The effects of environmental temperature and method of feeding on the performance and carcass composition of bacon pigs

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Holme ◽  
W. E. Coey
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feeding Method ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

A trial designed to investigate the effects of two environmental temperatures, three feeding regimes and the interactions between them is described. A temperature of 72° F. was better than one of 54° F. for bacon pigs between 40 lb. and 200 lb. weight. The higher temperature resulted in faster growth, more efficient feed conversion and increased length of carcass. Other carcass characteristics were not significantly altered. Ad libitum feeding resulted in faster growth and fatter carcasses than restricted feeding, but did not have a significant effect on efficiency of feed conversion. When feed intake was restricted, feeding pigs once daily or twice daily resulted in similar performance and carcass composition.There was a significant interaction between environmental temperature and feeding method for average daily gain in that pigs fed ad libitum grew faster at the low temperature and pigs fed restricted amounts of feed grew faster at the high temperature. No other interaction reached significant levels.

Comparison of Duroc and British Landrace pigs and the estimation of genetic and phenotypic parameters for growth and carcass traits

1990 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. D. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Group Feeding ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
And Performance

ABSTRACTDuroc and halothane negative British Landrace boars and gilts were performance tested on ad libitum or restricted feeding regimes, with like-sexed non-littermate groups of one, two, three or four pigs per pen. There was a total of 320 pigs with 20 litter groups per breed with four boars and four gilts per litter group. Within each feeding regime, a boar and a gilt from each litter were tested on one of two diets in 1986, for each of the four combinations, and pigs were tested similarly for two other diets in 1987. Carcass composition was determined by half-carcass dissection of 160 pigs allocated between treatments.There was a breed × sex interaction for growth and performance traits for pigs fed ad libitum. Duroc boars were faster growing and more efficient than Landrace boars, but Duroc gilts grew more slowly and were less efficient than Landrace gilts. On restricted feeding, Duroc pigs were more efficient than Landrace pigs.At constant slaughter weight, Duroc pigs had less subcutaneous fat but more intermuscular fat. Although they had less separable fat in the carcass, Duroc pigs were not leaner as weights of bone, skin, head, feet and tail were heavier than for Landrace pigs.Group penning and group feeding of pigs may have enhanced competition effects resulting in positive genetic and phenotypic correlations between growth rate and backfat depths on both feeding regimes.The positive genetic correlation between growth rate and fat deposition resulted in a negative genetic correlation between growth rate and carcass lean content and a lower genetic correlation with lean tissue growth rate than in other studies.

Estimation of sire with feeding regime interaction in pigs

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. D. Cameron ◽  
M. K. Curran ◽  
R. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Large White ◽  
Feeding Regime ◽  
Weighted Analysis ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Residual Variances ◽  
Daily Gain

ABSTRACTThe interaction of sire with feeding regime (ad libitum and restricted) was assessed in the first stage of a selection experiment. There were 79 sires (59 Large White (Edinburgh) and 20 British Landrace (Wye)) with 1549 progeny (745 at Edinburgh and 804 at Wye) in the study. Progeny within each litter were allocated at random to each feeding regime. Pigs started test at 30 (± 3) kg and finished test at 85 (± 5) kg for ad libitum fed pigs or after 84 days on test for restricted fed pigs. All pigs were individually penned. At the end of test, food intake, weight off test and ultrasonic backfat depths were recorded. Variance components were estimated using restricted maximum likelihood and a weighted analysis took account of the different residual variances between feeding regimes, within each breed.There were differences in some genetic parameters due to feeding regime within breeds. No evidence of a sire with feeding regime interaction for average daily gain or food conversion ratio was detected in Large White pigs (genetic correlations between ad libitum and restricted feeding were 1·21 (s.e. 0·17) and 0·89 (s.e. 0·19) respectively). Similar conclusions could not be made for the sample of British Landrace pigs due to the large standard errors of the genetic correlation estimates. For ultrasonic backfat depths, the negative estimates of sire variances under restricted feeding prevent calculation of the genetic correlations and conclusions to be made about the sire with feeding regime interaction.

Interrelationships between dietary ractopamine,energy intake, and sex in pigs

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 565 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Dunshea ◽  
P. J. Eason ◽  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
R. H. King
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Crossbred Pigs ◽  
Daily Gain

A major constraint to protein deposition in the pig is energy intake. Ractopamine (RAC) isa b-agonist which has been shown to increase protein deposition under both ad libitum and restrictive feeding regimes. To assess the interactions between energy intake, sex, and dietary RAC, 104 crossbred pigs (52 boars and 52 gilts) were used in a slaughter-balance experiment conducted over the growth phase of 60-90 kg liveweight. To obtain initial body composition, 4 pigs of each sex were slaughtered at 60 kg. The remaining 96 pigs were allocated to a 2 6 2 factorial experiment. The respective factors were sex (boar or gilt), dietary digestible energy (DE) intake (21·2, 24·7, 28·2, 32·7, 36·7MJ DE/day and ad libitum), and dietary RAC (0 and 20 mg/kg of ractopamine.HCl). Average daily gain increased with DE intake and was faster for boars than gilts. Dietary RAC increased averagedaily gain in both boars and gilts independent of DE intake. Neither dietary RAC nor sex had any effect on ad libitum feed intakes while effects on feed : gain ratio reciprocated growth rates. Protein deposition increased with DE intake and was higher in boars than in gilts. Although protein deposition was increased by dietary RAC in both boars and gilts across the range of DE intakes investigated,ad libitum feed intakes were necessary to maximise protein deposition. Fat deposition increased with DE intake and was greater in gilts than in boars. Whereas dietary RAC had no effect on the rateof fat deposition or backfat depths, the fat content of the empty body was lower due to increased protein deposition and lower fat : protein ratio. Dietary RAC improves growth performance and carcass composition in both boars and gilts independent of DE intake. However, ad libitum feed intakes maybe necessary if responses are to be maximised.

Insulin secretion, body composition and pig performance are altered by feeding pattern

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald E. Newman ◽  
Jeffery A. Downing ◽  
Peter C. Thomson ◽  
Cherie L. Collins ◽  
David J. Henman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Entire Male

Three studies investigated the effect of feeding strategy on production performance and endocrine status of growing pigs. For Experiment 1, 20 entire male pigs (70.0 ± 4.6 kg) were allocated randomly to individual pens in one of four climate-controlled rooms. Pigs were fed for 23 days either ad libitum or entrained to feed bi-phasically for two 90-min periods. For Experiment 2, 20 entire male pigs (41.2 ± 3.5 kg) were housed as per Experiment 1. Pigs were fed for 49 days either ad libitum or fed bi-phasically for two 60-min periods. For Experiment 3, 100 female pigs (66.1 ± 3.5 kg) were randomly allocated to individual pens within a commercial piggery and fed for 42 days either ad libitum or bi-phasically for two 60-min periods. Ear vein catheters were inserted into 10 pigs from each group and hourly blood samples were collected for 24 h in Experiments 1 and 2 and for 11 h in Experiment 3. Plasma insulin, non-esterified fatty acid and glucose concentrations were determined in Experiments 1 and 2, and glucose and insulin concentrations in Experiment 3. Feed intake and performance were recorded in all experiments and carcass composition was assessed by computed tomography for Experiment 2. There were no differences in final liveweight between the two treatment groups for all experiments. Pigs fed for two 90-min periods (Experiment 1) showed no difference in feed intake when compared with feeding ad libitum. Pigs in Experiment 2 fed for two 60-min intervals consumed 2.49 kg/pig.day compared with those fed ad libitum that consumed 2.68 kg/day (P = 0.057). In Experiment 3, pigs fed twice daily consumed 2.82 kg/pig.day compared with 2.91 kg/pig.day in ad libitum-fed pigs (P = 0.051). Bi-phasic fed pigs in Experiment 2 had improved (P < 0.05) feed conversion efficiency compared with pigs fed ad libitum. For all experiments, there was no difference in plasma glucose concentrations between the two treatments. In all three experiments, the circulating insulin concentrations for pigs fed ad libitum remained at a constant level throughout the sampling period. However, plasma insulin concentrations for the bi-phasic fed pigs significantly increased ~1 h after both feeding periods during all three experiments. Insulin secretion of pigs fed for two 90-min periods differed from that of pigs fed for two 60-min periods. Plasma insulin concentration increased five-fold following feeding for 60 min, compared with that in pigs fed for 90 min, which increased two-fold. Bi-phasic-fed pigs from Experiment 2 had reduced (P < 0.05) total carcass fat and significantly increased muscle when compared with pigs fed ad libitum. The data showed that feeding pigs at two succinct periods aligned insulin secretion to the time of feeding. Pigs fed for 60 min, unlike those fed for 90-min intervals, had reduced feed intake in comparison to those fed ad libitum. This may suggest that the duration of the feeding bout is important for this response and this may in turn influence both energy balance and the way energy is partitioned.

Methods of feeding growing pigs to maximise feed intake

1986 ◽  
Vol 1986 ◽  
pp. 128-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.L. Lightfoot ◽  
A.W. Armsby ◽  
C.F. Widdows
Keyword(s):  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feeding Method ◽  
Genetically Improved ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding

An experiment was carried out to determine which feeding method maximised feed intake of growing pigs and to record growth rates, feed conversion efficiency and backfat measurements. There is an increasing tendency for dry fed pigs to be fed ad libitum or to appetite in order to increase growth rates and throughput of building.Limited information is available on how the modern genetically improved pig will respond to high levels of feeding and whether ad libitum feeding will encourage higher feed intake than feeding to appetite either wet or dry.

The effect of restricted feeding on growth hormone (GH) secretory patterns in genetically lean and fat wether lambs

2000 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Francis ◽  
R. P. Littlejohn ◽  
S. K. Stuart ◽  
B. A. Veenvliet ◽  
J. M. Suttie
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Developmental Change ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Plasma Gh ◽  
And Control

AbstractThe aim of this work was to determine whether developmental changes in growth hormone (GH) secretory patterns and carcass composition were influenced by nutrition and genotype in sheep. Four-month-old wether lambs from lean (low backfat), fat (high backfat) and control selection lines were nutritionally restricted to maintain a 28 kg live weight or given food ad libitum for 24 weeks. Plasma concentrations of GH and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) were measured at predetermined times and carcass composition of the animals determined at the end of the trial.From week 3 on, restrictions in dry matter (DM) intake were observed as the ad libitum treatment group had a significantly greater intake than the restricted treatment group (7·70 v. 5·80 kg DM per week, s.e.d. = 0·81). Differences in live weight between the feeding treatments were significant (P < 0·05) at week 9. The restricted feeding regime was associated with significant reductions in plasma levels of IGF-1 but had no effect (P > 0·05) on carcass weight-adjusted carcass fat proportion at the close of the trial. The effect of food restriction on GH secretory patterns was variable. Although there was initially a suppression in mean plasma GH, there was subsequently significantly higher mean plasma GH in the restricted feeding treatment. Periodogram analysis indicated that both the absolute levels of GH and the GH secretory pattern were altered by restricted feeding. In all animals, mean and basal GH concentrations, as well as the frequency and amplitude of pulses, declined from February to March and then increased from May to July (P < 0·001).DM intake and live weight did not differ (P > 0·05) between genotypes, however the fat genotype had greater carcass fatness than lean or control genotypes (P < 0·01). There were no consistent differences between genotypes in plasma IGF-1 concentrations. In the ad libitum treatment, the lean and control genotypes had higher plasma GH levels than the f at genotype but the pattern of GH release did not vary. Under restricted feeding, both the pattern and the level of plasma GH varied between genotypes.It is concluded that the developmental change in GH secretory patterns is affected by nutrition but not in a consistent manner. Although restricted feeding resulted in higher mean plasma GH concentrations later in the trial, this did not result in a change in carcass composition. The biological cues which lead to increased fat deposition in older lambs need further study but plasma GH levels may not he an important mechanism in this process.

Response of beef steers to diets based on big-bale silage supplemented with molassed sugar beet feed and two levels of fishmeal

1992 ◽  
Vol 1992 ◽  
pp. 198-198
Author(s):  
Y Rouzbehan ◽  
J H Topps ◽  
H Galbraith ◽  
J A Rooke
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Finishing Steers ◽  
Ad Libitum

Earlier work (Rouzbehan et al, 1991) has shown that supplementation of baled silage with molassed sugar beet feed (MSBF, 60 g/kg fresh weight) improved live weight gain (LUG) and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) in sheep. It has been established that the protein in silage is not utilised as effectively by beef cattle as the protein in non-fermented forages (Thomas, 1982). Responses in the performance and carcass composition of finishing steers and heifers when silage-based diets have been supplemented with protein have proved to be variable. This trial was therefore carried out to examine the effects of feeding two levels of a protein supplement, fishmeal, in addition to MSBF, on the performance of beef steers fed big-bale silage ad libitum and to assess the nutritional value of such supplementation.

The effects of two methods of increasing age at slaughter on carcass and muscle traits and meat sensory quality in pigs

2001 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Lebret ◽  
H. Juin ◽  
J. Noblet ◽  
M. Bonneau
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Sensory Quality ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Biceps Femoris ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Large White ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ad Libitum

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a 30-day increase in age of pigs slaughtered at 110 kg body weight (BW) on carcass and m. longissimus dorsi (LD) and m. biceps femoris (BF) traits, and meat sensory quality. A total of 60 pigs from two genotypes: synthetic line ✕ (Large White ✕ Landrace) (SL) and Duroc ✕ (Large White ✕ Landrace) (D) were used, each genotype containing five groups of six littermates (three castrated males and three females). At the average BW of 30 kg, littermates of the same sex were allocated to three groups. Pigs of group AL were offered ad libitum a standard growing-finishing diet (13·6 MJ/kg digestible energy, 9·5 g/kg of lysine) from 30 up to 110 kg BW. The R1 pigs received the same diet at 0·75 of the ad libitum intake of their AL littermates. The R2 pigs were submitted to both energy and protein restrictions in order to get the same growth rate as the R1 pigs and the same body composition as the AL pigs. Results were similar in both genotypes. In agreement with the protocol, age at slaughter was increased by 30 days in R1 and R2, and AL and R2 pigs had comparable carcass composition. Compared with AL, average daily gain was decreased in R1 and R2 pigs, and food efficiency was decreased in R2, but remained unaffected in R1 pigs. Intramuscular fat (IMF) concentration was decreased in the R1 pigs, especially in BF (15·5 v. 19·7 mg/g), while it was increased in the LD of the R2 pigs, particularly in the D animals (24·2 v. 17·4 mg/g), compared with AL pigs. Meat quality parameters (rate and extent of pH fall, reflectance and drip loss) were similar in the three feeding regimens. The taste panel did not find any significant difference between feeding regimens for tenderness, juiciness, flavour, flour sensation after mastication and mouth coating of the meat, despite the differences reported in IMF concentration. This suggests that, for the genotypes used in this experiment, an increase of 30 days in the age at slaughter greatly influences the carcass and/or the muscle chemical composition, depending on the feeding strategy applied to reduce the growth rate but does not strongly modify the meat eating quality.

A note on sodium bentonite as an additive to grower pig diets

1984 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Taverner ◽  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
R. S. Biden
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Sodium Bentonite ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Effect On Growth

ABSTRACTIn pigs growing from 20 to 70 kg live weight, the addition of 40 g sodium bentonite to each kg diet was without significant effect on growth performance under ad libitum and restricted feeding regimes. Sodium bentonite appeared to be indigestible and inert, as dry-matter digestibilities were reduced from 0·87 to 0·85 and 0·83 by the addition of 20 and 40 g sodium bentonite per kg diet respectively.

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