Effects of age and liveweight at first calving on first lactation milk, protein and fat yield of Friesian heifers

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Dobos ◽  
K. S. Nandra ◽  
K. Riley ◽  
W. J. Fulkerson ◽  
I. J. Lean ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Protein ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Grazed Pasture ◽  
Lactation Length ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Lower Production

This paper reports on both the individual and combined effects of age (AFC) and liveweight (LWFC) at first calving for Australian Holstein–Friesian heifers on first lactation production. One hundred and thirty-five Australian Holstein–Friesian heifers were allocated to 1 of 3 AFC treatments. Within each AFC treatment, heifers were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 LWFC treatments. Heifers in all groups grazed pasture and were supplemented when the quantity and quality of pasture was inadequate to meet growth requirements. Mean AFC and LWFC achieved were 25.1, 29.9 and 33.9 months and 498, 549 and 595 kg, respectively. Mean liveweight gains from 16 weeks of age to calving ranged from 0.45 to 0.71 kg/day, depending on treatment. The heifers calving at 33.9 months of age produced 6.6 and 12.3% more milk, 6.3 and 11.9% more protein and 5.4 and 12.2% more fat than those calving at 29.9 and 25.1 months of age at the end of their first 300 day lactation, respectively. The lower production of the younger cows was associated with decreased daily output rather than by shorter lactation length. Heifers averaging 595 kg at first calving produced 5.5% more milk, 8.4% more protein and 11.4% more fat than those averaging 498 kg in first lactation, respectively. The heifers averaging 621 kg LWFC and 34 months AFC had the highest production of the 9 treatment groups. Production was increased by 5.35 L milk, 0.19 kg protein and 0.23 kg fat for an additional 1 kg LWFC, respectively. For each month delay in AFC, production was increased by 66.7 L milk, 1.87 kg protein and 2.36 kg fat, respectively. The combined effects of AFC and LWFC showed that to offset the negative effects of a 1 month reduction in AFC on milk, protein and fat yields in first lactation, LWFC would have to be increased by 8.1, 4.0 and 4.5 kg, respectively. Under the conditions of this experiment, maximum milk, protein and fat were estimated to be achieved at 559, 563 and 568 kg liveweight at first calving, respectively.

Effects of age and liveweight of dairy heifers at first calving on multiple lactation production

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 969 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Dobos ◽  
K. S. Nandra ◽  
K. Riley ◽  
W. J. Fulkerson ◽  
A. Alford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
The Third ◽  
Grazed Pasture ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Supplementary Feed

This paper reports on both the individual and combined effects of age and liveweight at first calving (AFC and LWFC, respectively) for Australian Holstein–Friesian heifers on multiple lactation production. One hundred and thirty-five heifers were allocated to 1 of 3 AFC treatments. Within each AFC treatment, heifers were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 LWFC treatments. From 16 weeks of age until first calving, heifers in all groups grazed pasture and were provided with supplementary feed when the quantity and quality of pasture was inadequate to meet growth requirements. Mean AFC and LWFC achieved were 25.1 ± 0.121, 29.9 ± 0.11 and 33.9 ± 0.09 months and 498 ± 4.09, 549 ± 5.40 and 595 ± 5.09 kg, respectively. As AFC increased, total production over the first 3 lactations increased. For each month's delay in AFC an extra 56.7 L milk, 1.78 kg milk fat, 1.45 kg milk protein and 3.23 kg fat + protein over the first 3 lactations was produced but by the third lactation the response was minimal. By end of third lactation the remaining heifers that calved at 25.1 months AFC were producing similar amounts to those that calved at the older AFC. As LWFC increased from 498 to 595 kg, production over the first 3 lactations increased. The response to an extra kilogram increase in LWFC was 4.82 L milk, 0.20 kg milk fat, 0.18 kg milk protein and 0.38 kg fat + protein over the first 3 lactations. The greatest benefit was when LWFC increased from 498 to 549 kg. Increasing LWFC from 549 to 595 kg did not significantly increase milk, milk fat and milk protein yields from the second to third lactation. The combined effects of AFC and LWFC indicated that to reduce the negative effects on production due to decreasing AFC, LWFC would have to increase by 7.2, 2.9 and 2.2 kg for each month decrease in AFC (for milk, fat and protein production, respectively). By the end of the third lactation, only 58 heifers remained in the herd. The number of heifers remaining within the 9 groups ranged from 4 to 10. Increasing LWFC while decreasing AFC reduced the chances of a heifer remaining in the herd but this may have been biased by the feeding regime imposed during lactation. Responses to increasing AFC decreased as the number of lactations increased, indicating that heifers calving at younger AFC produce similar amounts to their older herd-mates by the end of third lactation. Increasing LWFC from 498 to 549 kg had the greatest benefits for yield, indicating a possible maximum LWFC of 549 kg for our study. Therefore, the negative effects due to decreasing AFC can be offset in part, by increasing LWFC. However, on-farm resources and ultimately milk price will determine the choice of combination of AFC and LWFC.

EFFECTS OF CASTRATION, SIRE AND HORMONE TREATMENTS ON THE QUALITY OF RIB ROASTS FROM HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN MALES

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. FORREST
Keyword(s):  
Hormone Treatment ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Taste Panel ◽  
Quality Factors ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Panel Evaluation

A total of 72 Holstein-Friesian males from 11 sire groups were reared from birth on a concentrate ration. At 136 kg, one-half of the calves were castrated (Burdizzo) and at 340 kg, one-half of the bulls and steers were implanted with hormones (200 mg progesterone plus 20 mg estradiol-17-β-benzoate). Following slaughter at 475 kg, the 9th–11th rib sections were removed from the left sides of the carcass and frozen. Later, the four treatment and 11 sire groups were compared by taste panel evaluation of these rib roasts. No significant differences in quality factors (tenderness, juiciness, and flavor) due to pre-slaughter hormone treatment were evident in rib roasts from either bulls or steers. Hormone treatment significantly decreased (P < 0.05) fat deposition in steers and tended to increase fat levels in bulls. Rib roasts from bulls were significantly less desirable than roasts from steers in both treatment groups, for all quality factors. Significant sire effects for all taste panel evaluations were also noted.

Statistical Analysis, Estimation, and Optimization of Surface Finish in the Grinding Process

1974 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Zohdi
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Surface Finish ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Grinding Process ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Dependent Factor

A method of identifying the individual as well as the combined effects of the different independent factors on the surface finish in the grinding process is presented. Physical experimentation coupled with subsequent statistical analysis, the factorial experimentation technique, were applied to further the understanding of this process. Mathematical models were developed to estimate the quality of the dependent factor, the surface finish. Optimum conditions that result in the best surface finish with the maximum rate of metal removed are evaluated and discussed.

scholarly journals O método misto para valoração de paisagens costeiras

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Andreacci ◽  
Rosemeri Carvalho Marenzi
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Method ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Coastal Environments ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Temporal Interaction ◽  
Landscape Valuation

Landscape is a non-renewable resource, which is understood as the expression of the product of spatial and temporal interaction of the individual with the environment. Valuation of the quality of this resource is an important tool for planning and managing the territory, once it is related with the positive and negative effects that landscape components evoke in individuals. This work show in detail the mixed method for landscape valuation and discusses its application in coastal environments

scholarly journals Latent Aggression and Impulsive Manifestations of the Psychiatric Patient. Clinical, Legal and Ethical Aspects

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3sup1) ◽  
pp. 220-230
Author(s):  
Codrina MORARU ◽  
◽  
Ionuț-Dragoș RADULESCU ◽  
Alina Ioana VOINEA ◽  
Mirona Letiția DOBRI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Support ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Medical Problem ◽  
Psychiatric Diagnoses ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Ethical Aspects ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The Individual

Psychiatry represents the medical branch that focuses not only on the patient’s mental state but also on general health issues and wellbeing. With the continuous development of human civilization, the individual no longer uses aggression, a counterproductive method for day to day living in the community, to meet its basic needs. Neurobiological changes that lead to aggressive manifestations are a medical problem only if the aggressive impulses occur in a person with a psychiatric diagnosis already established and poses a danger to himself and others. Aggressive behaviour due to a medical condition or biological factors is an old problem that has great forensic implications both for the patient and for the medical staff. Decreased quality of life, low emotional support and social marginalization are some of the repercussions that emerge. Understanding the negative effects of aggressive impulses found in multiple psychiatric diagnoses is the key to an optimal doctor-patient relationship. An individualized treatment is necessary, the final goal being social reintegration.

scholarly journals Immediate, cumulative and residual effects of short- and long-term low plane of nutrition on milk protein and casein composition

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1374
Author(s):  
F. C. Cowley ◽  
D. G. Barber ◽  
A. R. Anstis ◽  
A. Houlihan ◽  
D. P. Poppi
Keyword(s):  
Milk Protein ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Sorghum Silage ◽  
True Protein

Immediate and residual effects of two lengths of low plane of nutrition (PON) on the synthesis of milk protein and protein fractions were studied at the Mutdapilly Research Station, in south-east Queensland. Thirty-six multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows, between 46 and 102 days in milk (DIM) initially, were used in a completely randomised design experiment with three treatments. All cows were fed on a basal diet of ryegrass pasture (7.0 kg DM/cow.day), barley-sorghum concentrate mix (2.7 kg DM/cow.day) and a canola meal-mineral mix (1.3 kg DM/cow.day). To increase PON, 5.0 kg DM/cow.day supplemental maize and forage sorghum silage was added to the basal diet. The three treatments were (C) high PON (basal diet + supplemental silage); (L9) low PON (basal diet only) for a period of 9 weeks; and (L3) low PON (basal diet only) for a period of 3 weeks. The experiment comprised three periods (1) covariate – high PON, all groups (5 weeks), (2) period of low PON for either 3 weeks (L3) or 9 weeks (L9), and (3) period of high PON (all groups) to assess ability of cows to recover any production lost as a result of treatments (5 weeks). The low PON treatment periods for L3 and L9 were end-aligned so that all treatment groups began Period 3 together. Although there was a significant effect of L9 on yields of milk, protein, fat and lactose, and concentrations of true protein, whey protein and urea, these were not significantly different from L3. There were no residual effects of L3 or L9 on protein concentration or nitrogen distribution after 5 weeks of realimentation. There was no significant effect of low PON for 3 or 9 weeks on casein concentration or composition.

Supplementation of grass silage-based diets with small quantities of concentrates: strategies for allocating concentrate crude protein

1998 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Aston ◽  
W. J. Fisher ◽  
A. B. McAllan ◽  
M. S. Dhanoa ◽  
R. J. Dewhurst
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Milk Solids

AbstractFifty-five multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows were used to evaluate the short- and long-term effects of varying the crude protein (CP) content of concentrates offered at a low level (5 kg/day) along with ad libitum access to a high quality grass silage. Three dietary treatment groups in lactation weeks 4 to 22 received concentrates containing either 156 (L), 247 (M) or 338 (H) g CP per kg dry matter; from weeks 13 to 21, half of the L animals changed over to the H concentrate and vice versa so that there were five treatment groups (LL, LH, MM, HL and HH). Feeding M or H compared with L increased silage voluntary intakes (P <0·05) and the yields of milk (P <0·05), fat (P < 0·05) and protein (P < 0·01). Milk protein concentration increased with level of concentrate CP (P < 0·05). Pattern of concentrate CP supply (comparison ofLH, MM and HL) had no significant effect on intake or yields of milk and milk solids across the experiment (weeks 4 to 21), though cows gained less weight on treatment HL than on LH (P <0·05) or MM. Intake, milk and component yields were all markedly affected by a change in concentrate CP at week 13; there were positive effects of additional CP (LL v. LH) and negative effects of reduced CP (HH v. HL) on silage intake (P <0·05), as well as milk yield (P < 0·001), milk protein yield (P < 0·001) and milk protein concentration (P < 0·001). Responses to increased concentrate CP were of a similar magnitude in early and midlactation; extra concentrate CP can recover depressed yields and concentrations of milk protein in established lactation. Production responses to concentrate CP involved a concomitant increase in silage voluntary intake.

scholarly journals Comparing the Incidence of Disruption in Daily Activities and Quality of Life Score Associated With Oral Health in Patients With Implant Candidates Before and After Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 102-108
Author(s):  
Omid Amiri Nasab ◽  
Mohammad Bahaodini ◽  
Abolfazl Mohammadbeigi ◽  
Homa Naderifar
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Implant Coating ◽  
The Individual

Background: Changes in oral health like tooth loss can have a profound effect on the patients’ quality of life. The condition of relative or complete toothlessness exerts negative effects on chewing, speech, and appearance of the individual. The high capability of dental implants in restoring the beauty and oral function of the patients has led to their widespread usage. This study aimed to compare the quality of life of the toothless patients before and after treatment with implant. Methods: In the present study, 50 patients afflicted with complete or relative toothlessness were examined. Before completing the questionnaires, all participants were asked to complete and sign the consent form of the questionnaire from Oral Impacts on Daily Performance) OIDP). The questionnaires were completed before receiving the implant coating, and a month after the delivery of the patients’ prosthesis. Finally, the data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software, ANOVA, Mann-Whitney, and McNemar. Results: In this study, 50 patients with the mean age of 46.84±11.87 years were investigated. As for the gender and marital status of the participants, 50% (25 patients) were male and 84% (42 ones) were married. According to the data obtained from the OIDP questionnaire, the most significant changes were detected in eating, smiling, laughing and showing teeth without discomfort and speaking clearly, respectively. Moreover, a significant difference was found between the total score of oral effect on daily activities and some levels included in disruption questionnaire on daily activities such as eating, speaking clearly, going out, sleeping, relaxation, smiling, enjoying communication with others, job-related activities, as well as emotional conditions (Irritability); however, no significant difference was found between cases of cleaning teeth and light physical activity. Conclusions: According to the data from OIDP questionnaire and the study results, implant had favorable effects on the quality of life of the patients. However, long-term studies and follow-ups are necessary to determine other possible favorable effects of implant treatment.

Semi-automated methods for 3-D reconstruction of macromolecular complexes

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 42-43
Author(s):  
B. Carragher ◽  
M. Whittaker
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Time Saving ◽  
Macromolecular Complexes ◽  
Symmetry Properties ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Experienced Operator ◽  
Projection Images ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Natural Symmetry

Techniques for three-dimensional reconstruction of macromolecular complexes from electron micrographs have been successfully used for many years. These include methods which take advantage of the natural symmetry properties of the structure (for example helical or icosahedral) as well as those that use single axis or other tilting geometries to reconstruct from a set of projection images. These techniques have traditionally relied on a very experienced operator to manually perform the often numerous and time consuming steps required to obtain the final reconstruction. While the guidance and oversight of an experienced and critical operator will always be an essential component of these techniques, recent advances in computer technology, microprocessor controlled microscopes and the availability of high quality CCD cameras have provided the means to automate many of the individual steps.During the acquisition of data automation provides benefits not only in terms of convenience and time saving but also in circumstances where manual procedures limit the quality of the final reconstruction.

Can trust become a factor of economic growth? Dynamic changes in the level of trust of Russian youth

2020 ◽  
pp. 92-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Bakhtigaraeva ◽  
A. A. Stavinskaya
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Generalized Trust ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Future ◽  
Analysis Of Dynamics

The article considers the role of trust in the economy, the mechanisms of its accumulation and the possibility of using it as one of the growth factors in the future. The advantages and disadvantages of measuring the level of generalized trust using two alternative questions — about trusting people in general and trusting strangers — are analyzed. The results of the analysis of dynamics of the level of generalized trust among Russian youth, obtained within the study of the Institute for National Projects in 10 regions of Russia, are presented. It is shown that there are no significant changes in trust in people in general during the study at university. At the same time, the level of trust in strangers falls, which can negatively affect the level of trust in the country as a whole, and as a result have negative effects on the development of the economy in the future. Possible causes of the observed trends and the role of universities are discussed. Also the question about the connection between the level of education and generalized trust in countries with different quality of the institutional environment is raised.

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