Skin and abdominal temperatures recorded by data loggers attached to Merino sheep voluntarily staying out of shade

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 781 ◽  
Author(s):  
CM Sherwin ◽  
KG Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Diurnal Rhythms ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Data Loggers ◽  
Thermal Status ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Skin Temperatures

To investigate individual differences in thermal status of sheep during voluntary shading, a method of recording body temperatures was developed using data loggers attached to free-ranging animals. During summer, recordings were made of body temperatures of Merino wethers grazing irrigated pasture. Despite shade being readily accessible, the sheep voluntarily stayed in the sun throughout the day. Twenty, 24-h records of intra-abdominal temperature and 12 of concurrent skin temperature were obtained. Both core and skin temperatures exhibited diurnal rhythms influenced by ambient conditions. Short-term fluctuations without obvious cause also occurred in both body temperatures. Skin temperatures of the dorsal surface were considerably higher than previously reported. Core temperatures of sheep voluntarily staying in the sun were not hyperthermic. The maximum 24-h range in intra-abdominal temperature (i.e. 1.9�C) does not support previous data (Bligh and Harthoorn 1965) that indicated sheep might be more thermostable than other mammalian species. The effective heat load and thermal displacement were apparently insufficient to cause the sheep to seek shade in competition with other factors influencing their behaviour.

Thermal ecology of the Atlas day gecko Quedenfeldtia moerens in an arid area of Morocco, and a comparison with its congener Q. trachyblepharus

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-91
Author(s):  
Jalal Mouadi ◽  
El Hassan El Mouden ◽  
Abdellah Bouazza ◽  
Mohamed Aourir
Keyword(s):  
Adult Males ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Active Season ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Data Loggers ◽  
Atlas Mountains ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Substrate Temperatures ◽  
Operative Temperatures

Abstract The Atlas day gecko, Quedenfeldtia moerens, a Moroccan endemic lizard, is strictly diurnal and widely distributed across the dry Atlas Mountains. We quantified thermoregulation in adult males and adult females during their active season in the L’kest Mountain at 1300 m a.s.l., Anti-Atlas region of Morocco. The operative temperatures and air temperatures were sampled using data-loggers in the field from 2016 to 2018. Body temperatures of active lizards and substrate temperatures in the field were simultaneously measured. Finally, we measured preferred body temperatures (Tset) in a laboratory thermal gradient for 24 adult geckos. Mean Tset was 33.3 ± 0.3°C, with the mean 25% and 75% quartiles being 32.3 ± 0.3°C and 34.6 ± 0.3°C, respectively. Active lizards rarely reached their Tset range from March to June, but spent most of the day within Tset in July and August. Our study suggests that Q. moerens have higher Tset than its congeneric Q. trachyblepharus living at high altitude. Likewise, thermoregulatory effectiveness of Q. moerens showed an increase from spring to summer while it was the opposite for Q. trachyblepharus.

Thermoregulation and roosting behaviour of reproductive and nonreproductive female western long-eared bats (Myotis evotis) in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald I. Solick ◽  
Robert M.R. Barclay
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Rocky Mountains ◽  
Fetal Development ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Temperate Zone ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Data Loggers ◽  
Reproductive Females

Entering torpor can yield significant energy savings for temperate-zone bats but can be costly for reproductive females by slowing fetal development and reducing milk production. We studied western long-eared bats (Myotis evotis (H. Allen, 1864)) in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta to test the hypothesis that different costs of torpor result in different patterns of thermoregulation and roosting behaviour for reproductive and nonreproductive females. We radio-tracked bats to monitor body temperatures and locate roosts. We took roost measurements and inserted temperature data loggers to measure roost microclimate. Bats entered torpor frequently, but nonreproductive females spent longer periods in torpor, had lower minimum body temperatures, and entered deep torpor more often than reproductive females did, supporting the hypothesis that entering torpor is more costly for reproductive individuals. Roosts were located mainly in rock fields on steep, open, south-facing slopes. Reproductive females roosted in crevices between rocks located above or on the surface of the ground. Roosts warmed rapidly and reached warm daytime temperatures. Females roosted alone during pregnancy but formed small colonies within roosts during lactation when ambient conditions were cooler. Clustering may reduce thermoregulatory costs for both adults and young. Nonreproductive females roosted mainly alone in crevices in the ground. These roosts had cooler, more stable microclimates, allowing females to enter deeper bouts of torpor and remain torpid longer.

Body temperatures and respiratory rates of free-ranging Merino sheep in and out of shade during summer

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 1347 ◽  
Author(s):  
KG Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Solar Heating ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Heat Stimulus ◽  
Data Loggers ◽  
Thermal Status ◽  
Sun And Shade ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Trunk Skin

Shade use by 20 unrestrained Merino wethers carrying 23-31 mm wool was monitored as they grazed dry pasture during summer (Ta max = 28-41 �C). During 17 24-h periods intra-abdominal (Tb) and trunk-skin (Tsk) temperatures were recorded with ambulatory data-loggers at 1 or 5 minute intervals; in 11 periods respiratory rates were also counted each hour during daylight. The four sheep that used shade least (6% of 8 h day) had mean, maximum and minimum Tb no different to those of the four sheep that used shade most (39%). Maximum and minimum Tb each day occurred 1-2 h earlier in animals inclined to stay in sun rather than shade. Tsk varied in sheep shuttling in and out of shade, but mean mid-back skin temperature was only slightly, and not significantly, higher for animals in sun than shade. Respiratory rates also were similar for animals in sun and shade. The similarity of thermal status of animals in and out of shade was unexpected. This may have arisen because animals had different rates of evaporative cooling that were not reflected in respiratory rates, or possibly different rates of heat production. Alternatively, all animals could have been effectively insulated from solar heating by their wool, though they presumably experienced some heat stimulus since all used shade at some time. Shade may be of benefit

Polar Magnetic Field Reversals of the Sun in Maunder Minimum

2000 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 193-196
Author(s):  
V. I. Makarov ◽  
A. G. Tlatov
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Maunder Minimum ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Field Reversal ◽  
Polar Magnetic Field ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Magnetic Field Reversal

AbstractA possible scenario of polar magnetic field reversal of the Sun during the Maunder Minimum (1645–1715) is discussed using data of magnetic field reversals of the Sun for 1880–1991 and the14Ccontent variations in the bi-annual rings of the pine-trees in 1600–1730 yrs.

scholarly journals Occupant behaviour and thermal comfort in buildings: Monitoring the end user

2019 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 04056
Author(s):  
Loes Visser ◽  
Boris Kingma ◽  
Eric Willems ◽  
Wendy Broers ◽  
Marcel Loomans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Biophysical Model ◽  
Zone Model ◽  
Occupant Behaviour ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Skin Temperatures ◽  
Thermoregulatory Behaviour

Studies indicate that the energy performance gap between real and calculated energy use can be explained for 80% by occupant behaviour. This human factor may be composed of routine and thermoregulatory behaviour. When occupants do not feel comfortable due to high or low operative temperatures and resulting high or low skin temperatures, they are likely to exhibit thermoregulatory behaviour. The aim of this study is to monitor and understand this thermoregulatory behaviour of the occupant. This is a detailed study of two females living in a rowhouse in the city of Heerlen (Netherlands). During a monitoring period of three weeks over a time span of three months the following parameters were monitored: activity level, clothing, micro climate, skin temperatures and thermal comfort and sensation. Their micro climate was measured at five positions on the body to assess exposed near body conditions and skin temperature. Every two hours they filled in a questionnaire regarding their thermal comfort and sensation level (7-point scale), clothing, activities and thermoregulatory behaviour. The most comfortable (optimal) temperature was calculated for each person by adopting a biophysical model, a thermoneutral zone model. This study shows unique indivual comfort patterns in relation to ambient conditions. An example is given how this information can be used to calculate the buildings energy comsumption.

Standardizing Instructions for Ice and Cold Pack Use Can Mitigate Summer Temperatures on Two Commercially Available Outdoor Courier Lockboxes

2021 ◽  
Vol 156 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S119-S120
Author(s):  
S A Hart ◽  
J R Wiencek
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Temperatures ◽  
Direct Sunlight ◽  
Data Loggers ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Cold Pack ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Storage

Abstract Introduction/Objective Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute document GP44 recommends samples avoid temperatures >22°C during sample transport and storage. Outdoor courier lockboxes used in external sample transport can experience extreme temperatures (>40°C) in the summer. Ice (frozen at -20°C) and cold (refrigerated at 4-8°C) packs can be used to reduce internal lockbox temperatures during hot summer days. Unfortunately, there are no universally accepted instructions to maintain internal lockbox temperatures during these conditions. Therefore, our goal was to elucidate the impact of placing ice and cold packs at two specific time points to mitigate external summer temperatures in two commercially available outdoor courier lockboxes used at our institution. Methods/Case Report Two pairs of uniquely manufactured courier lockboxes (steel vs. urethane polymer) were placed outside in direct sunlight in Nashville, Tennessee during the second week of June 2021. Ambient outdoor and lockbox temperatures were monitored using data loggers during a four-day cycle. Each type of lockbox design had a control with no ice or cold packs. These controls were then compared to each experimental, paired lockbox with four ice packs placed at 8am and replaced with four cold packs at 4pm. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) The mean ambient outdoor temperature over these four days was 27.7°C (range: 22.2-39.8°C). Temperatures within the steel and urethane polymer lockboxes without ice or cold packs was 28.3°C (range: 22.4-40.8°C) and 31.6°C (range: 23.8-41.0°C), respectively. The addition of four ice packs at 8am and replaced with four cold packs at 4pm reduced temperatures in the steel box to 24.3°C (range: 17.4-27.9°C) whereas in the urethane polymer box temperatures were reduced to 13.4°C (range: 6.6-18.1°C). Conclusion Temperatures inside outdoor lockboxes can increase in summer commonly above the outdoor ambient temperature. Standardizing instructions for ice and cold packs can reduce internal outdoor courier lockbox temperatures during summer months, especially in urethane polymer lockboxes.

360 Body Temperature of Hair Sheep Ewes During the Postpartum Period and Around the Time of Mating in an Accelerated Lambing System in the Tropics

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 200-201
Author(s):  
Robert Godfrey ◽  
Sue A Lakos
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Postpartum Period ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Hair Sheep ◽  
Data Loggers ◽  
Breed Difference ◽  
Humidity Index ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract The study was conducted to evaluate body temperature of hair sheep ewes at various stages of the production cycle in an accelerated lambing system in the tropics. Multiparous St. Croix White (STX: n = 7) and Dorper x STX (DRPX; n = 7) ewes lambing in October and raising single lambs weaned at 120 d were used. Synchronized breeding began at 96 d postpartum. Vaginal temperature (VT) was measured at 10-min intervals for 96 h at 38 and 66 d post-partum (PP1, PP2) and at 2 days after mating (PM) using data loggers. Daily minimum, maximum and range of VT were determined for ewes within PP1, PP2 and PB. Data were analyzed using GLM procedures of SAS with breed, day and time (PP1, PP2, PM) in the model. Mean ambient temperature, temperature-humidity index and solar radiation at PP1, PP2 and PM were 24.8 °C, 25.2 °C, 23.8 °C, and 74.7, 74.9, 73.3, and 180 W/m2, 160 W/m2 and 155 W/m2, respectively. Minimum VT was lower (P < 0.002) in STX than DRPX ewes at PP1, PP2 but not PM (38.27 ± 0.04 vs 38.44 ± 0.04 °C, 38.16 ± 0.04 vs 38.33 ± 0.04 °C, 38.47 ± 0.04 vs 38.58 ± 0.04 °C, respectively). There was no difference in maximum VT between breed or time (P > 01.0). There was no breed difference (P > 0.10) in range of VT, but the range of VT was lower (P < 0.0001) at PM compared to PP1 and PP2 (1.22 ± 0.04 vs 1.77 ± 0.04 vs 1.63 ± 0.04 °C, respectively). These results show that tropically adapted STX ewes have lower body temperatures, as shown by the lower minimal VT which indicates a degree of nighttime cooling, during the postpartum period compared to DRPX ewes in a tropical environment.

scholarly journals Temporal ranges and ancestry in the hominin fossil record: The case of Australopithecus sediba

2018 ◽  
Vol 114 (3/4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Robinson ◽  
Timothy L. Campbell ◽  
Susanne Cote ◽  
Darryl J. de Ruiter
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Thought Experiment ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Temporal Data ◽  
Genus Homo ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Fossil Hominin

In attempting to resolve the phylogenetic relationships of fossil taxa, researchers can use evidence from two sources – morphology and known temporal ranges. For most taxa, the available evidence is stronger for one of these data sources. We examined the limitations of temporal data for reconstructing hominin evolutionary relationships, specifically focusing on the hypothesised ancestor–descendant relationship between Australopithecus sediba and the genus Homo. Some have implied that because the only known specimens of A. sediba are dated to later than the earliest fossils attributed to Homo, the former species is precluded from being ancestral to the latter. However, A. sediba is currently known from one site dated to 1.98 Ma and, thus, its actual temporal range is unknown. Using data from the currently known temporal ranges of fossil hominin species, and incorporating dating error in the analysis, we estimate that the average hominin species’ temporal range is ~0.97 Myr, which is lower than most figures suggested for mammalian species generally. Using this conservative figure in a thought experiment in which the Malapa specimens are hypothesised to represent the last appearance date, the middle of the temporal range, and first appearance date for the species, the first appearance date of A. sediba would be 2.95, 2.47 and 1.98 Ma, respectively. As these scenarios are all equally plausible, and 2.95 Ma predates the earliest specimens that some have attributed to Homo, we cannot refute the hypothesis that the species A. sediba is ancestral to our genus based solely on currently available temporal data.

Relation of changing levels of physical fitness to human cold acclimatization

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Earl J. Heberling ◽  
Thomas Adams
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Physical Training ◽  
Normal Activity ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Cold Acclimatization ◽  
Caucasian Men ◽  
Cold Chamber ◽  
Skin Temperatures ◽  
Trunk Skin

Five nude Caucasian men were exposed for 1 hour to a temperature of 10° α 1°C in a cold chamber after normal activity, after physical training, and after bivouac in the interior of Alaska for 6 weeks during January and February. Body temperatures (hand, foot, trunk, skin, and rectal, recorded during exposure to acute cold, were the criteria by which the effects of the changing levels of physical training and the cold-acclimatizing encampment were compared and judged. After the program of physical training, but before the bivouac, skin and extremity temperatures were statistically higher than those recorded before training; no differences were noted after the bivouac, when the level of physical training remained unchanged and the only variable was exposure to cold. These data confirm an earlier suggestion that commonly accepted indices of acclimatization, (elevated skin temperatures) may also result from chronically elevated levels of physical activity. Additional evidence indicates the limitations of the bivouac or field exercises for 'cold exposure,' and suggests the questionable value of accepting physiological and thermal readjustments that occur during such programs as being indicative of the effects of cold. Submitted on July 5, 1960

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