The utilization by preruminant lambs of isolated soya bean protein in low protein milk replacers

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1037 ◽  
Author(s):  
DM Walker ◽  
RD Kirk
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Protein Milk ◽  
Milk Replacers ◽  
Bean Protein

Preruminant male crossbred lambs, aged 2–5 days at the start of the experiment, were used in five experiments with low protein milk replacers (0.10 of total energy as protein). Experiment 1. A diet with isolated soya bean protein (ISP) as the sole source of protein was supplemented with different amounts of DL-methionine. The ISP contained 1.06 g methionine (M) and 1.04 g cystine (C) per 16 g nitrogen (equivalent to 9.1 mg M + C per 100 kJ diet). Maximum nitrogen balance was achieved when the M + C concentration was 15.3 ? 3.7 mg per 100 kJ (equivalent to 3.8 g M + C per 16 g nitrogen). Experiment 2. The ISP diet (plus DL-methionine), was supplemented with L-valine, or L-threonine, or L-isoleucine, or L-lysine monohydrochloride, or a mixture of essential amino acids, to raise their concentration in rsp to those in whole egg proteins (g per 16 g nitrogen). There was no significant improvement in nitrogen balance as aresult of adding amino acids other than DL-methionine. Experiment 3. The ISP diet was supplemented with either DL-methionine (2.4 and 14.8 mg/100 kJ), or L-methionine (2.4 and 1 4 8 mg/100 kJ), or methionine hydroxy analogue (MHA) (14.8 mg/100 kJ), or L-cystine (14 8 mg/100 kJ). Nitrogen balances were determined. It was concluded that the Dand L-isomers of methionine had similar biological activities when used to supplement ISP, and that MHA was as effective as DL-methionine. There was no significant increase in nitrogen balance with the L-cystine supplement. Experiment 4. The ISP diet (plus DL-methionine) was given to three lambs continuously for 33 days. There was no significant change in nitrogen balance with increasing age. Experiment 5. The ISP diet (diet A) and a diet of equivalent protein content based on cows' milk proteins (diet B) were supplemented with DL-methionine and given to groups of lambs over a wide range of intakes of gross energy (GE). The maximum intake of GE by lambs given the ISP diet ad libitum was 1147 kJ/day per kg0.73, an intake far lower than that which would have been taken by lambs given the cows' milk diet ad libitum. The apparent digestibilities of nitrogen and DM in diet A were significantly lower than those in diet B and, at the mean intake of apparently digested nitrogen of 538 mg/day per kg0.73, there were significant differences in the nitrogen balances: the values were 362 and 255 mg nitrogen/day per for the cows' milk and ISP diets respectively.

Methionine supplementation of milk proteins for preruminant lambs. I. Effect of protein concentration and source of carbohydrate on nitrogen balance

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 673 ◽  
Author(s):  
DM Walker ◽  
RD Kirk
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Methionine Supplementation ◽  
Protein Milk ◽  
Milk Replacers ◽  
Protein Diets

Forty-seven crossbred lambs, aged 2–5 days at the start of the experiment, were used in three experiments. In experiment 1 a supplement of DL-methionine significantly increased the nitrogen balances of lambs given low or medium protein milk replacers based on cows' milk proteins. In experiment 2 the optimum level of supplementation of a low protein diet with DL-methionine was determined. Although the nitrogen balances were significantly increased by the supplement, the actual nitrogen balances at equivalent intakes of gross energy and nitrogen were less than those in experiment 1. The low protein diets in the two experiments differed only in the source of carbohydrate: lactose in cxpcrimcnt 1; lactose + glucose in experiment 2. In the final experiment 24 lambs in a 2 x 2 factorial design were fed on low protein diets containing casein as the source of protein, and lactose or glucose as the sole source of carbohydrate, with or without a supplement of DL-methionine. There was no significant effect of the source of carbohydrate on nitrogen balance.

scholarly journals Effects of dietary deficiencies of protein and retinol on the plasma level of retinol-binding protein in the rat

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 549-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Muhilal ◽  
J. Glover
Keyword(s):  
State Level ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Retinol Binding Protein ◽  
Carrier Protein ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Rice Protein ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Bean Protein

1. The plasma concentration of retinol-binding holoprotein (holo-RBP) in rats given retinol-sufficient diets containing 50 g soya-bean protein/kg was 90 % of the concentration found in controls given 200 g soya-bean protein/kg, whereas in rats given 50 g rice protein/kg it was only 68 % of the control value. Plasma albumin concentrations in the low-protein groups were lower by 20–25 %.2. The rats given retinol-deficient diets, whose plasma levels of holo-RBP were reduced almost to zero after 5–8 weeks, were given 1·5 mg retinol/kg body-weight. Changes in plasma holo-RBP were measured for 7 d. The rapid rise in the latter to a peak above normal control levels within 1·5–2 h indicated that a pool of the apoprotein had accumulated in the liver during the period of deficiency and that retinol was necessary for its release.3. The maximum value reached in the groups of rats given the rice-protein diet was smaller than the values for the groups given the soya-bean-protein diets, reflecting a reduced rate of synthesis of the carrier protein in the livers of those groups.4. The administration of 100 g casein/kg diet to the rats receiving only 50 g rice-protein/kg immediately stimulated the synthesis of the carrier protein which was released into plasma, reaching a peak after 24 h before settling down after 3–4 d to the steady-state level expected for normal well-nourished controls.5. The half-life for excess holo-RBP released into plasma of rats receiving a normal level of good-quality protein was 7 h, where it was 14 h for the groups of low-protein diets.

Corrigendum - The endogenous phosphorus excretion of preruminant lambs

1987 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1061
Author(s):  
DM Walker ◽  
SJ Al-Ali
Keyword(s):  
Daily Intake ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Bone Ash ◽  
Protein Group ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Protein Milk ◽  
Milk Replacers

Twenty-seven preruminant male crossbred lambs, aged 1-2 days at the start of the experiment, were used. Three lambs were sacrificed on day 1 and selected bones taken for analysis. Twenty-four lambs, in groups of three, were bottle-fed on low-phosphorus milk replacers in a 2 x 4 factorial experiment. The sole source of protein in the diets was whole beef blood, supplemented with L-isoleucine and DL-methionine, to supply either 10 or 25% of the total dietary energy as protein. At each protein level the diets were supplemented with CaCO3 to provide four ratios of Ca:P (0.5:1, 1:1, 2:1 and 10:1). The daily intake of gross energy was controlled at 880 kJ-0.73. Faeces and urine were collected separately each day and bulked during the last seven days of the experiment for the estimation of N, Ca and P. Serum Ca and P concentrations were determined at weekly intervals. The lambs were sacrificed at the end of the experimental period of 21 days and selected bones were taken for analysis. The concentrations of bone ash, Ca and P all decreased significantly when compared with values determined at the start of the experiment. The lambs given the high-protein diets showed significantly greater losses of bone ash, Ca and P, and had lower serum P, but higher serum Ca concentrations, than lambs fed on the low-protein milk replacers, irrespective of the dietary Ca:P ratios. Phosphorus excretions during the last seven days of the experiment were as follows: faecal P (day-1); low-protein group (n = 12), 3.1 � 0.5 mg kg-1; high-protein group (n = 11) , 4.1 � 0.5 mg kg-1; all lambs (n = 23), 3.6 � 0.3 mg kg-1. Urinary P (day-1): low-protein group (n = 12), 0.92 � 0.22 mg kg-1; high-protein group (n = 11) , 0.61 � 0.03 mg kg-1; all lambs (n = 23), 0.77 � 0.12 mg kg-1. Faecal and urinary P excretion was unaffected by variation in the dietary Ca:P ratio.

Dietary amino acid balance and requirements for pigs weaned at 3 weeks of age

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Zhang ◽  
I. G. Partridge ◽  
H. D. Keal ◽  
K. G. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTNitrogen balance was measured in a series of experiments to determine the optimum balance between lysine, threonine and methionine plus cystine by successive additions of the free amino acids to a basal diet of barley, soya bean meal and tallow. The basal diet had a calculated digestible energy (DE) value of 14·5 MJ/kg and a crude protein content of 146 g/kg. The ranges of total lysine; threonine and methionine plus cystine tested were (g/kg) 6·6 to 11·8, 4·9 to 6·9 and 4·3 to 71, respectively. Latin-square designs were used involving a total of 33 pigs. Nitrogen utilization was optimized in pigs of 3 to 9 weeks of age when each kg of diet contained 10·5 g lysine, 6·4 g threonine and 5·0 g methionine plus cystine, corresponding to a ratio of 100: 61: 48. Thereafter, five diets were formulated in which the same ratio was maintained, but at different protein levels (129 to 192 g/kg). Again the diets were based on barley, soya bean meal and tallow supplemented with free amino acids. These diets were compared, in both nitrogen balance and performance experiments, with a conventional early-weaning diet with a protein content of 240 g/kg. All six diets had the same calculated DE value (14·5 MJ/kg). The N balance experiment was of Latin-square design and involved 18 pigs, and the performance experiment used 36 pigs fed individually from 3 to 9 weeks of age. A diet containing 0·99 g lysine per MJ DE (14·4 g lysine and 192 g balanced protein per kg) was considered to be adequate on the basis of the growth rate and food conversion efficiency results obtained.

scholarly journals Ontogenic changes in hepatic glutathione and metallothionein in rats and the effect of a low-sulphur-containing diet

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Misako Taniguchi ◽  
M. George Cherian
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Major Protein ◽  
Newborn Rat ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Hepatic Glutathione ◽  
Sulphur Amino Acids ◽  
Bean Protein

Metallothionein contains about 30% cysteine and is a major protein in newborn rat liver. This protein and glutathione constitute two major intracellular cysteine pools in newborn rat liver. When pregnant rats were fed on a soya-bean-protein diet, low in sulphur amino acids, the hepatic glutathione levels of the dams were decreased. However, this did not affect the levels of glutathione or metallothionein in the pups. The activity of the glutathione-degrading enzyme γ-glutamyltransferase (EC2.3.2.2) in the livers of pups was maximum at birth and gradually decreased with age when the hepatic glutathione was transported to the kidney. In the pups born from dams fed on soya-bean-protein diet the decline in the hepatic enzyme activity was delayed, suggesting a continued degradation of glutathione in the liver. These results suggest that even with a maternal nutritional deficiency of sulphur amino acids, the transfer of cysteine to the fetus is not impaired. However, the hepatic intra-organ degradation of glutathione is continued in these pups for a prolonged period after birth compared with pups born from control mothers. The increased degradation of glutathione in the liver may be essential to meet the requirement of cysteine in pups born from dams fed on the soya-bean-protein diet.

Nitrogen balance in barrows fed low-protein diets supplemented with essential amino acids

2007 ◽  
Vol 109 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 220-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Deng ◽  
R.L. Huang ◽  
T.J. Li ◽  
G.Y. Wu ◽  
M.Y. Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Diets

scholarly journals PROTEIN METABOLISM AND PROTEIN RESERVES DURING ACUTE STERILE INFLAMMATION

1945 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Madden ◽  
W. A. Clay
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Oral Feeding ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Positive Balance ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

Adult dogs were given a proteinless diet plus casein, 80 calories/kilo, 0.4 gm. nitrogen/kilo/day. Sterile controlled inflammation was produced by subcutaneous injection of turpentine. The reaction is characterized by local swelling, induration, and abscess formation, terminated by rupture or incision after 3 to 5 days and by general reactions of malaise, fever, leucocytosis, and increased urinary nitrogen. For 3 to 6 days after turpentine the nitrogen intake was provided in seven experiments by amino acids given parenterally (a solution of the ten essential amino acids (Rose) plus glycine). A normal dog with a normal protein intake showed a negative nitrogen balance after turpentine—urinary nitrogen doubled even as in inflammation during fasting. A protein-depleted dog (low protein reserves produced by very low protein intake) given a normal protein intake after turpentine maintained nitrogen balance—urinary nitrogen rose only slightly. With a high (doubled) protein intake the depleted dog showed strongly positive balance. Normal dogs with high (doubled) protein intakes react to turpentine with doubled urinary nitrogen outputs on individual days and therefore are maintained in approximate nitrogen balance and weight balance. This end may be achieved equally well or better by oral feeding, when such is possible and absorption unimpaired. The increased nitrogen excretion after injury is again shown directly related to the state of body protein reserves. Increased catabolism not inhibition of anabolism best explains the excess urinary nitrogen. Protection during injury of valuable protein reserves appears possible through an adequate intake of protein nitrogen.

scholarly journals Digestion in the pig between 7 and 35 d of age

1981 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Wilson ◽  
Jane Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
The Body ◽  
Milk Diet ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Amino Acid Contents ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Limiting Amino Acids ◽  
Bean Protein

1. In two separate experiments, forty-two pigs weaned at 4–5 d of age were given diets containing milk or soya-bean protein and slaughtered at 7, 28 or 35 d of age.2. The amino acid composition of the empty body of the pigs did not vary with age or sources of protein fed.3. The nitrogen and amino acid contents of the empty body gain were calculated between 7 and 28, and 7 and 35 d of age. The retention of absorbed N was greater in pigs given a soya-bean meal (SBM) diet than in pigs given milk or isolated soya-bean protein (ISP) diets.4. The retention of total absorbed N was greater in pigs given a pelleted milk diet (0.72) than in pigs given a liquid milk diet (0.58).5. Methionine and threonine appeared to be the first two limiting amino acids, as indicated by their high incorporation into the empty body, for pigs given soya-bean proteins in Expt 3, while methionine and lysine were the first two limiting amino acids for pigs given ISP in Expt 4.6. The addition of methionine to diets in Expt 3 reduced the retention of absorbed methionine in the empty body by 43–76%. Lysine supplementation did not alter the retention of the absorbed lysine.7. Retention of arginine, proline and glycine in the body was greater than the apparent absorption of each of these amino acids.

scholarly journals Digestion in the pig between 7 and 35 d of age

1981 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Wilson ◽  
Jane Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
True Digestibility ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Bean Protein

1. In two experiments, forty-four pigs weaned at 4–5 d of age were given diets containing milk or soya-bean proteins until slaughtered at 14, 28 or 35 d of age.2. Additions of methionine and methionine plus lysine to the diets did not increase the proportions of these amino acids in ileal digesta.3. In the pigs given a nitrogen-free diet, ileal digesta contained more threonine, proline and glycine than in pigs given diets containing protein.4. The apparent and true digestibility of amino acids were greater when milk protein was fed than when soya-bean proteins were fed.5. The apparent digestion of amino acids to the ileum of pigs given isolated soya-bean protein (ISP; Supro 610) increased with increasing age of pigs from a mean of 0.82 at 14 d of age to 0.87 at 35 d of age.6. When milk protein was fed apparent digestibilities of methionine and lysine to the ileum were 0.912 and 0.905. The apparent digestibility of threonine to the ileum was 0.800, 0.774 and 0.504 for pigs given the milk-, ISP and soya-bean-meal (SBM)-protein diets respectively.7. Apparent digestibilities of total essential and non-essential amino acids were 0.79 and 0.69 respectively, and true digestibilities of both were 0.82.

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