Architecture of four tree species from different strata of a semideciduous forest in southern Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thaís M. Haddad ◽  
Mariana F. Hertel ◽  
Edmilson Bianchini ◽  
José A. Pimenta
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Growth Form ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Semideciduous Forest ◽  
Height Class ◽  
Height Gain ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Architectural Characteristics ◽  
Adult Stature ◽  
Emergent Species

The present study was conducted in a semideciduous Brazilian forest to verify whether there were architectural differences during development among tree species that differ in adult stature, such that understorey species maximise light interception and canopy and emergent species maximise height gain to rapidly reach high light environments. The crown illumination index and light interception index of individual trees as well as the variation in form among the understorey species were also analysed. Two understorey, one canopy and one emergent species were chosen, and the individuals were divided into height classes. Architectural comparisons among individuals were evaluated using allometry; crown illumination and light interception indices were compared among species. All comparisons were made within each height class. The two understorey species presented some differences in growth form, but both exhibited greater investment in the crown than did the canopy and emergent species. The crown illumination index did not differ among species, but the light interception index was higher for the understorey species. The results indicated that architectural differences between the studied species arise predominantly because species belong to different strata of the forest. Comparison within height classes was important because it allowed us to evaluate species architectural characteristics throughout plant development that cannot be detected using a single height-class comparison or that can be neglected if individuals of different heights are compared.

Tree allometry and crown shape of four tree species in Atlantic rain forest, south-east Brazil

2002 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciana F. Alves ◽  
Flavio A. M. Santos
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Rain Forest ◽  
Atlantic Rain Forest ◽  
Scaling Exponent ◽  
Allometric Relationships ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Crown Shape ◽  
Canopy Position ◽  
Adult Stature ◽  
Emergent Species

The allometry of crown shape and trunk diameter with tree height were analysed for four tree species in a tropical lowland rain forest, southeast Brazil. The dimensional relationships of a subcanopy species (Garcinia gardneriana) were contrasted with those of two canopy (Chrysophyllum flexuosum and Swartzia simplex) and one emergent species (Sloanea guianensis). For all trees ≥ 1 cm dbh, we recorded dbh, total height, branching height, crown area, crown width and crown length. Observed allometric relationships indicated interspecific variation in trunk diameter and crown shape with height. All species conformed to the elastic similarity model, except the emergent one that showed thicker trunks and a scaling exponent conforming to the constant stress model. The general allometric function used to describe the overall relationship (all sizes combined) did not specify exceptional variation in crown shape between species of contrasting adult stature (emergent vs. subcanopy species). However, when allometric relationships through ontogeny were considered, different strategies of growth, maintenance and expansion of crown became evident. Crown shapes were much more variable in canopy and emergent species than in the subcanopy one, suggesting that larger-statured species might be more flexible in the relative allocation of energy to height, diameter, and crown growth than smaller-statured ones. Notwithstanding, it is suggested that it is not possible adequately to predict allometric relationships only by adult stature/canopy position. Allometric variation may be also related to size-dependent changes in demographic traits and/or different responses to light availability among tree species.

scholarly journals Using Discrete-Point LiDAR to Classify Tree Species in the Riparian Pacific Northwest, USA

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 2647
Author(s):  
Julia Tatum ◽  
David Wallin
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Alnus Rubra ◽  
Populus Balsamifera ◽  
Segmentation Method ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Riparian Landscape ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Species Mapping

Practical methods for tree species identification are important for both land management and scientific inquiry. LiDAR has been widely used for species mapping due to its ability to characterize 3D structure, but in structurally complex Pacific Northwest forests, additional research is needed. To address this need and to determine the feasibility of species modeling in such forests, we compared six approaches using five algorithms available in R’s lidR package and Trimble’s eCognition software to determine which approach most consistently identified individual trees across a heterogenous riparian landscape. We then classified segments into Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), black cottonwood (Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa), and red alder (Alnus rubra). Classification accuracies based on the best-performing segmentation method were 91%, 92%, and 84%, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate tree species modeling from LiDAR in a natural Pacific Northwest forest, and the first to model Pacific Northwest species at the landscape scale. Our results suggest that LiDAR alone may provide enough information on tree species to be useful to land managers in limited applications, even under structurally challenging conditions. With slight changes to the modeling approach, even higher accuracies may be possible.

scholarly journals Technique for describing woody vegetation composition and structure in inventory type classification, ordination and animal habitat surveys

Koedoe ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Coetzee ◽  
W. P.D. Gertenbach
Keyword(s):  
Growth Form ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Vegetation Composition ◽  
Quadrat Size ◽  
Class A ◽  
Height Class ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Type Classification ◽  
Vegetation Composition And Structure ◽  
Animal Habitat

Woody structure and composition is recorded to provide for calculating per species, stem growth form and height class: (a) canopy regime at different height levels; (b) total projected canopy cover; and (c) density. Quadrat size is determined independently at each site for each height class to suit the density and distribution of plants.

SHADING AND LIGHT INTERCEPTION IN THICKETS OF INVASIVE ACER NEGUNDO AND SORBARIA SORBIFOLIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 30-42
Author(s):  
D. V. Veselkin ◽  
D. I. Dubrovin ◽  
O. S. Rafikova ◽  
Y. A. Lipikhina ◽  
N. V. Zolotareva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Middle Urals ◽  
Forest Edges ◽  
Acer Negundo ◽  
Invasive Shrub ◽  
Forest Parks

The aim of the work is to establish how greatly the light conditions change under the leaf canopy of two invasive plant species in the Middle Urals - Acer negundo and Sorbaria sorbifolia . In June - August 2020, using a portable light meter, 8370 measurements of illumination were performed in forest parks (at a height of 1.5 and 0.5 m, i.e. above and below the canopy of the leaves of the invasive shrub S. sorbifolia and the native shrub Rubus idaeus ; in random points under the canopies of Pinus sylvestris ; on glades, paths and forest edges) and in urban habitats (at a height of 1.5 m and 0.5 m in dense thickets of the invasive tree A. negundo and other tree species). The average illumination intensity was as following: under S. sorbifolia - 4 ± 1 lux × 10; under R. idaeus - 7 ± 1 lux × 10; in A. negundo thickets - 13 ± 2 lux × 10; in thickets of other tree species - 25 ± 4 lux × 10; under the canopies of urban pine forests - 80 ± 10 lux × 10; in the forest edges - 96 ± 14 lux × 10. In dense thickets, A. negundo intercepts about 94% of the light falling on its canopies, S. sorbifolia - about 93%. This is significantly higher than the light interception level in habitats used as control: other tree species canopies of greatly urbanized habitats intercept about 89%, the thickets of R. idaeus - about 82%. Thus, invasive plants reduce the amount of light available to other plant species in communities significantly more than native plants.

scholarly journals Impacts of Different Tree Species of Different Sizes on Spatial Distribution of Herbaceous Plants in the Nigerian Guinea Savannah Ecological Zone

Scientifica ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toma Buba
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Herbaceous Species ◽  
Ecological Zone ◽  
Vitellaria Paradoxa ◽  
Parkia Biglobosa ◽  
Species Richness And Diversity ◽  
Individual Trees

This study was aimed at finding the impacts of different tree species and individual trees of different sizes on species richness, diversity, and composition of the herbaceous layer. All the three tree species have greatly increased species richness and diversity both within and outside their crown zones compared with the open grassland. Both species richness and diversity were found to be higher under all the three tree species than outside their crowns, which was in turn higher than the open field.Daniella oliverihas the highest species richness and diversity both within and outside its crown zone followed byVitellaria paradoxaand thenParkia biglobosa. The result also revealed that the same tree species with different sizes leads to different herbaceous species richness, diversity, and composition under and around the trees’ crowns.P. biglobosaandV. paradoxatrees with smaller sizes showed higher species richness and diversity under their crowns than the bigger ones. The dissimilarity of species composition differs between the inside and outside crown zones of the individuals of the same tree species and among the different trees species and the open field.

scholarly journals Architecture of tree species of different strata developing in environments with the same light intensity in a semideciduous forest in southern Brazil

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natália de Almeida Batista ◽  
Edmilson Bianchini ◽  
Eloisa de Souza Carvalho ◽  
José Antonio Pimenta
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Semideciduous Forest

Mixture of Triclopyr and Imazapyr More Effective than Triclopyr Alone for Hardwood Forest Stand Improvement

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A Turner ◽  
William D Gulsby ◽  
Craig A Harper
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Forest Stand ◽  
Liquidambar Styraciflua ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
Herbicide Mixture ◽  
Soil Activity ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Treatment of individual trees in hardwood stands typically is conducted with herbicides that have no soil activity, such as triclopyr. However, triclopyr is not effective on some tree species. Applying a mixture of triclopyr and imazapyr would broaden the spectrum of species controlled, but nontarget mortality may be problematic as imazapyr may affect other trees through soil activity. We applied herbicide via girdle-and-spray as part of a forest stand improvement treatment in four upland hardwood stands in the Upper Coastal Plain of Alabama. We compared effects of using triclopyr alone with a mixture of triclopyr and imazapyr 18 months posttreatment. Only one untreated sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) out of 440 trees was killed in the stands treated with the herbicide mixture (0.5 percent nontarget mortality rate). Nontarget mortality did not differ between treatments. However, the herbicide mixture controlled hickory (Carya spp.) and sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum) better than triclopyr alone, with 56 percent of hickory treated with triclopyr still alive 18 months later, compared with 0 percent of hickory treated with the mixture. Our results indicate a mixture of triclopyr and imazapyr provides better control than triclopyr alone, and there is minimal risk to nontarget tree species in hardwood stands when used according to label recommendations. Study Implications Forest stand improvement (FSI) is a noncommercial practice typically conducted by cutting and using herbicide to kill undesirable trees. Consideration must be given to herbicide selection, which is based on efficacy on target species while minimizing nontarget mortality of residual trees. We found that a mixture of triclopyr and imazapyr applied via girdle-and-spray was more effective for FSI than triclopyr alone, which failed to control a significant proportion of treated hickory, and resulted in essentially no nontarget mortality in mixed hardwood stands 18 months after application.

scholarly journals Reconstruction of Piñon–Juniper Woodlands in the Sky Islands of the Davis Mountains, Texas, USA

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1079
Author(s):  
Mohammad M. Bataineh ◽  
Brian P. Oswald ◽  
Hans M. Williams ◽  
Daniel R. Unger ◽  
I-Kuai Hung
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Reference Conditions ◽  
Age Determination ◽  
Niche Differentiation ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Sky Islands ◽  
Davis Mountains ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Pinus Spp ◽  
Individual Trees

Piñon (Pinus spp. L.)–juniper (Juniperus spp. L.) woodlands’ historical stand structures were recreated to provide reference conditions and document long-term changes in the Sky Islands of the Davis Mountains, Texas. Restoration of these isolated woodlands requires insights into the range of variability in current and historical stand structures, as well as an understanding of the spatiotemporal establishment and recruitment patterns of tree species. With drastic changes in forests and woodlands of the Southwestern United States widely reported, the main objective of this study was to reconstruct woodland tree temporal and spatial establishment patterns. A stratified random sampling approach was used to select two study sites each of 3600 m2 in area. Within each site, all individual trees were mapped, measured, and cored for age determination. Age and tree location data were used to recreate the spatiotemporal patterns of tree species establishment and recruitment. Increments in density of both Mexican piñon (Pinus cembroides var. cembroides Zucc.) and alligator juniper (Juniperus deppeana var. deppeana Steud.) reached 422 trees ha−1 in the 115-year period between 1890 and 2005; a yearly increment of 4 trees ha−1 that did not reflect a rapid rate of change in these piñon–juniper woodlands. Age distributions reflected the multi-cohort nature of these woodlands, and spatial autocorrelation measures were useful in the objective delineation of these cohorts. Temporal and functional niche differentiation of juniper was reflected in the development pattern where alligator juniper served as a pioneer species, exhibited a longer period of substantial recruitment, and had greater recruitment rates than that of Mexican piñon. Recruitment of Mexican piñon and alligator juniper occurred in an episodic fashion, with the majority of recruits being acquired between 1890 and 1949.

Tree Species Selection by Free-Ranging Koala Populations in Victoria.

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Hindell ◽  
KA Handasyde ◽  
AK Lee
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Species Selection ◽  
Phascolarctos Cinereus ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Free Ranging

Tree species selection was studied in free-ranging populations of koalas [Phascolarctos cinereus] on Phillip Island and the Brisbane Ranges in Victoria. At both sites koalas were found mainly on Eucalyptus spp. but occasionally used Acacia spp. Although koalas occurred on most of the Eucalyptus spp. present, both populations showed preferences for one or two species, particularly E. viminalis. Individual koalas showed different preferences, but the majority preferred E. viminalis. Some occurred exclusively on other species even when E. viminalis was close by. Koalas also showed preference for individual trees within a species.

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