Does mycorrhizal colonisation vary between maize and sunflower under limitations to radiation source or carbohydrate sink?

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 974
Author(s):  
Fernanda Covacevich ◽  
Julieta Martínez Verneri ◽  
Guillermo A. A. Dosio
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Source ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Mycorrhizal Colonisation ◽  
Grain Filling Period ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this work was to analyse and compare indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation (AMC) in relation to growth and total soluble carbohydrates (TSC) in two major, physiologically contrasting crop species: maize (Zea mays L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). In order to promote contrasting TSC concentrations, we modified the radiation source by shading and the carbohydrate sink by manipulating reproductive sinks at different phenological stages during the grain-filling period in two field experiments. We assessed plant dry matter, TSC in stems, and root AMC from flowering until final harvest. AMC during the grain-filling period decreased in maize and increased in sunflower. A sink limitation increased AMC in maize, and reduced it in sunflower. A source limitation decreased AMC in both species, especially in sunflower. AMC was positively related to TSC in maize, but negatively in sunflower. The relationship was affected by shading in sunflower, but not in maize. In both species, a different linear model described the relationship between AMC and TSC in plants submitted to the removal of the reproductive organs. The results highlight the role of carbohydrates in mediating mycorrhizal formation, and show for the first time the opposite AMC–TSC relationships in maize and sunflower.

Field inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in rehabilitation of mine sites with native vegetation, including Acacia spp.

2003 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 131 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bell ◽  
S. Wells ◽  
D. A. Jasper ◽  
L. K. Abbott
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Field Inoculation ◽  
Native Plant Species ◽  
Mycorrhizal Colonisation ◽  
Mine Sites ◽  
Fertiliser Application

Field experiments were conducted at rehabilitation sites at two contrasting mines in Western Australia. At both mines, Acacia spp. are important components of the rehabilitation ecosystem. At a mineral sands mine near Eneabba, dry-root inoculum of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus invermaium (WUM 10) was introduced into riplines with three rates of phosphate fertiliser application. Plants were assessed for mycorrhizal colonisation and phosphorus status. There was no plant growth benefit from inoculation. A considerable number of infective propagules of indigenous AM fungi was already present in the topsoil. The inoculant fungus as well as the indigenous AM fungi formed mycorrhizas, but only in a small number of Acacia and other native plant species. In a study of AM fungal inoculation at a gold mine rehabilitation site at Boddington, dry-root inoculum of G.�invermaium was applied to riplines prior to seeding. Despite apparently ideal environmental conditions, colonisation of native seedlings was limited. Possible reasons for this were investigated in further experiments that addressed environmental factors such as soil temperature and moisture and factors such as the age of the plant and presence of a colonised cover crop. Inoculum remained infective even under moist conditions in field soil for at least 4 months. Its infectivity decreased in parallel with falling temperatures. However, the level of infectivity present did not ensure extensive colonisation of native plants such as Acacia seedlings in the field. Susceptibility of Acacia seedlings to colonisation by AM fungi appeared to be seasonal, as colonisation increased with increasing daytime temperatures and daylight hours.

scholarly journals MycoRed: Betalain pigments enable in vivo real-time visualisation of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation

PLoS Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. e3001326
Author(s):  
Alfonso Timoneda ◽  
Temur Yunusov ◽  
Clement Quan ◽  
Aleksandr Gavrin ◽  
Samuel F. Brockington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Fungal Colonisation ◽  
Visual Markers ◽  
Mycorrhizal Colonisation ◽  
Am Symbiosis ◽  
Colonisation Dynamics ◽  
Root Tissues

Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) are mutualistic interactions formed between soil fungi and plant roots. AM symbiosis is a fundamental and widespread trait in plants with the potential to sustainably enhance future crop yields. However, improving AM fungal association in crop species requires a fundamental understanding of host colonisation dynamics across varying agronomic and ecological contexts. To this end, we demonstrate the use of betalain pigments as in vivo visual markers for the occurrence and distribution of AM fungal colonisation by Rhizophagus irregularis in Medicago truncatula and Nicotiana benthamiana roots. Using established and novel AM-responsive promoters, we assembled multigene reporter constructs that enable the AM-controlled expression of the core betalain synthesis genes. We show that betalain colouration is specifically induced in root tissues and cells where fungal colonisation has occurred. In a rhizotron setup, we also demonstrate that betalain staining allows for the noninvasive tracing of fungal colonisation along the root system over time. We present MycoRed, a useful innovative method that will expand and complement currently used fungal visualisation techniques to advance knowledge in the field of AM symbiosis.

scholarly journals Differences in grain growth, crop photosynthesis and distribution of assimilates between a semi-dwarf and a standard cultivar of winter wheat.

1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-249
Author(s):  
J.H.J. Spiertz ◽  
H. van de Haar
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Photosynthetic Production ◽  
Grain Filling Period ◽  
N Harvest Index ◽  
Standard Cultivar

The crop performance of semi-dwarf wheat cv. (Maris Hobbit) was compared with a standard-ht. cv. (Lely) at various levels of N supply. The grain yields of Maris Hobbit were considerably higher due to a higher number of grains and a heavier grain wt. Owing to the higher grain yield and a lower stem wt. the harvest index of Maris Hobbit was higher than that of Lely (0.47 and 0.40, resp.). The content of water-soluble carbohydrates in the stems of both cv. appeared to be very high until 3 wk after anthesis, despite the occurrence of low light intensities. Lely used more assimilates for structural stem material than did Maris Hobbit. Quantity and date of N application greatly affected grain number, but affected grain wt. to a lesser extent. Thus within each cv. grain number/m2 was the main determinant of grain yield. Late N dressings promoted photosynthetic production, grain wt. and CP content of the grain. The low CP contents of the grain were attributed to the low temp. during the grain-filling period. The distribution of N within the plant was only slightly influenced by N dressings and cv. differences. N harvest index ranged from 0.74 to 0.79. Grain N was derived from the vegetative organs (63-94%) and from uptake after anthesis (6-37%). The importance of carbohydrate and N economy for grain yield are discussed. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Tolerance Ability of Wheat Genotypes to Drought Stress: Dissection through Culm-Reserves Contribution and Grain Filling Physiology

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1252
Author(s):  
Md. Amirul Islam ◽  
Rajib Kumar De ◽  
Md. Alamgir Hossain ◽  
Md. Sabibul Haque ◽  
Md. Nesar Uddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Grain Filling Period ◽  
Ripe Stage

Drought stress is one of the limiting factors for grain filling and yield in wheat. The grain filling and determinants of individual grain weight depend on current assimilation and extent of remobilization of culm reserves to grains. A pot experiment was conducted with eight wheat cultivars at the Pot House to study the grain filling and the contributions of reserves in culm, including the sheath to grain yield under drought stress. Drought stress was enforced by restricting irrigation during the grain-filling period. The plants (tillers) were harvested at anthesis, milk-ripe, and maturity. The changes in dry weights of leaves, culm with sheath, spikes, and grains; and the contribution of culm reserves to grain yield were determined. Results revealed that drought stress considerably decreased the grain filling duration by 15–24% and grain yield by 11–34%. Further, drought-induced early leaf senescence and reduced total dry matter production indicate the minimum contribution of current assimilation to grain yield. The stress reduced the contribution of culm reserves, the water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs), to the grains. The accumulation of culm WSCs reached peak at milk ripe stage in control, varied from 28.6 to 84 mg culm−1 and that significantly reduced in the range from 14.9 to 40.6 mg culm−1 in stressed plants. The residual culm WSCs in control and stressed plants varied from 1.23 to 8.12 and 1.00 to 3.40 mg g−1 culm dry mass, respectively. BARI Gom 24 exhibited a higher contribution of culm WSCs to grain yield under drought, while the lowest contribution was found in Kanchan. Considering culm reserves WSCs and their remobilization along with other studied traits, BARI Gom 24 showed greater drought tolerance and revealed potential to grow under water deficit conditions in comparison to other cultivars.

Relationship between oil tocopherol concentration and oil weight per grain in several crop species

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 1088 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. G. Izquierdo ◽  
S. Nolasco ◽  
C. Mateo ◽  
D. Santos ◽  
L. A. N. Aguirrezábal
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Tocopherol Concentration ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Oil Synthesis ◽  
Oil Concentration ◽  
Intercepted Solar Radiation

The objectives of this work were (i) to analyse the effect of intercepted solar radiation (ISR) per plant during grain filling on oil tocopherol concentration in soybean, maize and rape and (ii) to investigate in these species if variations in oil tocopherol concentration are well accounted for by variations in oil weight per grain. Field experiments were conducted with genotypes of soybean, maize and rape. A genotype of sunflower was included as ‘control species’ as its behaviour was known from previous works. ISR was modified during grain filling by shading or thinning plants. Plants were harvested at physiological maturity and oil tocopherol concentration was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Samples from other field or growth chamber experiments were also processed. In the four species, increasing radiation increased the oil and tocopherol weight per grain. Increasing ISR reduced oil tocopherol concentration in sunflower, soybean and rape but not in maize. The oil tocopherol concentration would be reduced by ISR in those species, with high oil contents in their grains, where the oil synthesis is more increased than tocopherol synthesis. The variations in oil tocopherol concentration were accounted for by variations in oil weight per grain only in those species with high and variable oil concentration.

GRAIN FILLING OF DURUM WHEAT THROUGH ASSIMILATE REMOBILISATION UNDER SEMI-ARID CONDITIONS

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. LATIRI ◽  
J. P. LHOMME ◽  
D. W. LAWLOR
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Grain Filling Period

SUMMARYIn a context of understanding the physiological mechanisms and cultivar traits which could improve durum wheat (Triticum durum) yield in water limited conditions, the paper focuses on the contribution of stored assimilates to grain growth and yield. A conceptual model describing the different fluxes of assimilate during the grain filling period is used together with a dataset from field experiments made in northern Tunisia during two growing seasons and under different conditions of water and nitrogen supply. Three types of behaviour have been encountered in relation to the balance between demand for assimilate and supply. Remobilisation of stored assimilates provides a buffer enabling grain growth to be maintained. Conditions at anthesis play an important role in determining the type of fluxes of assimilates. Grain number also plays a major role in short- or long-term remobilisation and grain number per ear increases short-term remobilisation. In rain-fed conditions, short-term remobilisation allows faster grain growth.

scholarly journals Grain filling patterns of barley as affected by high temperature stress

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-181
Author(s):  
Md Rasel Rana ◽  
Md Masudul Karim ◽  
Md Juiceball Hassan ◽  
Md Alamgir Hossain ◽  
Md Ashraful Haque
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Grain Filling Period

Grain filling determines the grain weight, a major component of grain yield in cereals. Grain filling in barley depends on current assimilation and culm reserves (mainly water-soluble carbohydrates). Nowadays barley is facing heat stress problem which is mostly responsible to reduce the yield of barley. A field experiment was conducted at the Field Lab, Department of Crop Botany, BangladeshAgriculturalUniversity, Mymensingh during November 2015 to March 2016 to study the grain filling patterns and the contributions of culm reserves to grain yield under heat stress. The experiment consisted of two factors—barley cultivars and heat stress. The heat stress was imposed by late sowing. The tillers were sampled once a week during grain filling period to determine the changes in dry weights of different parts, viz., leaves, culm with sheath, spikes, and grains; and to examine the contribution of culm reserves to grain yield. The results in the experiment revealed that the grain yield was reduced by 22-28% due to the stress. The grain yield varied from 52 to 150 g m−2 with the mean of 102 g m−2 under control while it varied from 37 to 116 g m−2 with the mean of 75 g m−2 under heat stress. Among the cultivars studied BARI Barley5, BARI Barley2 and BARI Barley1, seemed as high yielders while BARI Barley3, BARI Barley4, BARI Barley6 as the low yielders under heat stress treatment. The reduction in grain yield was attributable mainly to lighter grain weight due to the stress. Heat stress drastically reduced the grain filling duration by 45–50%. However, the stress increased the grain filling rate by 6–53%. The amount of reserves remobilized to grain varied among the cultivars ranging from 4.8 to 12.77 mg spike−1 in control and from 1.73 to 6.25 mg spike−1 in stressed plants. The stressed barley plants exhibited lower accumulation of reserves in culm but they showed almost its complete remobilization to the grain. The contribution of culm reserves to grain yield varied from 1.13 to 19.52%, and 1.09 to 2.11% in control and in stressed plants, respectively. In conclusion, culm reserve is the important attributes in grain yield in Bangladeshi barley cultivars but the contribution remains almost unaffected due the post-anthesis heat stress.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 15(2): 174-181, December 2017

scholarly journals Stem carbohydrate dynamics during post anthesis period in diverse wheat genotypes under different environments

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (sp1) ◽  
pp. 556-559
Author(s):  
Vidisha Thakur ◽  
Girish Chandra Pandey ◽  
Jagadish Rane
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Terminal Drought ◽  
Grain Filling Period ◽  
Terminal Drought Stress ◽  
Carbohydrate Dynamics

The contribution of stem water soluble carbohydrates (SWSCs) to grain biomass of wheat ranges from 10 to 20% under irrigated condition and 40 to 60% under stresses such as terminal heat and drought. Genetic variation in SWSC and its mobilization can be useful to increase the grain yield of wheat under harsh environments. Hence, a set of 16 genotypes varying in spike morphology and grain yield was grown in field under timely sown, late sown and terminal drought stress conditions. The anthrone method was used to measure the SWSC concentration in the dried peduncle and penultimate internodes in three replicates at 3 growth stages starting from anthesis. The effect of delay in sowing and terminal drought on the SWSC concentration was significant from anthesis to 14 days after anthesis. Significant genetic variation was observed in the rate of post anthesis change in SWSC during the early grain filling period under the three conditions which partially contributed to the variation in grain yield per spike among the genotypes. Due to sterile florets and/or shorter grain filling duration, all the genotypes did not have a correlation between grain weight per spike and rate of decrease of SWSCs. Thus, our experiments reconfirm the significance of SWSC in present cultivars of wheat and also the scope for exploiting the genetic variation in this trait.

scholarly journals BIPLOT ANALYSIS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF SUPERIOR GENOTYPES IN A RECOMBINANT INBRED POPULATION OF WHEAT UNDER RAINFED CONDITIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 598-609
Author(s):  
Ashutosh Srivastava ◽  
◽  
Puja Srivastava ◽  
R S Sarlach ◽  
Mayank Anand Gururani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Canopy Temperature ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Physiological Traits ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Biplot Analysis ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Grain Filling Period ◽  
Peduncle Length ◽  
Ideal Genotype

Physiological traits of wheat genotypes and their trait relation to drought conditions are important to identify the genotype in target environments. Thus, genotype selection should be based on multiple physiological traits in variable environments within the target region. This study was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University during rabi crop seasons 2012-13 and 2013-14 to study the recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of wheat genotypes derived from traditional landraces and modern cultivars (C518/2*PBW343) based on various morpho-physiological traits. A total of 175 RILs were selected for this study based on various tolerance indices. The genotype by trait (GT) biplot analysis was applied to data from seven high-yielding RILs grown under irrigated (E1) and rainfed environments (E2). The GGE biplot explained 100% of the total variation for chlorophyll content, grain filling period, peduncle length, water-soluble carbohydrates, grain number, grain yield, and 95.1% for canopy temperature, 94.9% for thousand-grain weight. GT-biplots indicated that the relationships among the studied traits were not consistent across environments, but they facilitated visual genotype comparisons and selection in each environment. RIL 84 and RIL108 were close to the average environment (ideal genotype) for all traits studied except chlorophyll content. A well-performing genotype with great environmental stability is called an "ideal genotype. Among all entries, these genotypes performed well. Therefore, among the traits studied, grain filling period, peduncle length, canopy temperature, water soluble carbohydrates, and 1000 grain weight contributed to grain yield under a stress environment. Furthermore, it may be used as a donor material in breeding programs and QTLs mapping.

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