scholarly journals Fecundity of Aphelenchus Avenae Bastian

1968 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 169 ◽  
Author(s):  
JM Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Migratory Species ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Aphelenchus Avenae ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Little is known about the various factors that determine the rate of reproduction of plant parasitic and free-living nematodes. The available data on the life span of females, the number of eggs laid, and the rate of egg-laying are based on total egg counts from single females or rates of egg-laying over short periods. Assessment of egg production in migratory ectoparasitic plant nematodes is also technically difficult because, unlike sedentary endoparasitic nematodes, the eggs are deposited at random in soil. Aphelenchu8 avenae Bastian, 1865, although a parasite of higher plants (Chin and Estey 1966), is easily cultured on many fungi (Townshend 1964) and so offers a ready means of studying fecundity in migratory species.

scholarly journals Plants with known antagonistic properties against pests: how they influence non-target free-living soil fauna?

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 41-53
Author(s):  
Kassimira Ilieva-Makulec ◽  
Michał Bielecki ◽  
Grzegorz Makulec
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Soil Fauna ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Soil Nematodes ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Living Species ◽  
Reproduction Period

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of three plant species with known antagonistic properties against pests on selected free-living species of soil fauna. The direct effects of aqueous extracts (from hemp leaves and garlic pulp) on the survival of representatives of nematodes, potworms and earthworms were studied. In the case of nematodes, the effects of hemp extracts on the egg production, total fertility and juvenile hatching efficiency were also assessed. Moreover the indirect plant impact (in the form of hemp litter added to the soil or through the root system during planting of castor bean) on soil nematodes was studied. The results of the bioassays confirmed the antagonistic effect of the plant extracts. The most sensitive to the hemp extract toxicity were nematodes, less potworms and at least earthworms. The toxicity of the hemp extract showed a clear dependence on its concentration. The garlic extract showed less toxicity to nematodes than the hemp extract did. The incubation of nematode females in the hemp extracts of different concentrations affected the rate of egg laying, the length of reproduction period and the hatching efficiency but did not affect their overall fertility. In soil, both the hemp litter and the castor plants had a positive indirect effect on the numbers of nematodes at least during the experiment.

Reproductive Potential of Florida Populations of Diaprepes abbreviates (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-266
Author(s):  
Herbert N. Nigg ◽  
Sam E. Simpson ◽  
Robin J. Stuart ◽  
Likui K. Yang ◽  
R. C Adair ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Laboratory Population ◽  
Diaprepes Abbreviatus ◽  
Female Age ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
The Mean

We examined the reproductive potential of field populations from five Florida geographical locations and one laboratory population of Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.). The life span for female weevils taken from field populations ranged from 116 to 300 d compared to 268 to 330 d for the laboratory population. Field-collected females oviposited a maximum of 11,414 eggs in 181 egg masses. The laboratory population produced a maximum of 20,048 eggs in 265 egg masses and may have been selected for egg production. The mean number of eggs, egg masses, and eggs/mass declined with female age for the laboratory-reared population. Compared to previous studies, our data increased the estimate of the maximum egg laying potential of individual females in field populations of D. abbreviatus from 7,000 to about 11,000 eggs. However, over a 6-wk period, the estimated life span for adults in the field, there was no difference in mean egg production between populations, and the overall mean ± S.E. was only 1954 ± 102 eggs (n = 184). Our data confirmed previous reports that females require fertilization by a male for egg development into a first-instar larva.

scholarly journals Interrelationship of myo-inositol pathways with systemic metabolic conditions in two strains of high-performance laying hens during their productive life span

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Gonzalez-Uarquin ◽  
Vera Sommerfeld ◽  
Markus Rodehutscord ◽  
Korinna Huber
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Metabolic Stress ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Metabolite Profiles ◽  
Metabolic Conditions ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Plasma Metabolite

AbstractAdaptation to metabolic challenges is an individual process in animals and human, most likely based on genetic background. To identify novel pathways of importance for individual adaptation to a metabolic challenge such as egg production in laying hens, myo-inositol (MI) metabolism and plasma metabolite profiles during the productive lifespan were examined in two genetically different strains, Lohmann Brown-Classic (LB) and LSL-Classic (LSL) hens. They were housed during the productive lifespan and sampled at 10, 16, 24, 30 and 60 weeks of age. The targeted AbsoluteIDQ p180 Kit was used for metabolite profiling in plasma whereas a MI enzymatic kit and ELISAs were used to quantify tissue MI concentrations and MI key enzymes (IMPase 1 and MIOX), respectively. As major finding, kidney MIOX was differently expressed in LB and LSL hens with higher amounts in LB. The onset of egg laying between week 16 and 24 of life span was associated with a clear change in the metabolite profiles, however LSL hens and LB hens adapt differently. Pearson’s correlation analyses over all hens at all time points indicated that higher expression of MI degrading enzyme MIOX was related to markers indicating metabolic stress.

Probiotics in the diets of laying quails

2020 ◽  
pp. 60-66
Author(s):  
O. Merzlyakova ◽  
V. Rogachyev ◽  
V. Chegodaev
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Bacillus Licheniformis ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
The Cost

The efficiency of introducing probiotics based on strains of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and their consortium in the amount of 150 g/t of feed into the diets of laying quails has been studied. The experiment lasting 182 days has been carried out on four groups of quails with 30 heads in each. The quails have been housed in the broiler battery in compliance with the required microclimate conditions. Quails of all groups have been received the main diet (compound feed) developed taking into account their age and physiological characteristics. The quails of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd experimental groups in addition to the main diet received probiotics (150 g/t compound feed) based on strains Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and their consortium, respectively. It has been found that feeding the laying quails of the consortium of strains Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis had the most significant positive impact on their productive performance, it allowed to increase egg production by 7,81 %, egg laying intensity by 5,0 %, egg mass yield by 9,77 %, while reducing feed expenditures for 10 eggs by 13,35 %. The yield of hatching eggs has been increased by 7,03 %, hatchability of chickens from laid and fertilized eggs by 8,33 and 8,35 %, brooding waste decreased by 21,74 %. Hematological parameters of quails during the whole experiment were within the physiological norm. The economic effect calculated on the basis of data on the cost of compound feed, probiotics and the cost of sold eggs of quail laying was 14,56 % in the 3rd experimental group (in relation to the control group).

scholarly journals Proteomic Analysis Identifies Potential Markers for Chicken Primary Follicle Development

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1108
Author(s):  
Armughan Ahmed Wadood ◽  
Jingyuan Wang ◽  
Liping Pu ◽  
Qaisar Shahzad ◽  
Muhammad Waqas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Protein Localization ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Follicle Development ◽  
Phosphate Binding ◽  
Primary Follicle ◽  
Mannose Metabolism

Follicles’ development in chicken imparts a major impact on egg production. To enhance the egg-laying efficiency, comprehensive knowledge of different phases of follicular development is a prerequisite. Therefore, we used the tandem mass tag (TMT) based proteomic approach to find the genes involved in the primary follicular development of chicken. The primary follicles were divided into two groups—small primary follicles (81–150 μm) and developed primary follicles (300–500 μm). Differential expression analysis (fold change > 1.2, p-value < 0.05) revealed a total of 70 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), of which 38 were upregulated and 32 were downregulated. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis disclosed that DEPs were intricate with cellular protein localization, the establishment of protein localization, and nucleoside phosphate-binding activities. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment pathway indicated the involvement of DEPs in different metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, pyruvate metabolism, galactose metabolism, and fructose and mannose metabolism. The current proteomic analysis suggested suitable markers such as Anxa2, Pdia3, and Capzb, which may serve as a potential role for primary follicle development. The present study provides the first insight into the proteome dynamics of primary follicle development and would play a potential role for further studies in chicken to improve egg productivity.

scholarly journals Dual-Purpose Poultry in Organic Egg Production and Effects on Egg Quality Parameters

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 897
Author(s):  
Marianne Hammershøj ◽  
Gitte Hald Kristiansen ◽  
Sanna Steenfeldt
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Shell Quality ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Genotype A

Egg laying genotypes have been selected for generations due to their high yield and egg quality, resulting in efficient feed utilization and low body weight; hence, they are not suitable for meat production. This imposes an issue for the male layer chicks, which are killed at one day old. Because of ethical and food waste concerns, the search for suitable dual-purpose genotypes in order to avoid euthanasia of male day-old chicks has intensified. The aim of the present study is to evaluate potential dual-purpose genotypes for their egg quality compared to a representative egg laying genotype. Three dual-purpose genotypes with divergent characteristics were evaluated: genotype A represented an experimental crossbreed based on a broiler type male and an egg layer female, genotype B was a pure breed, and genotype C was a crossbreed of a layer type. These were compared to a control genotype D, which was an egg layer. Eggs were collected six times during the period of 21–54 weeks of hen age, i.e., a total of 1080 shell eggs were analyzed. Examined parameters were weights of egg, shell, yolk, and albumen, by calculating their relative proportions. Shell quality was assessed by shell strength, shell stiffness, and shell thickness. Yolk quality was determined as yolk color and inclusions of blood and meat spots, and albumen quality was evaluated in terms of pH and dry matter (DM) content. The egg layer genotype produced the smallest eggs with least blood and meat spot inclusions compared to that produced by the three dual-purpose genotypes. Shell quality was superior for the layer genotype. However, the experimental genotype A laid eggs of comparable shell quality, albumen DM, and yolk weight, but also with the darkest and most red-yellow colored yolk. The two other dual-purpose genotypes produced eggs of low-medium quality. In conclusion, the genotype A could serve as dual-purpose genotype from an egg quality perspective.

scholarly journals Natural variation in yolk fatty acids, but not androgens, predicts offspring fitness in a wild bird

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Mentesana ◽  
Martin N. Andersson ◽  
Stefania Casagrande ◽  
Wolfgang Goymann ◽  
Caroline Isaksson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Maternal Effects ◽  
Natural Variation ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Offspring Fitness

Abstract Background In egg-laying animals, mothers can influence the developmental environment and thus the phenotype of their offspring by secreting various substances into the egg yolk. In birds, recent studies have demonstrated that different yolk substances can interactively affect offspring phenotype, but the implications of such effects for offspring fitness and phenotype in natural populations have remained unclear. We measured natural variation in the content of 31 yolk components known to shape offspring phenotypes including steroid hormones, antioxidants and fatty acids in eggs of free-living great tits (Parus major) during two breeding seasons. We tested for relationships between yolk component groupings and offspring fitness and phenotypes. Results Variation in hatchling and fledgling numbers was primarily explained by yolk fatty acids (including saturated, mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids) - but not by androgen hormones and carotenoids, components previously considered to be major determinants of offspring phenotype. Fatty acids were also better predictors of variation in nestling oxidative status and size than androgens and carotenoids. Conclusions Our results suggest that fatty acids are important yolk substances that contribute to shaping offspring fitness and phenotype in free-living populations. Since polyunsaturated fatty acids cannot be produced de novo by the mother, but have to be obtained from the diet, these findings highlight potential mechanisms (e.g., weather, habitat quality, foraging ability) through which environmental variation may shape maternal effects and consequences for offspring. Our study represents an important first step towards unraveling interactive effects of multiple yolk substances on offspring fitness and phenotypes in free-living populations. It provides the basis for future experiments that will establish the pathways by which yolk components, singly and/or interactively, mediate maternal effects in natural populations.

scholarly journals The role of Caenorhabditis elegans sex-determination homologs, Mi-sdc-1 and Mi-tra-1 in Meloidogyne incognita

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anil Baniya ◽  
Soumi Joseph ◽  
Larry Duncan ◽  
William Crow ◽  
Tesfamariam Mengistu
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Parasitic Nematode ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematode ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Model Free ◽  
Plant Parasitic

AbstractSex determination is a key developmental event in all organisms. The pathway that regulates sexual fate has been well characterized at the molecular level in the model free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. This study aims to gain a preliminary understanding of sex-determining pathways in a plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita, and the extent to which the roles of the sex determination genes are conserved in a hermaphrodite species, C. elegans, and plant-parasitic nematode species, M. incognita. In this study, we targeted two sex-determining orthologues, sdc-1 and tra-1 from M. incognita using RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi was performed by soaking second-stage juveniles of M. incognita in a solution containing dsRNA of either Mi-tra-1or Mi-sdc-1 or both. To determine the effect of RNAi of the target genes, the juveniles treated with the dsRNA were inoculated onto a susceptible cultivar of cowpea grown in a nutrient pouch at 28 °C for 5 weeks. The development of the nematodes was analyzed at different time points during the growth period and compared to untreated controls. Our results showed that neither Mi-sdc-1 nor Mi-tra-1 have a significant role in regulating sexual fate in M. incognita. However, the silencing of Mi-sdc-1 significantly delayed maturity to adult females but did not affect egg production in mature females. In contrast, the downregulation of Mi-tra-1 transcript resulted in a significant reduction in egg production in both single and combinatorial RNAi-treated nematodes. Our results indicate that M. incognita may have adopted a divergent function for Mi-sdc-1 and Mi-tra-1distinct from Caenorhabditis spp. However, Mi-tra-1 might have an essential role in female fecundity in M. incognita and is a promising dsRNA target for root-knot nematode (RKN) management using host-delivered RNAi.

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