Thermoregulatory differences in lactating dairy cattle classed as efficient or inefficient based on residual feed intake

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (10) ◽  
pp. 1877 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. DiGiacomo ◽  
L. C. Marett ◽  
W. J. Wales ◽  
B. J. Hayes ◽  
F. R. Dunshea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Core Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Residual Feed Intake ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Ir Camera ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Production Body

It is suggested that one-third of the inter-animal differences in efficiency is explained by differences in digestion, heat production, body composition and activity; while the remaining variation is the result of energy expenditure due to biological processes such as ion pumps and mitochondrial function. Inefficient animals may be wasting energy on inefficient processes resulting in increased heat production that may be reflected by differences in skin and core temperature. While the association between heat production and residual feed intake (RFI) has been touched on, it is yet to be fully elucidated. It is hypothesised that more efficient animals will expend less energy as heat, which will be reflected by differences in core and skin temperature measures. Fifty-four primiparous, Holstein-Friesian cows previously assessed for RFI (26 inefficient/high RFI, 28 efficient/low RFI) were selected and drafted into outdoor holding yards for measurements on two occasions (once during lactation and once during the non-lactating ‘dry’ period). Measures of body temperature were obtained using an infrared (IR) camera to obtain skin (surface) temperatures at multiple locations [muzzle, eye, jaw, ear, leg (front and back), rump, shoulder, teat, udder, side and tail] and rectal temperatures were measured using a digital thermometer. Respiration rates (RR) were obtained by counting the number of flank movements in 1 min. A subset of 16 cows (8 efficient and 8 inefficient) were utilised for further IR imagery in an undercover environment (to eliminate the influences of external environments). Skin temperature measurement obtained using an IR camera during the outdoor period demonstrated that inefficient cows had higher (0.65°C) teat temperatures (P = 0.05). Rectal temperature and RR were not influenced by efficiency group. When IR images were obtained undercover inefficient cows tended to have higher shoulder (0.85°C) and neck (0.98°C) temperatures than efficient cows (P < 0.087); while udder temperature was significantly greater (1.61°C) for inefficient than efficient cows (P = 0.018). These data indicate that some of the differences in efficiency may be attributed to differences in thermoregulation, as reflected by differences in skin (but not core) temperature and that IR imagery is a suitable method for determining these differences in a non-invasive manner. Further research is required to further establish these relationships, and the measurement of skin temperatures should be undertaken indoors to eliminate external environmental influences.

Heat tolerance in dehydrated steers

1966 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Bianca
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Normal Level ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Metabolic Heat Production ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Initial Rise

Six steers kept in an environment of 15°C. were deprived of water for four consecutive days. This treatment, by depressing appetite, caused a reduction in voluntary hay intake to one-quarter of its normal level and a decrease in body weight by 10%.In spite of this reduction in feed intake, which must have been accompanied by a fall in metabolic heat production, the animals were less able to tolerate heat than when they were normally watered: during 4 hr. exposures to temperatures of 40.0°C. dry bulb and 32.5°C. wet bulb the waterdepleted animals showed higher values of rectal and skin temperature. This was associated with a slower initial rise and lower final values of respiratory rate (130 versus 155 respirations/min.).

No dynamic effector responses to fast changes of core temperature at constant skin temperature

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 1339-1346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike Roos ◽  
Claus Jessen
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Core Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Time Derivative ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Dynamic Responses ◽  
Evaporative Heat Loss ◽  
Blood Temperature

Experiments in conscious goats were done to see whether heat production and respiratory evaporative heat loss show dynamic responses to changing core temperature at constant skin temperature. Core temperature was altered by external heat exchangers acting on blood temperature, while skin temperature was maintained constant by immersing the animals up to the neck in a rapidly circulating water bath. Core temperature was altered at various rates up to 0.9 °C/min. Step deviations of core temperature from control values were always followed by a positive time derivative of effector response, but never by a negative time derivative during sustained displacement of core temperature. Ramp experiments showed that the slopes at which heat production or heat loss rose with core temperature deviating from its control level grew smaller at higher rates of change of core temperature. It is concluded that neither heat production nor respiratory evaporative heat loss respond to the rate of change of core temperature. At constant skin temperature, thermoregulatory effector responses appear to be proportional to the degree to which core temperature deviates from its set level.

scholarly journals Skin Temperature Over the Carotid Artery, an Accurate Non-invasive Estimation of Near Core Temperature

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farsad Imani ◽  
Hamid Reza Karimi Rouzbahani ◽  
Mehrdad Goudarzi ◽  
Mohammad Javad Tarrahi ◽  
Alireza Ebrahim Soltani
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Core Temperature ◽  
Non Invasive

scholarly journals 80 Effects of feeding level on performance and heat production of high and low residual feed intake beef steers.

2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (suppl_3) ◽  
pp. 401-401
Author(s):  
E Andreini ◽  
S Augenstein ◽  
C Fales ◽  
R Sainz ◽  
J Oltjen
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Residual Feed Intake ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Feeding Level

Role of α-Adrenoceptors in the Maintenance of Core Temperature in Humans

1995 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-225
Author(s):  
Steven M. Frank ◽  
Nader El-Gamal ◽  
Srinivasa N. Raja ◽  
Peter K. Wu ◽  
Osama Afifi
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Core Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Skin Surface Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Males And Females

1. Although α-adrenoceptor antagonists have been shown to induce core hypothermia in animals, it is unclear whether the primary mechanism is increased heat loss or decreased heat production. Furthermore, studies have not been performed in humans to determine the role of α-adrenoceptors in the maintenance of core temperature. 2. α-Adrenoceptor blockade was achieved with three doses of phentolamine given by random assignment on three different study days in five male and five female healthy subjects. Core temperature, mean skin-surface temperature, fingertip capillary blood flow and metabolic heat production were measured. Dose—response curves were plotted for all measured variables, and males and females were compared to identify potential gender differences. 3. Core temperature decreased with all doses of phentolamine. At the completion of the phentolamine infusion, the decrease in core temperature was more significant with high-dose (0.3 ± 0.1°C, P = 0.03) and with medium-dose (0.2 ± 0.0deg;C, P = 0.05) phentolamine than with low-dose phentolamine (0.1 ± 0.0deg;C). The maximum core temperature decrease during the study was more significant with high dose (0.6 ± 1°C) than with medium (0.3 ± 1deg;C, P = 0.04) or low (0.3 ± 1°C, P = 0.005) doses. Mean skin-surface temperature was increased with all doses. Fingertip blood flow was increased (approximately 60% above baseline) with the medium and high doses, but was unchanged with the low dose. Total body oxygen consumption was unchanged regardless of dose. Although females had a higher core temperature at baseline, changes in core temperature, skin-surface temperature and fingertip blood flow were similar in males and females. 4. These findings suggest that α-adrenergic-antagonist-induced hypothermia results from a dose-dependent redistribution of heat from the core to the periphery, and not from a decrease in metabolic heat production. This leads us to conclude that baseline α-adrenergic ‘tone’ serves to maintain core temperature by constraining heat to the core thermal compartment.

Hypoglycaemia, Hypothermia and Shivering in Man

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 463-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. M. Gale ◽  
T. Bennett ◽  
J. Hilary Green ◽  
I. A. MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Core Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Insulin Infusion ◽  
Central Body ◽  
Cool Environment ◽  
Peripheral Vasodilatation ◽  
Male Subjects

1. The present experiments were designed to elucidate the reasons for the fall in central body temperature during hypoglycaemia. 2. The first experiment was carried out at a room temperature of 25 °C on 11 male subjects. Hypoglycaemia was induced by infusion of insulin. Heat production (calculated from respiratory gas exchange) rose from a baseline of 5.10 ± 0.13 kJ/min (mean ± sem) to a peak of 6.25 ± 0.21 kJ/min (P < 0.001), but core temperature fell concurrently by 0.51 ± 0.08°C and skin temperature fell by 1.1 ± 0.2°C. The net heat loss was due to peripheral vasodilatation and sweating. 3. To determine the effect of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia on thermoregulation in a cool environment, the experiment was repeated at a room temperature of 18–19°C on five of the subjects who had air blown over them until shivering was sustained. During this time heat production rose to 10.13 ± 1.67 kJ/min, but core temperature remained constant. Shivering stopped as plasma glucose fell below 2.5 mmol/l during insulin infusion and the subjects said they no longer felt cold. 4. During hypoglycaemia in the cold peripheral vasodilatation and sweating occurred, skin temperature fell by up to 0.8°C and core temperature fell below 35°C, so subjects had to be rewarmed. 5. Recovery of plasma glucose after hypoglycaemia in the cold was impaired at low body temperatures, but shivering was restored within seconds when glucose was given intravenously.

Regulation of shivering and nonshivering heat production during acclimation of rats

1960 ◽  
Vol 198 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. A. Davis ◽  
D. R. Johnston ◽  
F. C. Bell ◽  
B. J. Cremer
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Heat Source ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Core Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Central Temperature ◽  
Early Stages

When cold acclimating rats are treated with diathermy, curare and a combination of both, two main fractions of the increase in cold-induced oxygen consumption can be delineated. First, a fraction which diathermy replaces by virtue of the fact that it, in the intensities used, can raise core temperature without altering the temperature of the skin; therefore this fraction appears to be dependent upon changes in central temperature and is found to persist throughout the period of acclimation investigated. Second, a fraction of cold-induced oxygen consumption which is not replaced by diathermy and which is presumed to be dependent upon changes in skin temperature. By the administration of curare, this second fraction can be separated into two further fractions acting reciprocally depending upon the duration of cold exposure. In the early stages of acclimation, the curare-suppressed fraction of oxygen consumption appears to be entirely due to shivering. As shivering disappears with acclimation, it is replaced by a peripherally regulated nonshivering heat source which eventually takes over all the duties of heat production previously performed by shivering.

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