight intervals. Analysis of variance was used to assess chemical carcass composition and retention of protein and fat after slaughter at 50 kg live weight.Average daily DE intake (MJ) of pigs fed ad libitum was not significantly different for barley-based (27·4) and wheat-based diets (29·1). For pigs fed on a restricted scale, average daily DE intake was 18 MJ for barley-based and 17·5 MJ for wheat-based diets. The daily energy retained in the empty carcass, expressed as a proportion of daily DE intake, was proportionately 0·08 less for barley-based than for wheat-based diets irrespective of whether food was offered ad libitum (0·347 v. 0·379) or restricted (0·311 v. 0·337).The average daily gain of females fed ad libitum was not affected by dietary lysine concentration. With males, the response of daily gain to lysine concentration was curvilinear, increasing to a maximum of 120 g dietary lysine per kg up to 40·3 kg and 7·0 g/kg at greater weights for both cereals. For pigs fed on a restricted scale the daily gain on barley diets increased linearly up to the maximum dietary lysine concentration (14 g/kg), while for those on wheat-based diets maximum daily gain occurred with a lysine concentration of 11·2 g/kg for males and 131 g/kg for females. Carcass P2 backfat (mean = 15·4 mm), carcass fat proportion (mean = 242 g/kg) and carcass protein retention (mean = 89 g/day) were not significantly affected by dietary lysine concentration from 7 to 14 g/kg when pigs were fed ad libitum. However, when pigs were fed at a restricted level carcass fatness decreased to a minimum at 12 g lysine per kg.

Effects of sex and energy intake between 48 and 90 kg live weight on protein deposition in growing pigs

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
M. R. Taverner ◽  
D. M. Curic
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Body Fat Content ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Entire Male

ABSTRACTTwenty four entire male and 24 female pigs growing from 48 to 90 kg live weight were used to investigate the effects of five rates of food intake supplying daily between 23 MJ digestible energy (DE) and 41·8 or 39·2 MJ DE for entire males and females respectively, on rate of protein deposition, and on growth and body composition.Entire males deposited protein faster than females, and for both sexes the rate of protein deposition increased linearly with increase in energy intake up to 33 MJ DE per day (P < 0·001) but was not significantly affected by further increase in energy intake.Average daily gain increased quadratically (P < 0·001) with increase in energy intake and at all levels was higher for entire males than for females. Food:gain ratio (g food per g growth) which was lower for entire males improved with increase in energy intake up to 33 MJ DE per day and deteriorated with further increase in energy intake.At 90 kg live weight entire males contained less fat and more protein and water in the empty body than females. For both sexes, body fat content increased at a decreasing rate with increase in energy intake up to 33 MJ DE per day, and at an increasing rate with further increase in energy intake.Total energy retained was linearly (P < 0·001) related to energy intake and at all rates of energy intake was higher for females than for entire males. The estimates of DE required for maintenance were 15·9 MJ/day (0·664 MJ/kg M0·75 per day) and 12·4 MJ/day (0·51 MJ/kg M0·75 per day) for entire males and females, respectively.

scholarly journals Determination of Maintenance Energy Requirements for Fattening Castrated Korean Black Goats (Capra hircus coreanae)

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1543
Author(s):  
Sang-Ho Moon ◽  
Yeong Sik Yun ◽  
Na Yeon Kim ◽  
Sanguk Chung ◽  
Qi Man Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Capra Hircus ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Daily Gain

Twelve adult (10 months old) castrated Korean black goats, with an average initial body weight of 24.98 ± 3.7 kg, were used in this experiment to determine their maintenance energy requirements. Dry matter intakes (g/d, p = 0.945) were not affected by energy levels, but metabolic energy intake (kcal/d, p < 0.002) and average daily gain (g/d, p < 0.001) were significantly increased at higher energy levels. Nutrient digestibility was similar in the treatments, but crude fat digestibility increased with the addition of protective fat powder (p = 0.001). The energy required for fattening the castrated Korean black goats was estimated using the correlation between metabolic energy intake per dietary body weight and average daily gain per dietary body weight. The Y-axis intercept value was calculated to be 108.76 kcal/kg BW0.75 (p < 0.05, r2 = 0.6036), which was the metabolic energy requirement for maintaining the lives of the fattening Korean black goats. The estimated energy requirements of the black goat can improve specification techniques, such as the energy level and the amount of feed supply required for domestic black goats.

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