Relationship between energy intake and growth performance and body composition in pigs selected for low backfat thickness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Liu ◽  
Christopher J Brewster ◽  
Samantha Gilmour ◽  
David J Henman ◽  
Robert J Smits ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Deposition Rate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Ad Libitum

Abstract Genetic selection of pigs over recent decades has sought to reduce carcass fat content to meet consumer demands for lean meat in many countries (e.g.: Australia). Due to the impacts of genetic changes, it is unknown whether the carcass fat measures are still responsive to energy intake. Thus, the present experiment aimed to quantify the relationship between tissue composition and dietary energy intake in finisher pigs selected for low carcass backfat. Intact male and female pigs (n=56 for each sex; PrimegroGenetics, Corowa, NSW, Australia) were fed seven different amounts of an amino acid adequate wheat-based diet containing 14.3 MJ digestible energy (DE)/kg to provide the following daily DE intakes- 25.8, 29.0, 32.6, 35.3, 38.5, 41.5 and 44.2 (ad libitum) MJ DE/d for males, and 25.8, 28.9, 32.0, 35.6, 38.3, 40.9 and 44.5 (ad libitum) MJ DE/d for females between 60 kg and 108 kg live weight. Body composition of anaesthetised pigs was measured using the Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) method when individual pigs reached 108 kg, and protein, fat and ash deposition rates were calculated. Pigs were slaughtered on the 2nd day post-DXA scan for carcass backfat measurement. The results showed that the carcass backfat thickness (standardized at 83.7 kg carcass) increased by 0.125 mm for every MJ increase in daily DE intake in male pigs (P = 0.004; R2 = 0.130), but carcass backfat of female pigs (standardized at 85.1 kg carcass) was not responsive to daily DE intake. Whole-body fat composition and fat deposition rate increased linearly (both P < 0.01) in male pigs but quadratically (both P < 0.01) in female pigs in response to DE intake. Every MJ increase of daily DE intake increased the rate of daily protein deposition by 3.8 g in intact male pigs (P < 0.001; R2 = 0.781) and by 2.5 g in female pigs (P < 0.001; R2 = 0.643). In conclusion, the selection for low backfat thickness over the last two decades has altered the response of fat deposition and backfat thickness to energy intake, particularly in female pigs. Despite this change, the linear relationship between DE intake and protein deposition rate was maintained in these modern genetics.

The influence of feeding level from 20 to 45 kg live weight on the performance and body composition of female and entire male pigs

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
M. R. Taverner ◽  
D. M. Curic
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Ad Libitum

ABSTRACTForty-two pigs representing equal numbers of entire males and females were used to study the effects on the performance and body composition of four restricted levels of feeding (14·5, 20·3, 24·9 and 29·4 MJ digestible energy per day), and of offering the same diet (14·5 MJ digestible energy per kg and 210 g crude protein per kg) ad libitum between 20 and 45 kg live weight.Over the four restricted feeding treatments there were no significant differences between the sexes for the performance and body composition of four restricted levels of feeding (14·5, 20·3, 24·9 and 29·4 MJ digestible energy per day), and of offering the same diet (14·5 MJ digestible energy per kg and 210 g crude protein per kg) ad libitum between 20 and 45 kg live weight.Although ad libitum energy intake was the same for both sexes (34·2 MJ digestible energy per day), raising digestible energy intake from that provided by the highest restricted feeding treatment (29·4 MJ/day) to ad libitum resulted in marked differences between the sexes for performance and body composition.For males, raising digestible energy intake from 29·3 to 34·2 MJ/day improved the rate of live-weight gain and protein deposition by 0·15 and 0·10 respectively but had no further effect on food conversion ratio or body fat. The same increase in digestible energy intake for females improved growth rate by only 0·065, had no further effect on the rate of protein deposition but increased markedly food conversion ratio and body fat.

The effect of lysine/digestible energy ratio on growth performance and nitrogen deposition of hybrid boars, gilts and castrated male pigs

1996 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Van Lunen ◽  
D. J. A. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Nitrogen Deposition ◽  
Deposition Rate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Protein Deposition

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to examine the effects of dietary lysine/digestible energy (DE) ratio (g/MJ) on growth performance and body composition of boars, gilts and castrated males from 25 to 90 kg live weight. Twelve pigs (four of each sex) were assigned to each dietary treatment consisting of lysine/DE ratios from 0·4 to 1·4, in 0·2 g/MJ increments. Food was provided at proportionately 0·90 ad libitum and at 90 kg all pigs were slaughtered and the body composition of two pigs per sex per treatment was determined. Responses to lysine/DE ratios were similar for all sexes up to the optimum level after which daily live-weight gain (DLWG) and nitrogen deposition rate (NDR) deteriorated in gilts and castrated males. This deterioration may have been due to energy used for deamination of excess protein not being availablefor growth processes. Lipid deposition rate (LDR) remained constant from the 0·4 to 0·8 g/MJ lysine/DE ratios and then decreased sharply to a lower plateau from the 1·0 to 1·4 g/MJ lysine/DE ratios suggesting that DE levels were adequate to meet NDR requirements up to the 1·0 g/MJ lysine/DE ratio when it became limiting. The optimum lysine/DE ratio for the genotype tested from 25 to 90 kg live weight was of the order of 0·95 to 1·0 g/MJ. The maximum NDR of the genotype tested appears to be of the order of 28 to 30 g/day (175 to 187 g/day protein deposition rate).

The effect of body weight and energy intake on the composition of deposited tissue in pigs

1994 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. H. de Greef ◽  
M. W. A. Verstegen ◽  
B. Kemp ◽  
P. L. van der Togt
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Deposition Rate ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Weight Range ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Entire Male

AbstractMany pig growth models assume that there is no effect of energy intake and of body weight on the ratio of lipid to protein deposition rate in pigs below their maximal protein deposition rate. An experiment was performed to check whether an effect of body weight and of amount of energy intake on this partitioning of energy is indeed absent when protein deposition is limited by energy intake. Two constant amounts of energy were given above maintenance requirement (12·6 and 16·3 MJ digestible energy (DE) per day for production, treatment L and H, respectively). A total of 52 entire male pigs were slaughtered at 25,45, 65, 85 or 105 kg live weight. Results showed that, for both levels of intake, the ratio of lipid to protein deposition rate increased with increasing body weight. At the L energy intake, the ratio of lipid to protein deposition rate increased from 0·74 at 25 kg to 0·99 at 105 kg body weight. In animals receiving the H treatment, the ratio of lipid to protein deposition rate increased from 0·82 to 1·35 in that weight range. This change in nutrient partition was also reflected in daily gain. Daily gain declined with increasing live weight, a decrease of 150 g/day over the weight range 25 to 105 kg. The 3·7 MJ DE difference in energy intake between treatment H and L resulted in an average overall difference of 105 g daily gain. A control group fed ad libitum showed that protein deposition capacity was above 200 g/day, thus the pigs at the L and H treatment were below their protein deposition capacity. It was concluded that both live weight and energy intake influence the ratio of lipid to protein deposition rate. The mechanism of partitioning between lipid and protein deposition below maximal protein deposition capacity needs further specification in order to improve the predictions of growth models which use the linear-plateau concept.

Effects of plane of nutrition, diethylstilboestrol implantation and slaughter weight on the performance of Israeli-Friesian intact male cattle

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Levy ◽  
Z. Holzer ◽  
Y. Folman
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Slaughter Weight ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Dressing Percentage ◽  
Daily Gain

SummaryThe effects of two levels of energy intake, ad libitum and 80% of ad libitum, of diethylstilboestrol implantation and no such treatment, and of two slaughter weights (‘450’ and ‘490’ kg), on the performance of Israeli-Friesian intact male cattle were studied.Average daily gain was 1130 g and 959 g and daily carcass gain was 630 g and 553 g for animals on ad libitum and 80% of ad libitum energy intake, respectively. Average daily gain was 1038 g and 944 g and daily carcass gain was 595 g and 562 g, for diethylstilboestrol-treated and untreated animals, respectively. Slaughter weight had little effect on rate of gain.The differences in conversion ratio of ME into live weight between treatments were small. Diethylstilboestrol-treated animals were slightly more efficient.The non-implanted animals on the restricted plane of nutrition and which had been slaughtered at ‘490’ kg had a significantly higher dressing percentage, a higher percentage of fat trim and less bone than animals slaughtered at ‘450’ kg body weight on both levels of nutrition.Among the diethylstilboestrol-implanted male calves, however, the animals fed at 80% of ad libitum feed and killed at ‘450’ or ‘490’ kg live weight had significantly more fat trim in the carcass and less bone than the animals fed ad libitum.

Effects of sex and energy intake between 48 and 90 kg live weight on protein deposition in growing pigs

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
M. R. Taverner ◽  
D. M. Curic
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Body Fat Content ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Entire Male

ABSTRACTTwenty four entire male and 24 female pigs growing from 48 to 90 kg live weight were used to investigate the effects of five rates of food intake supplying daily between 23 MJ digestible energy (DE) and 41·8 or 39·2 MJ DE for entire males and females respectively, on rate of protein deposition, and on growth and body composition.Entire males deposited protein faster than females, and for both sexes the rate of protein deposition increased linearly with increase in energy intake up to 33 MJ DE per day (P < 0·001) but was not significantly affected by further increase in energy intake.Average daily gain increased quadratically (P < 0·001) with increase in energy intake and at all levels was higher for entire males than for females. Food:gain ratio (g food per g growth) which was lower for entire males improved with increase in energy intake up to 33 MJ DE per day and deteriorated with further increase in energy intake.At 90 kg live weight entire males contained less fat and more protein and water in the empty body than females. For both sexes, body fat content increased at a decreasing rate with increase in energy intake up to 33 MJ DE per day, and at an increasing rate with further increase in energy intake.Total energy retained was linearly (P < 0·001) related to energy intake and at all rates of energy intake was higher for females than for entire males. The estimates of DE required for maintenance were 15·9 MJ/day (0·664 MJ/kg M0·75 per day) and 12·4 MJ/day (0·51 MJ/kg M0·75 per day) for entire males and females, respectively.

Interrelationships between dietary ractopamine,energy intake, and sex in pigs

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 565 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Dunshea ◽  
P. J. Eason ◽  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
R. H. King
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Crossbred Pigs ◽  
Daily Gain

A major constraint to protein deposition in the pig is energy intake. Ractopamine (RAC) isa b-agonist which has been shown to increase protein deposition under both ad libitum and restrictive feeding regimes. To assess the interactions between energy intake, sex, and dietary RAC, 104 crossbred pigs (52 boars and 52 gilts) were used in a slaughter-balance experiment conducted over the growth phase of 60-90 kg liveweight. To obtain initial body composition, 4 pigs of each sex were slaughtered at 60 kg. The remaining 96 pigs were allocated to a 2 6 2 factorial experiment. The respective factors were sex (boar or gilt), dietary digestible energy (DE) intake (21·2, 24·7, 28·2, 32·7, 36·7MJ DE/day and ad libitum), and dietary RAC (0 and 20 mg/kg of ractopamine.HCl). Average daily gain increased with DE intake and was faster for boars than gilts. Dietary RAC increased averagedaily gain in both boars and gilts independent of DE intake. Neither dietary RAC nor sex had any effect on ad libitum feed intakes while effects on feed : gain ratio reciprocated growth rates. Protein deposition increased with DE intake and was higher in boars than in gilts. Although protein deposition was increased by dietary RAC in both boars and gilts across the range of DE intakes investigated,ad libitum feed intakes were necessary to maximise protein deposition. Fat deposition increased with DE intake and was greater in gilts than in boars. Whereas dietary RAC had no effect on the rateof fat deposition or backfat depths, the fat content of the empty body was lower due to increased protein deposition and lower fat : protein ratio. Dietary RAC improves growth performance and carcass composition in both boars and gilts independent of DE intake. However, ad libitum feed intakes maybe necessary if responses are to be maximised.

Energy: protein interactions in growing boars of high genetic potential for lean growth. 2. Effects on chemical composition of gain and whole-body protein turn-over

1992 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Rao ◽  
K. J. McCracken
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Turn Over ◽  
Reducing Energy

AbstractThe effect of reducing energy intake within the practical range or reducing energy intake without reducing protein intake on chemical composition of gain, whole-body protein turn-over and energy metabolism was studied between 33 and 90 kg live weight with seven replicates of five littermate boar Landrace pigs. Three levels of food intake (ad libitum, 0·90 and 0·80 ad libitum) were used and the dietary protein contents ranged from 250 to 312 g crude protein (CP) per kg dry matter (DM) to equalize protein intake with reduced food intake. All the diets were of similar amino acid composition and were offered twice daily as pellets. There was no effect of dietary treatment on the DM, CP and fat contents (g/kg) of the empty body (EB), but fat content and fat: protein ratio in EB tended to decrease with reduction of food intake or energy intake. The relationship between energy intake and protein deposition was linear and the mean maximum protein retention was 187 g/day. Retention of DM (P < 0·001), protein (P < 0·001), fat (P < 0·001), energy (P < 0·001) and ash (P < 0·01) decreased linearly with reducing food intake or energy intake. The calculated residual heat production was 0·604 MJ metabolizable energy per kg M0·75 per day. The dietary treatments had no effects on composition of longissimus dorsi, fillet, liver, kidney, backfat or kidney fat. The nitrogen flux, nitrogen synthesis and breakdown tended to decrease with reduction in food intake or energy intake though the effects were not statistically significant. Nitrogen accretion decreased significantly (P < 0·05).

A two-diet system andad libitumlactation feeding of the sow 1. Sow performance

1996 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Neil ◽  
B. Ogle ◽  
K. Annèr
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Conventional Diet ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Depth Condition

AbstractEffects of a two-diet system combined withad libitumlactation feeding of sows on food consumption, sow live weight (LW), backfat depth, condition scoring, rebreeding interval, symptoms of agalactia and culling were studied on 60 sows followed for four parities. Feeding regimes were: CR, conventional i.e. restricted during gestation and lactation; SA, a simplified diet offered at a restricted level during gestation and a conventional dietad libitumduring lactation; CA, conventional during gestation and the same dietad libitumduring lactation. During lactation CR sows consumed 5·9 kg food daily (71 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)), whereas SA and CA sows consumed on average 7·0 kg (85 MJ ME), the difference being larger in multiparous than in primiparous sows and larger in the first than in later weeks of lactation. From the second farrowing onward sows on CR treatment were lighter and had thinner backfat and lower condition scores than sows on CA treatment, with sows on SA treatment in between, i.e. approaching the CR sows in the gestation periods and the CA sows in the lactation periods. At first service LW was 130 kg and backfat thickness 14 mm. During the fourth lactation LW averaged 190 kg in CR sows and around 220 kg for SA and CA sows, and backfat thickness was 11 mm in CR sows and around 16 mm in SA and CA sows. SA sows tended to rebreed earlier after weaning than did CR or CA sows. CA sows and in particular SA sows had higher incidences of agalactia symptoms and higher rectal temperatures post partum than CR sows. The culling rates did not differ between feeding regimes, although the predominant causes for culling did, being shoulder lesions and abscesses in thin CR sows and leg disorders in SA and CA sows. At the end of the experiment, however, more SA sows than others were retained in the experimental herd. It was concluded that the SA feeding regime was superior in terms of sow performance, despite an increased incidence of agalactia symptoms.

Effect of feeding level during rearing and mating strategy on performance of Swedish Yorkshire sows. 1. Growth, puberty and conception rate

1999 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Le Cozier ◽  
E. Ringmar-Cederberg ◽  
S. Johansen ◽  
J. Y. Dourmad ◽  
M. Neil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Conception Rate ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Body Fatness ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
The Third ◽  
Complete Diet ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

AbstractFrom 74 to 180 days of age, a complete diet was offered either ad libitum (AL) or at proportionately 0·8 of the observed consumption (R) to two groups of purebred Yorkshire gilts, comprising 128 and 127 animals, respectively. Half of the animals in each group was served at the first detected oestrus, and the other half at the third detected oestrus, according to a plan defined at the start of the experiment. Animals which failed to show oestrus before 240 days of age were culled.At 100 kg live weight (LW), AL gilts were younger (-20 days) and had thicker backfat (+2.3 mm) than R gilts. At the first detected oestrus, AL females were also younger (198 v. 203 days), heavier (127 v. 117 kg LW) and fatter (17·8 v. 14·7 mm backfat thickness) than R gilts. No difference between feeding treatments during rearing was observed in the percentage of females detected on heat before day 240. Seventy-three animals were culled from the start of the experiment until service, half of them (54%) failing to show oestrus. At service, LW and backfat thickness in the four treatments ranged from 117 to 148 kg LW and 14·9 to 19·7 mm, respectively. The body fatness, estimated from the ratio of backfat to LW, was higher in AL than in R gilts (0·14 and 0·12 , respectively), whereas no difference was observed between E1 and E3 gilts (0·13 on average). After the first service 15% of the gilts came back into heat but the conception rate was not affected by feeding treatment during rearing.

Effect of feeding level and dietary protein content on the growth, body composition and rate of protein deposition in pigs growing from 45 to 90 kg

1984 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
M. R. Taverner ◽  
D. M. Curic
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Diets

ABSTRACT1. Eight diets of similar energy content, ranging in crude protein concentration from 95 to 256 g/kg, were given at either 2·5 or 3·2 times the energy level for maintenance to entire male pigs growing from 45 to 90 kg live weight.2. Growth rate improved with increase in feeding level and with increasing dietary crude protein up to 164 g/kg (P < 0·05). The food conversion ratio improved with each increase in dietary CP up to 186 and 164 g/kg on the lower and higher feeding treatments, respectively (P < 0·05). It was also improved with increase in level of feeding of the lower-protein diets but deteriorated with increase in level of intake of the higher-protein diets (P < 005).3. Rate of protein deposition improved with increasing dietary crude protein up to 186 and 164 g/kg on the lower and higher feeding treatments, respectively (P < 005). The results showed that, for pigs given diets deficient in crude protein, rate of protein deposition was linearly related to protein intake (P < 0·001) but independent of energy intake. For pigs given a diet adequate in crude protein, rate of protein deposition was related to energy intake and independent of crude protein intake.4. Body fat content at 90 kg decreased with increasing dietary crude protein up to 210 and 164 g/kg on the lower and higher feeding treatments, respectively (P < 0·05), and was increased by raising the level of intake of the higher-crude protein diets (P < 0·05). However, the influence of feeding level on body fat diminished as dietary crude protein was reduced.

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