The determination of milk yield in the Merino ewe

1959 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 839 ◽  
Author(s):  
I McCance
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Detectable Effect ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Pituitary Extract ◽  
Milk Ejection

Yield was measured by hand milking following injection of posterior pituitary extract (PPE) to obtain milk ejection. Lambs put with ewes hand milked after 2 doses of 5 i.u. of PPE could obtain little or no milk. Yield depended on the interval between milkings, the rate of secretion being apparently faster in the first 2 hr. The effect was less marked as lactation declined. Yields were independent of time of day and speed of milking. When successive yields were used to rank ewes in order of performance, the rankings were always significantly concordant. Earlier applications of the method had no detectable effect on later lactation. It is concluded that the method provides a simple means of obtaining useful estimates of milk production.

A study of milk production of the grazing ewe, with emphasis on the experimental technique employed

1960 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Coombe ◽  
I. D. Wardrop ◽  
D. E. Tribe
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Gland Extract ◽  
Nutritional Conditions ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Posterior Pituitary Gland ◽  
Lamb Growth

1. Milk yields of grazing ewes with single lambs were estimated using two methods—the traditional lamb-suckling technique, and a technique involving hand-milking following stimulated let-down by intravenous injection of posterior pituitary gland extract (known as the oxytocin technique).2. The oxytocin technique gave significantly higher figures for milk production than did the lamb-suckling technique (P < 0·01), and this persisted throughout lactation. Variation between ewes was similar for both techniques.3. The two techniques are discussed in relation to the errors involved, and their accuracy and convenience of application to field conditions.4. Differences in milk yield between Border Leicester x Merino ewes, and Romney Marsh x Merino ewes, estimated by either technique, were not significant. Correlation coefficients between lamb growth rate and milk yield of the ewe, measured by either technique, were high up to 7 weeks of age.5. Where the ewes were under the same nutritional conditions before and after lambing, milk yield was not related to the live weight of the ewe, or birth weight of the lamb.

scholarly journals Machine milking of dairy goats during lactation: udder anatomy, milking characteristics, and blood concentrations of oxytocin and prolactin

1994 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupert M. Bruckmaier ◽  
Chantal Ritter ◽  
Dieter Schams ◽  
Jürg W. Blum
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Milk Ejection ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
The Third ◽  
Milk Flow

SummaryForty-four goats were milked and milk flow recorded without or with 1 min manual prestimulation in early, mid and late lactation. Ultrasound measurements of cross sections of the whole mammary gland were performed in a water bath. In additional experiments with 15 goats, milk flow was recorded and frequent blood samples were taken for the determination of oxytocin and prolactin concentrations. Milk yield increased from the first to the third lactation and decreased markedly during the course of lactation. Average and peak milk flow rates were closely related to the actual milk yield. The ultrasound cisternal area was 27·4±1·5% of the entire udder half cross section. Milking characteristics were scarcely different without or with prestimulation, although oxytocin was released within 30 s after the start of prestimulation, whereas oxytocin concentrations without prestimulation increased only after the start of milking. Concentrations of prolactin were higher during July and August than in April, and increased similarly with or without prestimulation during milking. In contrast to dairy cows, prestimulation and an opportune release of oxytocin during milking does not significantly influence the course of milk flow in goats, and this is probably because large amounts of cisternal milk allow milk ejection to be induced only after the start of milking without causing bimodal or otherwise reduced milk flow.

scholarly journals Effect of weaning system and type of milk flow on milk production of crossbred ewes improved Valachian and Tsigai with Lacaune

10.5219/1071 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 275-279
Author(s):  
Lucia Mačuhová ◽  
Vladimír Tančin ◽  
Juliana Mačuhová ◽  
Michal Uhrinčať ◽  
Milan Margetin
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Time Machine ◽  
Milk Ejection ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Flow Parameters ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
Electronic Recording ◽  
Milk Level

Improved Valachian (IV x LC; n = 41) and Tsigai (TS x LC; n = 44) crossbred ewes with Lacaune were used to study the effects of three weaning systems on milk production. Prior to parturition, ewes were assigned to one of the following three treatments for the first 53 day of lactation: 1) ewes weaned from their lambs at 24 h postpartum and afterwards machine milked twice daily (MTD), 2) ewes, beginning 24 h postpartum, kept during the daytime with their lambs and allowed them to suckle for 12 h, nights separated from their lambs for 12 h and machine milked once daily in the morning (MIX), and 3) ewes exclusively suckled by their lambs (ES). After the treatment period, lambs were weaned from MIX and ES ewes, and all three groups were machine milked twice daily. Furthermore, ewes were evaluated according to number of live-born and weaned lambs (with one (n = 35) or with two lambs (n = 50)). The measurements of milk yield and milk flow were performed on 110 ±5 day of lactation by the equipment for graduated electronic recording of the milk level in a jar in one-second intervals. No significant differences were observed in the measured values (total milk yield, machine milk yield, latency time, milking time, machine stripping, milk flow rate, and machine milk yield in 30 and 60 s) among weaning treatments and between ewes with one or two lambs and evaluated breeds too. The highest occurrence of one peak milk flow (milk flow without milk ejection) was found out in MTD ewes (50%) compared to MIX (19%) and ES (17%). In conclusion, the different systems of weaning did not influence the milk yield and milk flow parameters in the mid-lactation.

scholarly journals Prediction of test day milk yield by ac method in indigenous Balkan goats in Macedonia

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikola Pacinovski ◽  
Vladimir Dzabirski ◽  
Georgi Dimov ◽  
Koco Porcu ◽  
Elena Eftimova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Accurate Result ◽  
Alternative Method ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Daily Milk Yield ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Daily Milk

Accurate and precise milk recording is one of the most important moments for a successful selection of milking goats. In this context, breeders are constantly making efforts to find the most suitable and cheapest methods for conducting of tests for milk production. The goal of this research was to compare the A4 method (as referent method) with AC method (as alternative method), for determination of milk production, on the day of recording of the indigenous Balkan goat, in the period of 2014-2016 with milking of goats in the morning and evening. It was determined that the difference between the predicted daily milk yield with one milking (in the morning or evening) and the measured milk yield using the A4 method is too low and almost negligible. With the analysis of all factors (year, lactation and number of milk tests), it was determined that the prediction of total daily milk yield, based on the evening milking, provides more accurate result, in relation to the prediction during morning milking, in cases when using the AC method.

scholarly journals Effect of various milking equipment on milk ejection in high-yielding cows

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-24
Author(s):  
A.P. Paliy ◽  
K.V. Ishchenko ◽  
A.P. Palii
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Milk Ejection ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Technological Support ◽  
Biological Objects ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Genetic Potential ◽  
Competitive Industry

Improving modern dairy farming is based on the industry's development, which means transforming livestock farming into a competitive industry. The development of its technical and technological support is closely related to its functional ability to realize the genetic potential of biological objects of production with high-quality products, which is the defining criterion for the competitiveness of machinery and technology at the industry’s present stage of development. The purpose of the research was to study milk production technology based on a comprehensive assessment and implementation of modern milking equipment, maximizing animals’ genetic potential and industry efficiency. We proved that applying the ‘DeLaval’ milking parlor under the same feeding and keeping animals ensured the proper completeness of milking and increased cows’ milk yield. During the first, third, and highest lactations, the milk yield was 226 kg (P=0.05), 266 kg (P=0.05), and 214 kg (P=0.05), respectively. After-milking when applying ADM-8A averaged 175 ml, and only 45 ml when applying the ‘DeLaval’ parlor. When using the ‘DeLaval’ milking equipment, the milk production intensity of cows was 1.43 kg/min, and, with ADM-8A, it was 1.24 kg/min, which is 0.19 kg/min (P=0.001), or 15.3% higher.

Effect of total mixed ration composition and daily grazing pattern on milk production, composition and fatty acids profile of dairy cows

2014 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha Hernández-Ortega ◽  
Adela Martínez-Fernández ◽  
Ana Soldado ◽  
Amelia González ◽  
Carlos M. Arriaga-Jordán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Total Mixed Ration ◽  
Silage Maize ◽  
Fatty Acids Profile

The possibilities of using high quality pastures in conjunction with total mixed ration (TMR) during the grazing season have been examined. An experiment with sixteen Holstein cows blocked and randomly assigned to four treatments in a factorial arrangement was conducted in order to evaluate the influence of grazing time of day (day or night) and type of silage (maize or Italian ryegrass) included in the TMR of dairy cows grazing 12 h daily on milk yield, composition and fatty acid profile. The silage type had no effect on the dry matter intake, milk yield and fat and protein proportions. However, cows grazing during the night ate more grass than cows grazing during the day (8·53 vs. 5·65 kg DM/d; P<0·05). No differences were seen between grazing-time with respect to milk production, fat and protein contents. However, the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acid was higher in milk of dairy cows grazing at night-time than grazing at day-time, especially 18:2n-6 (2·37 vs. 2·12 g/100 g FA respectively, P<0·05) and 18:2cis9trans11 (2·08 vs. 1·74 g/100 g FA respectively, P<0·05).

SYMPATHETICO-ADRENAL INHIBITION OF THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIAL MILK-EJECTION MECHANISM

1953 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. CROSS
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Pituitary Extract ◽  
Milk Ejection ◽  
Emotional Inhibition ◽  
Adrenal System ◽  
Ejection Mechanism ◽  
Milk Ejection Reflex ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. Emotional inhibition of the milk-ejection reflex in rabbits is described. 2. Injection of 5–50 μg adrenaline intravenously into does before nursing interfered with milk ejection, as shown by the failure of the young to withdraw more than three-quarters of the normal yield of milk. Injection of 150 mU (=milliunits) 'Pitocin' immediately after the adrenaline did not restore normal milk ejection. 3. Intravenous injection of 5 μg adrenaline suppressed the milk-ejection response to 50 mU posterior pituitary extract in anaesthetized rabbits with cannulated teats, provided the injection of adrenaline preceded that of the posterior pituitary extract. The inhibitory effect had not entirely disappeared in 2 min. 50μg adrenaline prevented the occurrence of milk ejection for 3½ min. 4. Intravenous doses of 5 μg adrenaline, but not smaller amounts, inhibited the milk-ejection response to electrical stimulation of the supraoptico-hypophysial tract, if injected before stimulation or during the latent period of the response. When injected after the commencement of milk ejection 5 μg adrenaline was without effect, but 50 μg abolished the response. 5. Electrical stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus produced inhibition of the milk-ejection response to injected oxytocic extract, together with pupillary dilatation and exophthalmos. The inhibition closely resembled that resulting from injection of adrenaline. 6. It is concluded that one mechanism involved in the emotional inhibition of milk ejection is an activation of the sympathetico-adrenal system, resulting in antagonism of the action of the neurohypophysial milk-ejection hormone on the contraction process within the mammary gland.

THE ROLE OF THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIS IN THE MILK-EJECTION REFLEX

1952 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. CROSS ◽  
G. W. HARRIS
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Pituitary Extract ◽  
Active Process ◽  
Milk Ejection ◽  
Marked Diminution ◽  
Milk Ejection Reflex ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. Nursing and suckling behaviour of rabbits is described, and evidence given that an active process of milk ejection ('let-down') occurs in this as in other species. 2. Intravenous injection of posterior pituitary extracts in anaesthetized rabbits resulted in ejection of milk from a cannulated teat duct. The threshold dose was about 5 mU. and maximal responses were produced by 200 mU. of extract. Whole posterior pituitary extract was more effective than the oxytocic fraction, which was in turn more effective than the vasopressor fraction. 3. Stimulation of the supraopticohypophysial (s.o.h.) tract in anaesthetized rabbits also resulted in ejection of milk from a cannulated duct. Kymographic records of this response were similar to those obtained after injection of appropriate doses of posterior pituitary extract. 4. Lesions in the s.o.h. tract in lactating rabbits caused a marked diminution in the quantity of milk obtained by their litters in standard suckling tests, and incomplete evacuation of the mammary glands. Intravenous injection of posterior pituitary extract (30–200 mU.) into the does immediately before nursing gave a marked increase in the amount of milk obtained by the young and complete evacuation of the mammary glands. Stimulation of the region of the s.o.h. tract in these animals failed to elicit milk ejection from cannulated teat ducts. 5. Rabbits with hypothalamic lesions that did not involve the s.o.h. tract showed a normal milk-ejection reflex when suckled by their young, and a milk-ejection response after electrical stimulation of the s.o.h. tract.

scholarly journals Genealogical structure and evaluation of Holstein breeding bulls

2021 ◽  
pp. 28-32
Author(s):  
N. A. Popov
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Dairy Cattle Breeding ◽  
Domestic Livestock ◽  
Fat Fraction ◽  
Holstein Bulls ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Effective Use

The Holstein bulls’ genealogical structure on the Russian Federation breeding enterprises (n= 3 75), as well as the selection types ratio of their breeding, genomic parameters’ assessments in the countries of exporting were studied. The evaluation of 21 breeding sires on their daughters quality and their mothers milk production comparison in the breeding plant’s herd was carried out. A narrow range of genealogical lines of imported Holsteins, that does not allow genetic variability’s effective use at domestic livestock populations improvement, has been identified. These bulls evaluation by the offspring quality revealed the distribution of daughters on milk yield terms and the mass fraction of protein (PC) at the herd improvement, but with the mass fat fraction (FC) decreasing relative to the groups of mothers. The determination of the daughter groups’ repeatability coefficients and ranking based on the milk production characteristics revealed significant differences with the genomic values estimated fortheir fathers: for milk yield rs = 0,395, for PC — rs =0,200, and for FC — rs = – 0,570. The author concludes that it is impossible to plan improvement ofthe main features of breeding in herd at breeding bulls selecting according to the genomic assessment indicators’ levels and givessuggestions for improvment of methodology of evaluating breeding sires by the quality of offspring in dairy cattle breeding of the Russian Federation.

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