Nutritional status and intake regulation in sheep. II. The influence of sustained duodenal infusions of casein or urea upon voluntary intake of low-protein roughages by sheep

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 451 ◽  
Author(s):  
AR Egan
Keyword(s):  
Retention Time ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Phosphate Solution ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
Cotton Thread ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Status ◽  
Intake Regulation

In each of two experiments, casein dissolved in 1% disodium hydrogen orthophosphate given daily to sheep per duodenum increased the intake of the roughages offered. Results in each experiment were compared with those of infusions of equivalent volumes of phosphate solution alone. In experiment 1, casein (4.5 g nitrogen/day) infused per duodenum resulted in a 42% increase in intake of a chaffed oaten hay (0.56% nitrogen) diet. Mean retention time of food in the alimentary tract was not altered, but the digestibility of the dry matter and the rate of cotton thread digestion in the rumen were depressed. Urea (4.5 g nitrogen/day) given per duodenum gave a 12% increase in intake, associated with a greater rate of cotton thread digestion in the rumen, and a consistently shorter mean retention time of residues in the alimentary tract. Evidence suggested a greater amount of dry matter in the gut when casein was given but not when urea was given. Nitrogen balance was improved from negative values to positive values by both casein and urea infusions. In experiment 2, a diet of wheaten straw supplemented with 3% urea was offered. Under these conditions, casein (6 g nitrogen/day) improved nitrogen balance and produced an average increase of 11% in daily dry matter intake. Rates of cotton thread digestion, digestibility of dry matter, mean retention time, and number of rumination chews were all unaltered by casein infusion. Results from both experiments are discussed in relation to current hypotheses of the mechanisms for regulating roughage intake in ruminants. A possible role of protein status of the animal in influencing the amount of dry matter which is held in the alimentary tract under ad libitum feeding conditions is suggested.

Nutritional status and intake regulation in sheep. III. The relationship between improvement of nitrogen status and increase in voluntary intake of low-protein roughages by sheep

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 463 ◽  
Author(s):  
AR Egan
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Nitrogen Status ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Status Data ◽  
Intake Regulation ◽  
The Relationship

Relationships between the intake of feed by sheep fed on low-protein roughage and the improvement of the sheep's nitrogen status by duodenal supplementation are described. Results of experiments suggest that an increased protein intake initiated an improvement in dry matter and digestible energy intake which was related to improved nitrogen balance. An increased rate of passage of food through the alimentary tract did not alone account for greater intakes, since at a given rate of passage, the intake was higher when the sheep were in higher nitrogen balance; this suggested a higher level of 'fill' of the alimentary tract with improved nitrogen status. Data from other experiments where nitrogen supplements were given in the diet were examined similarly and similar conclusions were reached. The possible roles of protein absorbed by the sheep and of certain other nutritional factors are discussed in relation to possible mechanisms for regulating roughage intake by the sheep.

Nutritional status and intake regulation in sheep. I. Effects of duodenally infused single doses of casein, urea, and propionate upon voluntary intake of a low-protein roughage by sheep

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 437 ◽  
Author(s):  
AR Egan ◽  
RJ Moir
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Cellulose Digestion ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Status ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Intake Regulation ◽  
Low Nitrogen

In each of two experiments, single infusions of casein administered to sheep per duodenum produced substantial and rapid increases in voluntary intake of chaffed oaten hay diets of low nitrogen content (0.62–0.70% nitrogen). The effect commenced within 16 hr of completion of the infusion, and occurred before any observed change in the rate of cellulose digestion in the rumen. When urea was infused per duodenum at the same level of nitrogen as with the casein, an increase in intake occurred on the day following infusion in one experiment. In a second experiment no such response occurred. Faster rates of cellulose digestion were observed on the day of infusion, apparently due to recycling of nitrogen to the rumen. Of the 10 g of nitrogen infused, 7.4 g of casein nitrogen and 5 g of urea nitrogen were retained. Propionate, infused in an attempt to reproduce the gluconeogenic properties of casein, did not have any major effect on daily dry matter intake, although it caused a depression in intake during the period of infusion in one experiment. Results are discussed in relation to the possible mechanism of response to the protein supplement. The possibility is suggested that the protein status of the animal is a component of a chemoregulatory mechanism governing the intake of low nitrogen diets by sheep.

The rate of passage of food through the alimentary tract of pigs

1956 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth J. Castle ◽  
M. E. Castle
Keyword(s):  
Retention Time ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fattening Pigs

A method for measuring the rate of passage of meal through the alimentary tract of pigs by feeding a stained marker is described. The results are given of sixty-four experiments made under standardized conditions on four fattening pigs with live weights ranging from 49·9 to 185·5 lb. and six experiments on a sow weighing 500 lb.Results were expressed by means of excretion curves. These were sigmoid in shape and from them a value termed R, the mean retention time (hr.) of all the stained particles in the alimentary tract, directly proportional to the area to the left of the curve, was calculated.In the fattening piga the first appearance of the marker in the faeces occurred 10–24 hr. after feeding, and the mean 5 and 95% excretion times were 21 and 53 hr. respectively. The marker was completely excreted after approximately 80–90 hr. The R value averaged 34·2 hr.A marker fed at the morning feed (9 a.m.) had earlier 5 and 95% excretion times and the R value was significantly smaller.There was no statistically significant relationship between the R values and live weight, digestibility of the dry matter of the ration or the dry-matter content of the faeces.In the sow the 5 and 95% excretion times were 38 and 68 hr. respectively, and the R value averaged 51·1 hr.Counts of stained particles in the intestines of two of the pigs after slaughter showed that food was delayed mainly in the large intestine.

Further studies of the rate of passage of food through the alimentary tract of pigs

1957 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth J. Castle ◽  
M. E. Castle
Keyword(s):  
Retention Time ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sigmoid Shape

1. Four replicated experiments were made to determine the rate of passage of meal through the alimentary tract of pigs on different feeding treatments. In each experiment stained meal was used and the results were expressed by means of excretion curves. From these, mean retention times (R values) were calculated. All the curves were of a similar sigmoid shape.2. A significant inverse relationship was found between the mean retention time and the total weight (meal plus water) of the ration. This relationship was found when (a) the weight of meal was constant and the weight of water was varied, (b) the weight of water was constant and the weight of meal was varied, and (c) the total combined weight of meal and water (at the same ratio) was varied.3. The digestibility of the dry matter and crudec protein in Exps. 1–3 was not altered greatly as a result of the different feeding treatments.4. In Exp. 4, similar rates of passage were found in pigs fed on the two rations of widely different digestibilities.5. The dry-matter content of the faeces of the pigs was remarkably constant over a wide range of water and food intakes when using the same meal.

Utilization of oaten hay by cattle: effects of milling and urea supplementation

1983 ◽  
Vol 23 (120) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
NG Yates ◽  
RJ Moir
Keyword(s):  
Retention Time ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Cellulose Digestion ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Cellulose Digestibility

Oaten hay in either long or milled form, with or without a continuous intra-ruminal infusion of urea at the rate of 160 g/d, was offered ad libitum to four rumen fistulated steers in a 4 x 4 Latin square design experiment. Milling increased dry matter intake from 49.2 to 65.4 g/kg LW0 75.d (P< 0.001) and decreased mean retention time from 66.7 to 54.2 h (P< 0.001). Rates of cellulose digestion and dry matter digestibilities were similar for long and milled hay. Urea increased dry matter intake (from 49.0 to 65.6 g/kg LW0 75.d; P< 0.001), dry matter digestibility (from 58.1 to 65.3%; P< 0.01) cellulose digestibility (from 48.5 to 63.1%; P< 0.01) and the rate of cellulose digestion (P< 0.001), and decreased mean retention time from 65.3 to 55.6 h ( P < 0.01). Digestible dry matter intakes increased 29% with milling and 52% with urea and the effects were additive. Urea increased digestible cellulose intake to a greater extent with milled hay (91 %) than with long hay (64%). Digestible dry matter intake was closely related to liveweight change. When urea was given liveweight gain was higher for milled hay than for long hay (0.69 vs 0.11 kg/head.d) and without urea liveweight loss was less for milled hay than for long hay (-0.07 vs -0.45 kg/head.d). Nitrogen digestibility and balance were significantly higher when urea was given. Total volatile fatty acid concentrations were significantly higher and rumen pH significantly lower with urea compared with no urea and with milled hay compared with long hay. Urea increased rumen-ammonia concentration from 1.65 to 19.68 mg1100 ml (P< 0.001) and total free bacterial concentration (P < 0.05). The results demonstrate significant and additive benefits from the administration of urea to hay containing 0.8% nitrogen and from milling through a screen size of 7.6 mm.

The effect of the physical form of the diet on the consumption of solid food by calves, and the distribution of food residues in their alimentary tracts

1973 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
Critical Studies ◽  
Abdominal Organs ◽  
Physical Form ◽  
Food Residues ◽  
Pelleted Diet ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

SUMMARY1. British Friesian male calves were offered, in two experiments, either chopped, or ground and pelleted dried grass diets to appetite. In one experiment the pelleted diet was also given in restricted quantities. The calves were slaughtered without being fasted, 6 to 9 weeks after weaning, and detailed measurements were made of the weights and volumes of the sections of the alimentary tract and its contents, and of other abdominal organs.2. Grinding and pelleting the diet reduced mean retention time by approximately 50% and digestibility by 6 to 8 units, and increased dry-matter intake in the two experiments by 55 or 32% respectively, and growth rate by 53 and 69% respectively.3. The ground and pelleted diets resulted in a smaller quantity of fluid digesta in the rumen, and a much greater quantity in the abomasum and small intestine.4. There were smaller differences between diets in the quantity of digesta in the combined caecum and colon, or in the total volume of the organs of the abdomen, than in the amount of digesta in the rumen. It is suggested that further critical studies are required upon the importance of the contents of the alimentary tract, or of the abdomen as a whole, in the control of voluntary food intake in ruminants.

The development of solid food intake in calves 3. The relation between solid food intake and the development of the alimentary tract

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Total Solid ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
Unit Increase ◽  
Milk Substitute

SUMMARY1. Jersey calves were fed on milk substitute at the rate of 10% of live weight per day for 5 weeks and were offered either chopped dried grass or ground, pelleted dried grass to appetite. Calves were slaughtered at birth and after 5, 6, 7, 9 and 12 weeks on experiment, and the weights of the component parts of the alimentary tract and their contents were measured.2. There were close correlations between the weights of the sections of the alimentary tract or their contents and the solid food intake at slaughter, total solid food intake, or empty body weight of the calves. There were no consistent changes with age in the DM concentration or the density of the digesta in any section of the alimentary tract except the abomasum, or in the digestibility or mean retention time of the diets.3. Grinding and pelleting the diet increased the DM concentration but did not affect the density of the digesta. The increase in the weight of rumen contents per unit increase in dry-matter intake was much greater for chopped than for pelleted diets. The reverse was true for the contents of the abomasum and small intestine. There were relatively small variations between diets in the predicted weight of rumen contents, total digesta, or the volume of organs in the abdomen, at the within-diet mean levels of dry-matter intake.

EFFECT OF CECECTOMY ON DIGESTIBILITY COEFFICIENTS AND NITROGEN BALANCE IN PONIES

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. SAUER ◽  
T. J. DEVLIN ◽  
R. J. PARKER ◽  
N. E. STANGER ◽  
S. C. STOTHERS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Chromic Oxide ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Indicator Method ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Matter Energy

Two balance studies were conducted using intact and cecectomized ponies to compare the utilization of low and high concentrate diets as well as low concentrate diets with and without added urea. In addition, the use of chromic oxide in digestion was evaluated. Apparent digestibility coefficients for dry matter, energy, protein, crude and acid-detergent fiber were consistently lower when the indicator method as opposed to the total collection procedure was employed. With the exception of fat, for which digestibility increased, the digestilities of dry matter, energy, protein, crude and acid-detergent fiber decreased following removal of the cecum. Cecectomy had no effect on nitrogen balance. There were no interactions between the effects of surgery and those of diets. This shows that there was no apparent advantage resulting from cecal fermentation in the utilization of the low concentrate diet. Addition of urea to a low protein, low concentrate diet tended to improve nitrogen balance regardless of cecectomy.

scholarly journals The effects of nematode parasitism on the rate of passage of food residues through the alimentary tract of sheep

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 291-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Bawden
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
General Decrease ◽  
Oesophagostomum Columbianum ◽  
Nematode Parasitism ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Food Residues

1. The mean retention time of stained food residues was longer in sheep maintained on a chopped straw ration than in sheep maintained on a chopped lucerne ration.2. Infection of sheep with 1500 infective Oesophagostomum columbianum juveniles was associated with increased mean retention times.3. The extent to which the mean retention times were increased was associated with the diet and mode of infection of the sheep.4. It was noted that an increase in mean retention time following infection was associated with a general decrease in food intake per kg live eight0.75.5. The results are discussed in relation to the pathogenesis and survival of O.columbianum infections in sheep.

The growth of young cattle fed on dried grass alone and with barley 2. Effects on digestion

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. K. Poutiainen ◽  
C. R. Lonsdale ◽  
G. E. Outen
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Young Cattle ◽  
Almost All

SUMMARY1. Young cattle were fed on four types of wafer containing chopped or coarsely-milled dried grass, with or without 50% of barley.2. At slaughter, the alimentary tract of each animal was removed and the contents of each part were weighed and sampled to determine the extent and site of digestion. Chromic oxide was used as an indigestible marker.3. The form in which the grass was processed had no effect on any of the parameters measured.4. The dry-matter content of the digesta in all parts of the alimentary tract was significantly higher when barley was included in the wafers. The inclusion of barley decreased the proportion of acetic acid and increased the proportion of butyric acid in the rumen liquor. The proportions of propionic and valeric acids were unaffected. Barley also appeared to reduce the proportion of digestible dry matter which disappeared in the forestomachs (31·44%) compared with that when grass was given alone (42·59%).5. With grass alone about 70% of the apparently digestible cellulose disappeared from the forestomachs, but the technique used did not allow a good estimation of these proportions when mixed diets were given. The retention time of dry matter in the forestomachs was not affected by the diet but the inclusion of barley in the wafers increased the retention time of cellulose in the forestomachs.6. Of 1·6·1·9 kg of starch ingested in mixed diets, 92-96% was apparently digested in the forestomachs, and only 80-130 g per day escaped rumen fermentation. The intake of starch on diets of grass alone was negligible and almost all the soluble sugars were digested in the forestomachs.7. More N was recovered at the omasum than was ingested, but the different diets had no effect on the site of digestion of N.

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