The ionic composition of rainwater at Katherine, NT. and its part in the cycling of plant nutrients

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 319 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Wetselaar ◽  
JT Hutton
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Particulate Material ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Annual Total ◽  
Soluble Material

Rainwater was collected from individual showers at Katherine, Northern Territory, Australia, during the 1958–59 wet season, and again in 3.4 mm portions of individual showers during the 1959–60 wet season. Strict precautions were taken during rainless periods to prevent particulate material from accumulating in the rain collector. The laboratory examination of the samples included determinations of nitrate, ammonium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and chloride ions, and of insoluble silica. Soil and plant material samples collected in the surroundings of Katherine were also analysed for a number of elements. In spite of a total annual average rainfall of 925 mm the annual total amount of soluble material in the rainwater was less than 6–7 kg 'ha. The concentration of all ions decreased during the progress of a shower, and from shower to shower, during the progress of the season. Correlation coefficients between the different ions were all positive and generally high. No relation could be detected between the nitrate content in the rainwater and the incidence of lightning. The correlation between chloride content and amount of insoluble silica was high (+ 0.73). It is argued that most of the material in the rainwater is part of a terrestrial cycle and cannot be regarded as a true accession.

scholarly journals Changes in the Membrane Permeability of Frog's Sartorius Muscle Fibers in Ca-Free EDTA Solution

1963 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Kimizuka ◽  
K. Koketsu
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Permeability ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Sartorius Muscle ◽  
Constant Field ◽  
Sodium Influx ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Edta Solution ◽  
Frog Sartorius ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

The changes in the membrane permeability to sodium, potassium, and chloride ions as well as the changes in the intracellular concentration of these ions were studied on frog sartorius muscles in Ca-free EDTA solution. It was found that the rate constants for potassium and chloride efflux became almost constant within 10 minutes in the absence of external calcium ions, that for potassium increasing to 1.5 to 2 times normal and that for chloride decreasing about one-half. The sodium influx in Ca-free EDTA solution, between 30 and 40 minutes, was about 4 times that in Ringer's solution. The intracellular sodium and potassium contents did not change appreciably but the intracellular chloride content had increased to about 4 times normal after 40 minutes. By applying the constant field theory to these results, it was concluded that (a) PCl did not change appreciably whereas PK decreased to a level that, in the interval between 10 and 40 minutes, was about one-half normal, (b) PNa increased until between 30 and 40 minutes it was about 8 times normal. The low value of the membrane potential between 30 and 40 minutes was explained in terms of the changes in the membrane permeability and the intracellular ion concentrations. The mechanism for membrane depolarization in this solution was briefly discussed.

CANADIAN WILTSHIRE BACON: II. CHLORIDE, NITRATE, AND NITRITE CONTENT OF BACON AND PICKLE

1940 ◽  
Vol 18d (4) ◽  
pp. 135-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Cook ◽  
W. H. White
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Nitrate And Nitrite ◽  
General Source ◽  
Number Of Injections ◽  
Nitrite Content

Analysis of Wiltshire bacon produced in Canadian plants showed that different sides varied in their chloride, nitrate, and nitrite contents, the chloride content being the most uniform. Although the observed variations were statistically significant they do not necessarily affect the quality of the product. An analysis of variance showed that differences between the sides from different plants were the main general source of variation in the chloride and nitrate contents, while the differences between sides from the same plant were the main source of variation in nitrite content. This, and other evidence, indicates that the properties of the individual side affect its nitrite content to a considerable extent.The variation in the composition of the pickles used in different plants was significantly greater than the variations within plants, although the chloride content was relatively uniform throughout. Other curing practices, such as the number of injections used for pumping a side and the time in cure, also varied between different plants. Statistical computations showed that the number of injections used for pumping was correlated with the chloride and nitrite content of the sides, while their nitrate content was correlated with the nitrate content of the pump pickle. Although these factors affected the composition of the product with respect to each constituent, the level of the correlation coefficients was rather low. It is therefore concluded that most of the observed variation in the bacon was contributed by other unmeasured factors, or by inherent differences between the carcasses.The analysis of variance showed significant differences between the content of the three constituents at different samplings. The method of sampling, however, did not permit the true effect of ageing to be distinguished precisely from the effect of systematic differences in position, and the observed differences between samplings might possibly have been due entirely to the effect of position.

Factors Influencing the Separation of Glu-Plasminogen Affinity Forms I and II by Affinity Chromatography

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (03) ◽  
pp. 347-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daan W Traas ◽  
Bep Hoegee-de Nobel ◽  
Willem Nieuwenhuizen
Keyword(s):  
Affinity Chromatography ◽  
Dissociation Constants ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Human Plasminogen

SummaryNative human plasminogen, the proenzyme of plasmin (E. C. 3.4.21.7) occurs in blood in two well defined forms, affinity forms I and II. In this paper, the feasibility of separating these forms of human native plasminogen by affinity chromatography, is shown to be dependent on two factors: 1) the ionic composition of the buffer containing the displacing agent: buffers of varying contents of sodium, Tris, phosphate and chloride ions were compared, and 2) the type of adsorbent. Two adsorbents were compared: Sepharose-lysine and Sepharose-bisoxirane-lysine. Only in the phosphate containing buffers, irrespective of the type of adsorbent, the affinity forms can be separated. The influence of the adsorbent can be accounted for by a large difference in dissociation constants of the complex between plasminogen and the immobilized lysine.

scholarly journals Chloride Binding Capacity and Its Effect on the Microstructure of Mortar Made with Marine Sand

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4169
Author(s):  
Congtao Sun ◽  
Ming Sun ◽  
Tao Tao ◽  
Feng Qu ◽  
Gongxun Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Fine Aggregate ◽  
Chloride Binding ◽  
River Sand ◽  
Total Chloride ◽  
Curing Period ◽  
Marine Sand ◽  
Bound Chloride

Chloride binding capacity and its effect on the microstructure of mortar made with marine sand (MS), washed MS (WMS) and river sand (RS) were investigated in this study. The chloride contents, hydration products, micromorphology and pore structures of mortars were analyzed. The results showed that there was a diffusion trend for chloride ions from the surface of fine aggregate to cement hydrated products. During the whole curing period, the free chloride content in the mortars made by MS and WMS increased firstly, then decreased and stabilized finally with time. However, the total chloride content of three types of mortar hardly changed. The bound chloride content in the mortars made by MS and WMS slightly increased with time, and the bound chloride content included the MS, the WMS and the RS arranged from high to low. C3A·CaCl2·10H2O (Friedel’s salt) was formed at the early age and existed throughout the curing period. Moreover, the volume of fine capillary pore with a size of 10–100 nm increased in the MS and WMS mortar.

Error Estimation of Linear Polarization Resistance Measurement Caused by IR Drop for Reinforcement Corrosion in Concrete

2016 ◽  
Vol 866 ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
Jin Xia Xu ◽  
Ya Long Cao ◽  
Lin Hua Jiang ◽  
Ying Bin Song ◽  
Wei Feng
Keyword(s):  
Linear Polarization ◽  
Polarization Resistance ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Resistance Measurement ◽  
Reinforcing Steel ◽  
Error Level ◽  
Corrosion Condition ◽  
Linear Polarization Resistance ◽  
Ir Drop

In order to evaluate more accurately the corrosion condition of reinforcing steel in chloride contaminated concrete, it is significant to investigate the error level in the linear polarization resistance measurement caused by IR drop. Concretes with eight levels of chloride ions (ranging from 0% to 2.0% by mass of cement) by adding different amounts of sodium chloride in the mixing water were prepared. Linear polarization measurements with and without IR compensation, were applied to determine the error level. Besides, half-cell potential method was employed to detect the corrosion condition of reinforcing steel. The results indicate that the error level is so low (less than 5.0%) that the IR drop can be negligible when the chloride content is relatively lower (0.6% or less by mass of cement). However, the error level is increased with the increase of chloride content. The IR drop is suggested to be compensated when the chloride content is relatively higher (more than 0.6% by mass of cement). At this time, the onset of active corrosion of reinforcing steel is also found.

scholarly journals Temporal influence on foraging strategies, territoriality and nomadic tendencies of Snail Kite, Rosthramus sociabilis (Viellot, 1817) in an urban Neotropical wetland

2012 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
SR Posso ◽  
FB Cintra ◽  
J Frias
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Foraging Strategies ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Snail Kite ◽  
Foraging Area ◽  
Temporal Influence ◽  
Site Tenacity ◽  
Rainfall Variations

The foraging, territoriality and displacement of the Snail Kite were studied over 232 hours of observations in an urban lake during the dry and wet seasons. The temperature and rainfall variations were used to correlate with predation rates and the correlation coefficients were 0,39 and 0,34, respectively. Snail Kites spent more time foraging during the wet than the dry season when perching is more frequently recorded. The higher predation in the wet season can be explained by the higher abundance of apple snails and the energy demand for reproduction. In the wet season, the territories were smaller and the conspecific conflicts decreased as prey were more available. However, due to the lack of food in the dry season, intra-specific conflicts and expansion of male territories were observed and the female and immatures were expelled from their foraging area to another location. In this way, site tenacity of Snail Kites should be interpreted in relation to the variations on food and dominance gradients according to the temporal changes (time) and foraging sites (space).

scholarly journals SLC51 family of steroid-derived molecule transporters (version 2020.4) in the IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology Database

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Enterohepatic Circulation ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Transporter Family ◽  
Organic Solute Transporter ◽  
Organic Solute ◽  
Steroidogenic Cells ◽  
Inherited Mutations ◽  
The Brain

The SLC51 organic solute transporter family of transporters is a pair of heterodimeric proteins which regulate bile salt movements in the small intestine, bile duct, and liver, as part of the enterohepatic circulation [2, 4, 1]. OSTα/OSTβ is also expressed in steroidogenic cells of the brain and adrenal gland, where it may contribute to steroid movement [5]. Bile acid transport is suggested to be facilitative and independent of sodium, potassium, chloride ions or protons [4, 2]. OSTα/OSTβ heterodimers have been shown to transport [3H]taurocholic acid, [3H]dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, [3H]estrone-3-sulphate, [3H]pregnenolone sulphate and [3H]dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate [2, 4, 5]. OSTα/OSTβ-mediated transport of bile salts is inhibited by clofazimine [9]. OSTα is suggested to be a seven TM protein, while OSTβ is a single TM 'ancillary' protein, both of which are thought to have intracellular C-termini [7]. Both proteins function in solute transport [7, 3]. Inherited mutations in OSTα and OSTβ are associated liver disease and congenital diarrhea in children [8, 6].

scholarly journals Effect of Fly Ash as Cement Replacement on Chloride Diffusion, Chloride Binding Capacity, and Micro-Properties of Concrete in a Water Soaking Environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 6271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Liu ◽  
Jiaying Liu ◽  
Zhenyu Huang ◽  
Jihua Zhu ◽  
Wei Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Chloride Diffusion ◽  
Chloride Binding ◽  
Test Results ◽  
New Equation

This paper experimentally studies the effects of fly ash on the diffusion, bonding, and micro-properties of chloride penetration in concrete in a water soaking environment based on the natural diffusion law. Different fly ash replacement ratio of cement in normal concrete was investigated. The effect of fly ash on chloride transportation, diffusion, coefficient, free chloride content, and binding chloride content were quantified, and the concrete porosity and microstructure were also reported through mercury intrusion perimetry and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. It was concluded from the test results that fly ash particles and hydration products (filling and pozzolanic effects) led to the densification of microstructures in concrete. The addition of fly ash greatly reduced the deposition of chloride ions. The chloride ion diffusion coefficient considerably decreased with increasing fly ash replacement, and fly ash benefits the binding of chloride in concrete. Additionally, a new equation is proposed to predict chloride binding capacity based on the test results.

Renal regulation of sodium, potassium and chloride balance in single- and twin-pregnant goats

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Michałek ◽  
Dorota Jankowiak ◽  
Małgorzata Ożgo ◽  
Wiesław Skrzypczak
Keyword(s):  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Plasma And Urine Samples ◽  
Potassium Clearance ◽  
Sodium Clearance

The aim of these studies was to analyse and compare changes in selected parameters of renal function in terms of water-electrolyte balance regulation in single- and twin-pregnant goats. Clearance analyses were carried out on 16 pregnant White Improved goats (8 in single and 8 in twin gestation). Blood plasma and urine samples were analysed for the concentration of inulin, endogenous creatinine, sodium, potassium, and chlorides. It has been demonstrated that glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the goat kidney does not change significantly during gestation. GFR recorded from the 1st week until the 20th week of gestation in twin-pregnant goats was only slightly higher compared to those observed in single-pregnant does. Blood plasma concentrations of major electrolytes, i.e. sodium, potassium and chloride ions, did not differ significantly in pregnant and non-pregnant goats, and remained within the reference values. From the very beginning of gestation, the single-pregnant goats showed increased renal potassium clearance; however, the level of sodium clearance remained stable. On the other hand, sodium clearance increased from the 2nd month of gestation in the twin-pregnant goats, while the load of excreted potassium did not change. These changes had probably resulted from varied levels of aldosterone and progesterone and their mutual proportions differing between the groups.

Mobilization of stored nitrate in broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica)

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 709-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liangxue Liu ◽  
Barry J. Shelp
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Nitrate Removal ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Nitrate Supply ◽  
Sulphate Salts

The study tested the hypothesis that substitution of nitrate supply with other anions induces the mobilization of stored nitrate in broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) plants. Broccoli plants, grown under greenhouse conditions in soilless culture, were provided with either a continuous supply of nitrate in the nutrient solution until commercial maturity, or with a nitrate supply only up to inflorescence emergence. At inflorescence emergence, nitrate was also substituted with various chloride or sulphate salts of sodium, potassium and ammonium (15 and 5 mmol L−1). During the period of inflorescence development studied, plant size increased by two- to threefold. Nitrate removal or its substitution with chloride or sulphate salts of sodium and potassium (15 mmol L−1) resulted in 13% less dry-matter accumulation and 63–97% less xylem-sap nitrate than continuous nitrate supply, and 57–62% decline in the plant-nitrate content found at inflorescence emergence. In contrast, chloride or sulphate salts of ammonium (5 mmol L−1) sustained plant growth, while also decreasing xylem-sap nitrate by 83–90% and plant-nitrate content by 58–62%. Phloem-exudate nitrate of plants receiving nitrate continuously was only 7% of that of xylem sap, and was decreased by 63% by an interrupted nitrate supply. Therefore, the removal of nitrate and substitution with a low supply of ammonium, rather than other anions, is recommended for decreasing plant-nitrate content. Key words: Broccoli, chloride, mobilization, nitrate, sulphate

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