Assessment of clonal stability of in vitro regenerated shoots of Macadamia tetraphylla by RAPD analysis

2007 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. S. Mulwa ◽  
Prem L. Bhalla

Macadamia nuts constitute an important part of the world nut industry and are highly valued for their health-promoting properties. Macadamia is an open-pollinated crop that takes 8–12 years to bear fruit when multiplied via seeds. The yield and nut quality in seedling plantations are often highly variable, and grafting is currently the most common method for producing nursery trees with reduced variability. We have previously reported on the tissue-culture propagation of macadamia, and in the present study we assessed the clonal integrity of the regenerated shoots. The RAPD profiles of 3 macadamia stock plants and 10 in vitro regenerated lines from each stock plant were analysed to assess the clonal integrity of the shoots regenerated in vitro for micropropagation purposes. The extent of genetic variation between the stock plants and 9 randomly selected seedlings was also assessed. There was no difference in clonal identity between the stock plants and their micropropagated progeny, indicating that clonal micropropagation was possible using enhanced axillary proliferation in macadamia. In contrast, there was a large genetic variation among the seedlings and between the seedlings and stock plants, with genetic distance estimates ranging from 0.121 to 0.637 among seedlings, indicating rampant out-crossing of the macadamia plant.

2000 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 493 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Newbury ◽  
E. C. Howell ◽  
Jonathan H. Crouch ◽  
B. V. Ford-Lloyd

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis of 15, mostly African, plantain land races revealed a very low proportion of polymorphic bands (13 of 276). However, further examination of these 13 marker bands demonstrated that they varied within land races and could not be used to distinguish between land races. In many cases, this could be directly associated with tissue culture treatment of the material. In order to investigate tissue culture effects in more detail, a single meristem of the West African plantain Agbagba was introduced into axenic culture and subjected to three cycles of micropropagation. A total of 48 regenerated plants were established under field conditions and subjected to RAPD analysis. By using 40 arbitrarily selected primers, about 400 bands were scored across this population of in vitro-derived plants. Sixteen of the bands were polymorphic within the population of Agabgba plants, distinguishing 13 genotypes. The pattern of relationships of these genotypes was established by cluster analysis; field characterisation of the plants supported the relationships revealed by RAPD data. The high level of RAPD polymorphism (4% of bands polymorphic), along with a clear correlation between the genotypic classification of individual plants and their tissue culture pedigree, suggests that a substantial amount of genetic variation existed within the original cultured meristem. On this basis, a putative Agbagba meristem representing an apparent sectoral chimera has been constructed. A model is presented that takes account of the persistence and high rate of somaclonal variation and proposes that the mother Agbagba plant comprised a periclinal chimera.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 166
Author(s):  
NURLIANI BERMAWIE

<p>Genetic variability of black pepper germplasm in Indonesia is low. To broaden genetic variability, newly growth shoot tips from in vitro culture of black pepper var. LDL were y irradiated with doses 0, 0.3 0.6, 0.9, 1.2 and 1.5 krad. The treatments were designed in a complete block with five replications. The irradiaed plantlets were grown on MS medium. Response of the variety is described by recording an increase in leaves, shoots and node, numbers, plantlet height, and morphological abnormality in the irst vegetative mutation generation (MVI) and the second vegetative mutation generation (MV2). Ater 6 weeks, the plantlets were sub cultured and the leaves of MV2 were used for RAPD analysis. Six random primers were used for the study, i.e. OPC-01 (TTCGAGC- CAG), OPC-02 (GTGAGGCGTC), OPC-04 (CCGCATCTAC), OPC-05 (GATGACCGCC), OPC-06 (GAACGGACTC) and Abi 117.17 (GCTC- GTCAAC). The results showed that the lowest averages value on the increase of leaves, shoots, nodes and plantlets height al MVI are resulted at dose 1.5 krad, whereas dose 0.3 krad increases averages value on shoots and plantlet height. The highest percentage of abnormal leaves is resulted at dose 1.2 krad. Ater subculture, the MV2 plantlets showed higher averages value for almost all parameters observed than the untreated plantlets. The number of score able bands varied from 2-5 bands with molecular weight 0.4-12 kb. Thirty three bands were detected from the six primers, with OPC-01, OPC-04 and OPC-06 showed polymorphisms with 8 (24%) polymorphic bands. In OPC-01 one band with DNA size 1 -1.5 kb was absence rom the treated plants at dose 0.9-1.5 krad, while with OPC- 04, one band size 1 5 kb present only at 1.2 krad and with OPC-06 one band size 12 kb absence from 0.6 and 0.9 krad, and 3-5 bands size 1.5, 1.8 and bands with size 3-12 kb disappeared at dose 1.2 and 1.5 krad. The appearance and disappearance of bands may be related to the genetic changes due to y irradiation, and further exploration may be needed to ind how much genetic variation induced by irradiation in ield and the relationships with the changes in plant characters.</p><p>Key words: Piper nigrum L., mutation, irradiation, RAPD, genetic variation</p><p> </p><p><strong>ABSTRAK </strong></p><p><strong>Peningkatan keragaman genetik tanaman lada (Piper nigrum L.) dengan iradiasi sinar gamma</strong></p><p>Keragaman genetik plasma nutfah lada sempit, untuk meningkatkan keragaman genetik, mata tunas yang tumbuh dari biakan lada varietas LDL diradiasi dengan sinar y dengan dosis 0, 0.3 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, dan 1.5 krad. Perlakuan menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan lima ulangan. Tunas hasil radiasi ditanam pada media MS. Respon tanaman terhadap perlakuan iradiasi dilakukan dengan mengamati peningkatan jumlah daun, tunas, buku, tinggi tanaman dan morfologi pada planlet hasil perbanyakan vegetatif generasi pertama (MVI) dan kedua setelah iradiasi (MV2). Tunas hasil perbanyakan sub-kultur setelah iradiasi (MV2) dianaltsa keragaman genetiknya dengan RAPD (Randomly Ampliied Polymorphic DNA) menggunakan enam primer acak, yaitu OPC-01 (TTCGAGCCAG), OPC-02 (GTGAGGCGTC), OPC-04 (CCGCATCTAC), OPC-05 (GATGACCGCC), OPC-06 (GAACGGACTC) dan Abi 117.17 (GCTCGTCAAC). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa iradiasi menyebabkan perubahan yang nyata pada planlet generasi pertama setelah perbanyakan vegetatif (MVI) terutama pada jumlah buku dan tinggi tanaman. tetapi tidak berbeda nyata untuk penambahan jumlah daun dan<br /><br />166 <br /><br />tunas. Nilai rata-rata penambahan jumlah daun, tunas, buku dan tinggi planlet terendah ditunjukkan oleh perlakuan iradiasi pada dosis 1.5 krad, sedangkan pada iradiasi 0.3 krad meningkatkan nilai rata-rata jumlah tunas dan tinggi planlet. Persentase daun abnormal diperoleh pada perlakuan 1.2 krad. Setelah sub-kultur, planlet generasi kedua setelah perbanyakan vegetatif (MV2) yang tumbuh menunjukkan nilai rata-rata yang lebih tinggi dari normal pada semua parameter. Persentase daun variegata pada MVI diperoleh dari perlakuan 1.2 krad tetapi pada MV2 diperoleh dari perlakuan 0.6 krad. Jumlah pita DNA yang terampliikasi berkisar antara 2-5 dengan berat molekul 0.4-12 kb. Tiga puluh tiga pita tcrdetcksi, 8 (24 %) pita diantaranya polimorfik, yang berasal dari primer OPC-01, OPC-04 dan OPC-06. Pada OPC-01 satu pita dengan ukuran 1-1.5 kb hilang dari perlakuan 0.9-1.5 krad, sementara pada OPC-04, satu pita dengan ukuran 1.5 kb muncul hanya pada perlakuan 1.2 krad dan pada OPC-06 satu pita 12 kb hilang dari perlakuan 0-6 dan 0.9 krad, 3-5 pita dengan ukuran 1.5 kb, 1.8 kb dan antara 3-12 kb hilang dari perlakuan 1.2 dan 1.5 krad. Hilang dan munculnya pita kemungkinan berhubungan dengan perubahan genetik akibat radiasi sinar y dan penelitian lanjut perlu dilakukan untuk menge¬ tahui tingkat keragaman yang ditimbulkan akibat iradiasi di lapang dan hubungannya dengan perubahan sifat terutama sifat yang mengunlungkan<br /><br />Kara kunci: Piper nigrum L„ Lada, mutasi, radiasi, RAPD, variasi genetik</p>


Author(s):  
Vikas Sharma ◽  
Barkha Kamal ◽  
Nidhi Srivastava ◽  
Anoop Kumar Dobriyal ◽  
Vikash Singh Jadon

Enhanced in vitro caulogenesis has been tested in Swertia chirayita on MS supplemented with BAP, IAA, IBA, NAA and additives like adenine sulfate and d?glutamine with 2.5% sucrose. The best in vitro caulogenesis was observed in MS fortified with 4.43 ?M BAP in combination with IAA (0.8 ?M) that resulted increase in shoot multiplication rate. The multiplication and elongation of shoots were further enhanced by the addition of adenine sulfate (0.007%) that resulted in the further increase in multiplication fold. The addition of adenine sulfate reduced the use of other cytokinins with different auxins reported in the previous studies on Swertia chirayita. The study suggests adenine sulfate as a primary assimilable reduced nitrogen source for enhancing the shoot multiplication and elongation in Swertia chirayita. RAPD markers were employed to check the genetic variation among the clonal stock that resulted in 97% similarity.Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 23(1): 11?19, 2013 (June) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ptcb.v23i1.15555


2020 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 54-60
Author(s):  
N. D. Orlova ◽  
D. A. Egorova

The clonal micropropagation technique of valuable Lonicera caerulea L. varieties (Indigo Gem, Moskovskaya 23, Diana, Jugana) has been improved. The effect of various types and concentrations of carbohydrates on microshoots regeneration of the genus Lonicera L. representatives was studied. It is shown that the concentration of carbohydrates has the greatest effect on microshoots height and the type of carbohydrate nutrition has the greatest effect on multiplication factor. The type of carbohydrate nutrition (42 %) had the greatest influence on multiplication factor. Peculiarities of varieties, genetic characteristics interaction, carbohydrate nutrition type and concentration had a lesser effect (20 %, 14 % and 11 % respectively). The variety Moskovskaya 23 was characterized by the highest microshoots number (49.6 mm). The highest multiplication factor in the studied varieties, regardless of the type of carbohydrate nutrition, was observed at concentration of 40 g/l (11.57).


Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 144
Author(s):  
Immacolata Faraone ◽  
Daniela Russo ◽  
Lucia Chiummiento ◽  
Eloy Fernandez ◽  
Alka Choudhary ◽  
...  

The genus Minthostachys belonging to the Lamiaceae family, and is an important South American mint genus used commonly in folk medicine as an aroma in cooking. The phytochemical-rich samples of the aerial parts of Minthostachys diffusa Epling. were tested for pharmacological and health-promoting bioactivities using in vitro chemical and enzymatic assays. A range of radical scavenging activities of the samples against biological radicals such as nitric oxide and superoxide anion and against synthetic 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals, the ferric reducing antioxidant power and the lipid peroxidation inhibition were determined and ranked using the ‘relative antioxidant capacity index’ (RACI). The ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest RACI of +1.12. Analysis of the various fractions’ inhibitory ability against enzymes involved in diabetes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase), and against enzymes associated with Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s diseases (acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase) also suggested that the ethyl acetate fraction was the most active. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis of the ethyl acetate fraction showed more than 30 polyphenolic compounds, including triterpenes. The inhibitory cholinesterase effects of the triterpenes identified from M. diffusa were further analysed by in silico docking of these compounds into 3D-structures of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. This is the first study on pharmacological activities and phytochemical profiling of the aerial parts of M. diffusa, showing that this plant, normally used as food in South America, is also rich in health-promoting phytochemicals.


Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 3480
Author(s):  
Adriana Maite Fernández-Fernández ◽  
Eduardo Dellacassa ◽  
Tiziana Nardin ◽  
Roberto Larcher ◽  
Adriana Gámbaro ◽  
...  

The present investigation aimed to provide novel information on the chemical composition and in vitro bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds from raw citrus pomaces (mandarin varieties Clemenule and Ortanique and orange varieties Navel and Valencia). The effects of the baking process on their bioaccessibility was also assessed. Samples of pomaces and biscuits containing them as an ingredient were digested, mimicking the human enzymatic oral gastrointestinal digestion process, and the composition of the digests were analyzed. UHPLC-MS/MS results of the citrus pomaces flavonoid composition showed nobiletin, hesperidin/neohesperidin, tangeretin, heptamethoxyflavone, tetramethylscutellarein, and naringin/narirutin. The analysis of the digests indicated the bioaccessibility of compounds possessing antioxidant [6.6–11.0 mg GAE/g digest, 65.5–97.1 µmol Trolox Equivalents (TE)/g digest, and 135.5–214.8 µmol TE/g digest for total phenol content (TPC), ABTS, and ORAC-FL methods, respectively; significant reduction (p < 0.05) in Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) formation under tert-butyl hydroperoxide (1 mM)-induced conditions in IEC-6 and CCD-18Co cells when pre-treated with concentrations 5–25 µg/mL of the digests], anti-inflammatory [significant reduction (p < 0.05) in nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages], and antidiabetic (IC50 3.97–11.42 mg/mL and 58.04–105.68 mg/mL for α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition capacities) properties in the citrus pomaces under study. In addition, orange pomace biscuits with the nutrition claims “no-added sugars” and “source of fiber”, as well as those with good sensory quality (6.9–6.7, scale 1–9) and potential health promoting properties, were obtained. In conclusion, the results supported the feasibility of citrus pomace as a natural sustainable source of health-promoting compounds such as flavonoids. Unfractionated orange pomace may be employed as a functional food ingredient for reducing the risk of pathophysiological processes linked to oxidative stress, inflammation, and carbohydrate metabolism, such as diabetes, among others.


Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 883
Author(s):  
Mebeaselassie Andargie ◽  
Maria Vinas ◽  
Anna Rathgeb ◽  
Evelyn Möller ◽  
Petr Karlovsky

Major lignans of sesame sesamin and sesamolin are benzodioxol--substituted furofurans. Sesamol, sesaminol, its epimers, and episesamin are transformation products found in processed products. Synthetic routes to all lignans are known but only sesamol is synthesized industrially. Biosynthesis of furofuran lignans begins with the dimerization of coniferyl alcohol, followed by the formation of dioxoles, oxidation, and glycosylation. Most genes of the lignan pathway in sesame have been identified but the inheritance of lignan content is poorly understood. Health-promoting properties make lignans attractive components of functional food. Lignans enhance the efficiency of insecticides and possess antifeedant activity, but their biological function in plants remains hypothetical. In this work, extensive literature including historical texts is reviewed, controversial issues are critically examined, and errors perpetuated in literature are corrected. The following aspects are covered: chemical properties and transformations of lignans; analysis, purification, and total synthesis; occurrence in Seseamum indicum and related plants; biosynthesis and genetics; biological activities; health-promoting properties; and biological functions. Finally, the improvement of lignan content in sesame seeds by breeding and biotechnology and the potential of hairy roots for manufacturing lignans in vitro are outlined.


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