Effect of environment and plant phenology on prediction of plant nutrient deficiency using leaf analysis in Leucaena leucocephala

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Radrizzani ◽  
Scott A. Dalzell ◽  
H. Max Shelton
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Plant Phenology ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Plant Nutrient ◽  
Leaf Analysis ◽  
Stage Of Development

Plant analysis is an important tool for predicting plant nutrient imbalances associated with variable soil fertility and it is usually based on analysis of index plant parts such as the youngest fully expanded leaf (YFEL). Recent use of the YFEL to diagnose plant nutrient status of Leucaena leucocephala subsp. glabrata (leucaena) pastures has given unreliable results. Two field trials, one irrigated and one dryland, were conducted in subtropical Queensland to investigate the effect of index leaf selection, plant phenology and environmental factors (ambient temperature and water stress) on leaf nutrient concentrations. The YFEL was identified as the best plant part to sample because it was readily identifiable and had consistent concentrations of most nutrients compared to older and younger leaves provided specific conditions were met when sampling. At both sites there was significant (P < 0.05) seasonal variation in nutrient concentrations in leucaena YFEL, which was poorly correlated with ambient temperature but strongly correlated with rainfall in the preceding 28 days and chronological age of YFEL. Advancing plant phenological stage of development increased the chronological age of YFEL from 12 to 73 days under irrigation since no new leaves were produced for prolonged periods during pod filling and maturation. Similarly, YFEL could be 146 days old on plants in vegetative stages of growth under prolonged drought in dryland conditions. YFEL of ~21 days of age or less were found to be optimal for analysis. Furthermore, as the calcium (Ca) concentration of YFEL was strongly correlated with leaf chronological age, this parameter could be used to determine the age of the leaves sampled. YFEL with Ca concentrations >0.75% DM were likely to be >21 days in age and should not be used for the diagnosis of plant nutrient status. It was concluded that leaf analysis could be used to confidently assess leucaena plant nutrient status provided the YFEL were sampled from actively growing plants in vegetative development that had received rainfall/irrigation in the preceding 28 days and were <21 days of age.

scholarly journals Seasonal Variation in Mineral Nutrient Content of Primocane-fruiting Blackberry Leaves

HortScience ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 540-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernadine C. Strik
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Plant Nutrient ◽  
Green Fruit ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Leaf Sampling ◽  
Fruit Stage

Primocane-fruiting blackberry (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus, Watson) cultivars, Prime-Jan® and Prime-Jim®, grown only for a primocane crop, were studied for 2 years to evaluate whether this type of blackberry should be sampled at a certain stage of development or time of season to best evaluate plant nutrient status. Leaves were sampled every 2 weeks from a primocane height of ≈0.75 m in spring through fruit harvest in autumn and were analyzed to determine concentration of macro- and micronutrients. Primocanes were summer pruned at 1.4 m, by hedging to a height of 1.0 m, to induce branching, a standard commercial practice. Leaf nutrient concentration was related to stage of primocane growth and development and whether the leaves originated on the main cane or on the branches that resulted from summer pruning. Nutrient concentration of leaves sampled on the main primocane from early growth in spring until early branch growth in summer was significantly affected by cultivar, year, and week for most nutrients. When leaf sampling occurred on the older leaves of the main cane (for 4 weeks after hedging), the concentration of Ca, Mg, B, Fe, Mn, and Al increased, likely a result of the relative immobility of most of these nutrients. When samples were taken on primocane branches, leaf N, Mg, S, B (2009 only), Fe, Mn, Cu (2009 only), Zn, and Al concentrations did not differ between samples taken 6–8 weeks after summer pruning or hedging. Leaf K and Ca were more stable when sampling was done from weeks 8 to 10 (early bloom to green/early red fruit). There was a significant difference in leaf P among all weeks sampled during this period. A sample date corresponding to early green fruit stage (week 8) would thus likely provide the best compromise for assessing plant nutrient status in this crop. During this stage of development the nutrient concentrations measured for both cultivars and years, were within the present recommended nutrient sufficiency levels for other blackberry and raspberry crops for all except leaf K and P which were below current standards. The results suggest leaf sampling primocane-fruiting blackberry at the early green fruit stage (about 8 weeks after summer pruning) rather than a particular calendar date. The present leaf sufficiency range for P and K may need to be lowered for this crop. In addition, sampling cultivars separately for tissue analysis would still be advised to better manage nutrient programs.

scholarly journals Uptake and Partitioning of Nutrients in Blackberry and Raspberry and Evaluating Plant Nutrient Status for Accurate Assessment of Fertilizer Requirements

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 452-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernadine C. Strik ◽  
David R. Bryla
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Sampling Time ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Plant Nutrient ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Plant Parts

Raspberry and blackberry (Rubus sp.) plantings have a relatively low nutrient requirement compared with many other perennial fruit crops. Knowledge of annual accumulation of nutrients and periods of rapid uptake allows for better management of fertilization programs. Annual total nitrogen (N) accumulation in the aboveground plant ranged from 62 to 110 and 33 to 39 lb/acre in field-grown red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) and blackberry (Rubus ssp. rubus), respectively. Research on the fate of applied 15N (a naturally occurring istope of N) has shown that primocanes rely primarily on fertilizer N for growth, whereas floricane growth is highly dependent on stored N in the over-wintering primocanes, crown, and roots; from 30% to 40% of stored N was allocated to new growth. Plants receiving higher rates of N fertilizer took up more N, often leading to higher N concentrations in the tissues, including the fruit. Reallocation of N from senescing floricanes and primocane leaves to canes, crown, and roots has been documented. Accumulation of other macro- and micronutrients in plant parts usually preceded growth. Primocanes generally contained the highest concentration of most nutrients during the growing season, except calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn), which often were more concentrated in roots. Roots typically contained the highest concentration of all nutrients during winter dormancy. Nutrient partitioning varied considerably among elements due to different nutrient concentrations and requirements in each raspberry and blackberry plant part. This difference not only affected the proportion of each nutrient allocated to plant parts, but also the relative amount of each nutrient lost or removed during harvest, leaf senescence, and pruning. Macro- and micronutrient concentrations are similar for raspberry and blackberry fruit, resulting in a similar quantity of nutrient removed with each ton of fruit at harvest; however, yield may differ among cultivars and production systems. Nutrient removal in harvested red raspberry and blackberry fruit ranged from 11 to 18 lb/acre N, 10 to 19 lb/acre potassium (K), 2 to 4 lb/acre phosphorus (P), 1 to 2 lb/acre Ca, and 1 to 4 lb/acre magnesium (Mg). Pruning senescing floricanes in August led to greater plant nutrient losses than pruning in autumn. Primocane leaf nutrient status is often used in nutrient management programs. Leaf nutrient concentrations differ with primocane leaf sampling time and cultivar. In Oregon, the present recommended sampling time of late July to early August is acceptable for floricane-fruiting raspberry and blackberry types, and primocane-fruiting raspberry, but not for primocane-fruiting blackberry, where sampling leaves on primocane branches during the green fruit stage is recommended. Presently published leaf tissue standards appear to be too high for K in primocane-fruiting raspberry and blackberry, which is not surprising since the primocanes are producing fruit at the time of sampling and fruit contain a substantial amount of K.

scholarly journals Seasonal Variation in Mineral Nutrient Concentration of Primocane and Floricane Leaves in Trailing, Erect, and Semierect Blackberry Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 836-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernadine C. Strik ◽  
Amanda J. Vance
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Fruit Harvest ◽  
Leaf P ◽  
Leaf N

Floricane-fruiting blackberry (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus, Watson) cultivars, ‘Marion’, ‘Black Diamond’, ‘Onyx’, ‘Columbia Star’ (early-season trailing types), ‘Ouachita’ (erect, midseason), and ‘Triple Crown’ and ‘Chester Thornless’ (semierect, late season) were studied for 2 years to determine whether these cultivars and types of blackberry should be sampled at a certain stage of development or time of season to best evaluate plant nutrient status. Leaf nutrient standards are based on primocane leaves in most countries, but there is interest in using floricane leaves. Primocane leaves were sampled every 2 weeks from late May through early October, whereas leaves on fruiting laterals (floricane) were sampled every 2 weeks from early May through fruit harvest. Leaves were analyzed to determine the concentration of macronutrients and micronutrients. The pattern of change in primocane leaf nutrient concentration varied between the trailing and the later-fruiting erect and semierect types, particularly for P, K, Ca, Mg, B, and Mn, where leaf levels were higher in the late season for the erect and semierect cultivars (except for P and K which were lower). Nutrient concentrations in floricane leaves decreased during growth and development of the lateral and fruiting season for N, P, K, and S, but increased for most other nutrients in all blackberry types. Floricane leaf N and K declined most rapidly during the fruit development period in all cultivars. Sampling of floricane leaves is not recommended, particularly for trailing types, as there are no sufficiency standards. In primocane leaves, the nutrients that did not show significant changes in concentration during the currently recommended sampling period of late July to early August were N, Mg, K, Ca, S, B, Mn, and Zn, but only in 2014. Leaf P, Fe, and Al were stable during this period in both years. In contrast, when sampling in mid to late August, leaf N, Mg, Fe, Mn, and Al were stable in both years and leaf K, Ca, S, B, Cu, and Zn were stable in one of the 2 years. We thus propose changing the recommended sampling time to mid to late August for these diverse blackberry cultivars. The current sufficiency standards for primocanes did not encompass the blackberry types and cultivars studied here, suggesting the standards may need to be revised for this region.

scholarly journals Testing the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) on high country white clover-based pastures

1990 ◽  
pp. 199-201
Author(s):  
M.B. Jones ◽  
A.G. Sinclair ◽  
M.J.S. Floate ◽  
C.C. Boswell
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Physiological Age ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Nutrient Ratios ◽  
Plant Nutrient ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
P Deficiency

Plant tissue analysis is useful to assay plant nutrient status, but has limitations due to changes in nutrient concentrations with physiological age, and variation between plant parts. The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) uses nutrient ratios calculated from plant tissue analyses to evaluate plant nutrient status. It calculates indices for each nutrient, and ranks them in order of their deficiency. An exploratory assessment of DRIS has been conducted for New Zealand high country pasture using chemical analysis and yield data from field trials. In this limited assessment, DRIS consistently ranked S and P deficiencies in the same order as indicated by yield responses to fertiliser treatments. It was generally successful in distinguishing between deficient and nondeficient conditions. Results are considered to justify a more comprehensive evaluation of DRIS for New Zealand pastures. Keywords DRIS, plant analysis, P deficiency, S deficiency

A Model of Nutrient Response in Eucalyptus grandis Seedlings

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 459 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Sands ◽  
RN Cromer ◽  
MUF Kirschbaum
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Nutrient Addition ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Plant Nutrient ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Rate Of Growth

Rate of growth in tree seedlings is dependent (amongst other factors) on the rate at which nutrients are absorbed by roots. Rate of nutrient addition to Eucalyptus grandis seedlings influences rate of growth through three main physiological mechanisms: the effects of plant nutrient concentration on biomass partitioning, specific leaf area, and assimilation. A simple dynamic model is presented to describe growth of E. grandis seedlings in response to different relative addition rates of nitrogen and phosphorus as reflected in plant nutrient status. The model takes account of effects of nutrient concentrations on partitioning, specific leaf area and light saturated assimilation rate. Model simulations demonstrate the influence relative nutrient addition rate has on key processes that influence relative growth rate, and that the relative importance of each of these is dependent on plant nutrient status. If plants are deficient in nitrogen, changes in growth consequent upon improved nutrient status are mediated primarily through effects on assimilate partitioning and light saturated assimilation rate. If plants have high nitrogen status, changes in growth consequent upon improved nutrient status are mediated primarily through effects on specific leaf area. If plants are deficient in phosphorus, changes in growth consequent upon improved nutrient status are mediated through effects on assimilation. If plants have high phosphorus status, changes in growth consequent upon improved nutrient status are mediated through effects on both assimilation and specific leaf area.

scholarly journals Weed Management, Training, and Irrigation Practices for Organic Production of Trailing Blackberry: II. Soil and Aboveground Plant Nutrient Concentrations

HortScience ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily K. Dixon ◽  
Bernadine C. Strik ◽  
David R. Bryla
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Plant Nutrient ◽  
Training Time ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Plant Nutrient Concentrations

Organic production of blackberries is increasing, but there is relatively little known about how production practices affect plant and soil nutrient status. The impact of cultivar (Black Diamond and Marion), weed management (nonweeded, hand-weeded, and weed mat), primocane training time (August and February), and irrigation (throughout the summer and none postharvest) on plant nutrient status and soil pH, organic matter, and nutrients was evaluated from Oct. 2012 to Dec. 2014 in a mature trailing blackberry (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus Watson) production system. The study site was certified organic and machine harvested for the processed market. The planting was irrigated by drip and fertigated with fish hydrolysate and fish emulsion fertilizer. Soil pH, organic matter content, and concentrations of soil nutrients, including ammonium-nitrogen (NH4-N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn), were greater under weed mat than in hand-weeded plots. Soil K and boron (B) were below recommended standards during the study, despite a high content of K in the fish fertilizer and supplemental B applications. Primocane leaf nutrient concentrations were below the N, K, Ca, and Mg sufficiency standards in ‘Black Diamond’ and were lower than in ‘Marion’ for N, phosphorus (P), Ca, Mg, S, B, and Zn in at least one year. In contrast, floricane leaves and fruit tended to have higher nutrient concentrations in ‘Black Diamond’ than in ‘Marion’. Weed management strategy affected many nutrients in the soil, leaves, and fruit. Often, use of weed mat led to the highest concentrations. Withholding irrigation postharvest had limited effects on plant nutrient concentrations. Primocane training time affected the nutrients in each plant part differently depending on year.

scholarly journals Seasonal variation in AMF colonisation, soil and plant nutrient content in gypsum specialist and generalist species growing in P-poor soils

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreu Cera ◽  
Estephania Duplat ◽  
Gabriel Montserrat-Martí ◽  
Antonio Gómez-Bolea ◽  
Susana Rodríguez-Echeverría ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Plant Nutrient ◽  
Rhizospheric Soil ◽  
Soil Nutrient Availability ◽  
Generalist Species

Abstract Aims Gypsum soils are P-limited atypical soils that harbour a rich endemic flora. These singular soils are usually found in drylands, where plant activity and soil nutrient availability are seasonal. No previous studies have analysed the seasonality of P nutrition and its interaction with the arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) colonisation in gypsum plants. Our aim was to evaluate the seasonal changes in plant nutrient status, AMF colonisation and rhizospheric soil nutrient availability in gypsum specialist and generalist species. Methods We evaluated seasonal variation in the proportion of root length colonised by AMF structures (hyphae, vesicules and arbuscules), plant nutrient status (leaf C, N and P and fine root C and N) and rhizospheric soil content (P, organic matter, nitrate and ammonium) of three gypsum specialists and two generalists throughout a year. Results All species showed arbuscules within roots, including species of Caryophyllaceae and Brassicaceae. Root colonisation by arbuscules (AC) was higher in spring than in other seasons, when plants showed high leaf P-requirements. Higher AC was decoupled from inorganic N and P availability in rhizospheric soil, and foliar nutrient content. Generalists showed higher AC than specialists, but only in spring. Conclusions Seasonality was found in AMF colonisation, rhizospheric soil content and plant nutrient status. The mutualism between plants and AMF was highest in spring, when P-requirements are higher for plants, especially in generalists. However, AMF decoupled from plant demands in autumn, when nutrient availability increases in rhizospheric soil.

scholarly journals Breathing and orientation underwater in swimming pool: Effects of age, practice, and duration of an aquatic stimulation program in babies and infants

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-21
Author(s):  
Eduarda Veloso ◽  
João Barreiros ◽  
Carlos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Environment ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Evaluation Tool ◽  
Breathing Control ◽  
The Relationship

Nowadays there are not many investigation results about infant and baby's motor behavior in the aquatic environment. The present study seeks to describe it before the 40 months of age and to examine the relationship between the motor acquisitions and the chronological age, time of practice and program duration. A system of categories and sub-categories of baby's motor behavior was developed for two dimensions: breathing control and underwater orientation. This system was validated with obtained values of 96% of objectivity and 100% of consistency. Then, 101 babies and infants were evaluated between 3 and 40 months of age, some of them in different moments, in a total of 216 observations (N=216). Breathing control and underwater orientation skills were strongly correlated with chronological age, time of practice and program duration. All the correlations were positive with 0.75-0.86% and significant (ρâ‰-0.01), meaning that as age, time of practice or program duration increases, the breathing control and underwater orientation skills showed clear improvement. Chronological ages for developmental steps in aquatic environment were identified. Results are discussed within a maturation-stimulation theoretical framework. The evaluation tool that was proposed and validated is ready for use and can be applied in other research settings.

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